Topic
Tonne
About: Tonne is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 263 publications have been published within this topic receiving 11561 citations. The topic is also known as: t & metric ton.
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TL;DR: In this article, the seasonal flux of sediment, on a river-by-river basis, under modern and prehuman conditions, is provided, and the authors show that humans have simultaneously increased the sediment transport by global rivers through soil erosion (by 2.3 ± 0.6 billion metric tons per year), yet reduced the flux reaching the world's coasts (by 1.4 ± 0 3 billion metric ton per year) because of retention within reservoirs.
Abstract: Here we provide global estimates of the seasonal flux of sediment, on a river-by-river basis, under modern and prehuman conditions. Humans have simultaneously increased the sediment transport by global rivers through soil erosion (by 2.3 ± 0.6 billion metric tons per year), yet reduced the flux of sediment reaching the world's coasts (by 1.4 ± 0.3 billion metric tons per year) because of retention within reservoirs. Over 100 billion metric tons of sediment and 1 to 3 billion metric tons of carbon are now sequestered in reservoirs constructed largely within the past 50 years. African and Asian rivers carry a greatly reduced sediment load; Indonesian rivers deliver much more sediment to coastal areas.
2,037 citations
TL;DR: The eddy correlation method was used to measure the net ecosystem exchange of carbon dioxide continuously from April 1990 to December 1991 in a deciduous forest in central Massachusetts, and carbon uptake rates were notably larger than those assumed for temperate forests in global carbon studies.
Abstract: The eddy correlation method was used to measure the net ecosystem exchange of carbon dioxide continuously from April 1990 to December 1991 in a deciduous forest in central Massachusetts. The annual net uptake was 3.7 ± 0.7 metric tons of carbon per hectare per year. Ecosystem respiration, calculated from the relation between nighttime exchange and soil temperature, was 7.4 metric tons of carbon per hectare per year, implying gross ecosystem production of 11.1 metric tons of carbon per hectare per year. The observed rate of accumulation of carbon reflects recovery from agricultural development in the 1800s. Carbon uptake rates were notably larger than those assumed for temperate forests in global carbon studies. Carbon storage in temperate forests can play an important role in determining future concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide.
893 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: A new version of the PAGE model, PAGE2002, is introduced, which includes all five of the IPCC’s reasons for concern about climate change, and gives the mean marginal impact of a tonne of CO2 as US$19 perTonne of carbon.
Abstract: This paper introduces a new version of the PAGE model, PAGE2002, which includes all five of the IPCC’s reasons for concern about climate change. Calculations with PAGE2002 give the mean marginal impact of a tonne of CO2 as US$19 per tonne of carbon, with a 5% to 95% range of $US4 to US$51 per tonne of carbon. The main changes from earlier versions of the PAGE model are identified, and their effect upon the marginal impact calculated.
552 citations
TL;DR: An anaerobic digester receiving food waste collected mainly from domestic kitchens was monitored over a period of 426 days, showing a high ammonia concentration in the digester which may have been responsible for the accumulation of volatile fatty acids that was also observed.
346 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present an in-depth analysis of cost-effective energy efficiency and carbon dioxide emissions reduction opportunities in the US iron and steel industry and provide a baseline for 1994 energy use and CO 2 emissions from US blast furnaces and steel mills.
344 citations