Showing papers on "Torture published in 1979"

Torture and the Law of Proof: Europe and England in the Ancien Regime

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Medical examination of torture victims applying for refugee status

Abstract: Torture is being increasingly reported. Canada provides a refuge for some of the victims. The medical evidence may be sufficient to give an applicant refugee status. Protocols are presented for the use of physicians in examining applicants for refugee status, and a series of cases is reported in which these protocols were followed.

Death row and the medical model.

Abstract: To the proponents of lethal injection, the hypodermic needle is the next step in the progression of capital punishment techniques from deliberate barbarity to attempted civility. New York gave the nation the electric chair in 1890 and Nevada contributed the gas chamber in 1924-both on grounds of easing the prisoner's suffering. Whether any means of killing another human being can be called "humane" is, of course, arguable. Beyond that, lethal injection raises new and unique issues in the long debate over capital punishment, issues that squarely confront the physician's obligation to, first, do no harm. Unfortunately, these issues have been muddled in the public debate. Both advocates and abolitionists of the death penalty have been attracted to lethal injection, underscoring the lack of clearly defined arguments for and against its use. Oklahoma, the first state to adopt lethal injection, in May 1977, coupled humanitarian with economic arguments: the rusted electric coils and rotting wood in the state's old electric chair-last used in 1966-required repairs costing $62,000. An alternative plan to build a gas chamber would have cost more than $200,000. Death by injection, lawmakers were advised, would cost only $10 to $15 "per event." Texas, the next state to adopt the practice, was persuaded by arguments that the electric chair resembled a medieval torture device. Idaho's injection law was sponsored by a legislator who is an ordained minister and a firm opponent of the death PATRICK MALONE is the medical writer for the Miami Herald. penalty. In New Mexico, a death penalty advocate pushed the law through. Said New Mexico state Senator Les Houston: "It should make the death penalty easier for everyone to swallow. You just take and stick it to 'em until they're dead." However, lethal injection is not quite that simple technically. Ethically, it is even more complicated since it is the first time that lifesaving medical technology will be used to execute people.

Apartheid and the organised labour movement

Abstract: Despite the superficial impression of stability, the South African regime is in a state of crisis, both political and economic. The regime's most obvious reactions have been the Soweto massacres, the escalation of bannings and harassment of individuals, the torture and death of detainees. But the South African ruling class is aware that such repressive measures can only buy time. Thus alongside the repression, important internal debates are going on within the ruling class over the nature and scope of concessions necessary to buy over certain strata of the black population to act as a buffer between the while ruling minority and the black masses. The debates are about what flexibility is necessary under the new conditions of class struggle in South Africa, but in no way envisage fundamental changes in the apartheid framework. One important aspect of the debate focuses on the system of industrial relations. Its present crisis means it requires substantial adaption to the new situation. New ways need to be found to organize relations between the State, the employers and the workers, and to coerce the black labour force into more effective institutions of labour control and discipline.

The Human Rights Case against Israel: The Policy of Torture

Abstract: Israel, its leaders and supporters all over the world argue, is a Westernstyle democracy, which is based on the respect for the rights of the individual and the supremacy of the law under all circumstances, and which abides completely by international law, living in harmony with the majority of states in the world. For this reason, it is most unlikely that Israel will ever confirm its use of torture against the Arab people who live under its occupation. Israel, however, has occupied Arab lands by force since June 1967, and is faced daily with a population intensely and actively opposed to that occupation. It is logical and not unheard of, even in Western democracies, for the systematic use of torture to occur in such conditions. This, at any rate, is the belief of the former employee of the United States Consulate in East Jerusalem, Alexandra Johnson. Reports of Israeli torture of Arab suspects on the West Bank and Gaza surface periodically in the American press. Since the torture is committed by Israel, a country that is considered to be the "bastion" of democracy in the Middle East, the reports tend to be discounted. The victims of torture are Palestinian Arabs, a fact which seems to make it easier for the media and leaders in the West to take the reports less seriously. The issue of torture is all the more salient because the Carter Administration in the United States is committed, on paper at least, to the preservation of human rights. In his inaugural address, Carter declared: "Our commitment to human rights must be absolute.... Because we are free we can never be

Battered children of all ages.

Abstract: Few encounters are more disturbing to the physician than an encounter with a battered child or a tortured political prisoner. Distinct from each other, yet closely related, child abuse and prisoner torture may have similar physical and psychological effects, but their motivations, causes, and management often differ. Political prisoners are tortured to obtain information, extract a confession, or simply to amuse the jailers. Sometimes, as in enforced confinement to mental institutions, the aim is to undermine the inmate's self-confidence and to discredit him in the eyes of society. Our sensibilities, albeit somewhat dulled by the revelations of mass torture in concentration camps, can be shaken still by disclosures of recently perpetrated tortures in prisons. One such disclosure published in a recent issue of the Canadian Medical Association Journal records a detailed study on 11 torture victims applying for refugee status, whose harrowing reminiscences were corroborated by scars and biopsy specimens

Spain: Life Against Death

Abstract: In the middle of 1975, some British papers carried stories about the treatment of captured fighters for the ETA, the Basque freedom movement. Torture has become the rule for hundreds of prisoners in the provinces of Vizcaya and Guipuzcoa since they came under emergency government in April of that year. Terror attacks are carried on against Basques by the extreme Right-wing Christorei or ‘Fighters for Christ the King’. A priest has had his kidneys crushed by policemen jumping up and down on his back in a cell — he happened to be in custody on a night when Basque guerrillas killed an inspector of the Bilbao ‘torture brigade’. A seventy-year-old farmer from near Guernica and his wife are in prison injured after sheltering a wounded young man who was being chased by the police. The sister of an ETA leader had her identity card snatched from her in the street by the police. She was then arrested for having no card and the police spat in her face in relays for two days. A conscript soldier, arrested as a suspect on the first day of the emergency, was beaten on the head and legs for twelve days and repeatedly put into a car and told he was about to be taken away and shot — ‘a deliberate reminder of the Spanish Civil War when many people were executed in such a manner’.1