Showing papers on "Torture published in 1984"

Culture of Terror—Space of Death. Roger Casement's Putumayo Report and the Explanation of Torture

Abstract: This essay is about torture and the culture of terror, which for most of us, including myself, are known only through the words of others. Thus my concern is with the mediation of the culture of terror through narration—and with the problems of writing effectively against terror.

Forecasting Policy Decisions: An Expected Utility Approach to Post-Khomeini Iran *

Abstract: ble to war fever and worship of leadership 10. The immortality of "Big Brother" 11. World of patriots v. enemies (uncritical love of country and leaders, and uncritical hatred of enemies) 12. Unthinking political orthodoxy 13. Infallibility of the Party 14. A perpetual, privileged Party elite 15. Political and social indoctrination 16. Children informing on parents 17. Torture by government as systematic policy 18. Thought police 19. Omnipresent surveillance 20. Doublethink (reality control) (with help of "blackwhite" and "duckspeak") 21. Falsification of history 22. Armaments consuming a people's livelihood

The Reemergence of the Wafd Party: Glimpses of the Liberal Opposition in Egypt

Abstract: What has been called the Revolution of 1952 was not really a revolution; a revolution should start from the bottom, not the top. The 1919 Revolution was different; it created the Egyptian man, while the 1952 revolution killed him. The 1919 Revolution … achieved … the British evacuation, while the 1952 revolution brought with it several defeats. The leaders and members of the 1919 Revolution faced torture in prisons, while the leaders of the 1952 revolution built palaces with money from secret sources and sent hundreds of people to military prisons.

Human torture: description and sequelae of 104 cases.

Abstract: We examined 104 torture victims, 99 of whom were from Chile. Most of our patients were young men who had been arrested for political reasons. All the patients had been beaten; other common methods of torture included the application of electricity, cigaret burns, forced physical activity resulting in exhaustion, threats of death, sham execution and isolation. The only signs specific to torture were picana (electrical burn scars) and scars from cigaret burns. The most common psychological sequelae were anxiety, insomnia and recurrent nightmares. Psychological symptoms were similar to those documented in other populations who have suffered severe trauma.

A torture test for TEX

Abstract: Programs that claim to be implementations of TEX82 are supposed to be able to process the test routine contained in this report, producing the outputs contained in this report.

Landmarks in the Law

Abstract: PART ONE. High Treason PART TWO. Torture and Bribery PART THREE. The Chancellor's Foot PART FOUR. Martyrdom PART FIVE. Freedom of Assembly PART SIX. Matrimonial Affairs PART SEVEN. Freedom of the Individual PART EIGHT. International Terrorism PART NINE. General Warrants PART TEN. Freedom of the Press PART ELEVEN. Persecution PART TWELVE. Murder PART THIRTEEN. My Most Important Case Epilogue Index

Incarceration and Torture: The Self in Extremity

Abstract: In considering the reality of the self under the pressure of extremity, three twentieth-century accounts of imprisonment and torture provide particular illumination. Although two of these works are nonfiction and one is famously fictional, the emphasis upon nonfiction works is not meant to suggest that they provide a richer portrait of the self in extremity than fiction does. A variety of short and long fictions, from Yukio Mishima's short story about ritual disembowelment, "Patriotism," to Arthur Koestler's Darkness at Noon (and George Orwell's 1984, the fiction I will examine briefly), disproves any such contention. Yet in Viktor Frankl's Man's Search for Meaning: An Introduction to Logotherapy4 and Jacobo Timerman's Prisoner Without a Name, Cell Without a Number s one beholds two extraordinary documents

Crime, Justice and Public Order in Old Regime France: The Sénéchaussées of Libourne and Bazas, 1696-1789

Abstract: This title, first published in 1984, is a case study of crime and criminal justice in rural, southwestern France in the last century of the Old Regime. Based on extensive research in criminal court records, often the only documentary evidence of the poor and illiterate, the study is a valuable addition both to our knowledge of Old Regime society and to our understanding of its judicial institutions. Rural, Old Regime France seethed with violence. Assault, homicide, and a violence of speech occurred frequently at all levels of society. The author’s finding that royal fiscal and judicial officials were recurring targets of this violence additionally contributes to our understanding of the revolutionary events ending the Old Regime. This system, providing in principle for judicial torture and corporal and capital punishments for relatively minor crimes, has long epitomized much that was wrong with pre-revolutionary France. But the law in principle is not the law in practice, and the author finds that both local and appeals courts seldom decreed such measures. This book will be of interest to students of history and criminology.

The Palestine yearbook of international law

Abstract: Farewell. In Memoriam William Thomas Mallison (1917-1997). Articles. 1. A Juridical Analysis of the Israeli Settlements in the Occupied Territories W.T. Mallison Jr., S.V. Mallison. 2. The Peaceful Settlement of Disputes in Africa and its Relevance to the Palestinian/Israeli Peace Process G.J. Naldi. Law Reports. Judicial Decisions. Lebanese Administrative Detainees in Israel: 'Bargaining Chips'.A. Israel: The High Court of Justice, HC 10/94. Al-Khadr Case: Confession under Torture is Inadmissible Evidence. B. Palestine: Ramallah Court of First Instance. Legislation. I. Palestinian Laws. 1. Law No. 2 of 1997 - The Palestinian Monetary Authority Law. B. Presidential Decree No. 3 of 1998 - Strengthening National Solidarity and Prohibition of Incitement. II. International Treaty. The International Criminal Court: Settlements constitute a 'war crime'. From the Court Records. Loizidou v. Turkey. For the Record. 1. Adalah - Legal Violations of Arab Minority Rights in Israel. 2. The Egyptian Organization for Human Rights - War Crimes and Crimes against Humanity. 3. UN Resolutions on The Jerusalem Settlements and the Fourth Geneva Convention. a. U.N. General Assembly Resolution - 10/6. b. Statement by the President of the Security Council. c. Participation of Palestine in the Work of U.N. - 52/250. 4. European Union's Statement on the Peace Process. 5. LAW: Executive Interference in the Palestinian Judiciary. 6. U.N. Commission on Human Rights: Question of the Violation of Human Rights in the Occupied Arab Territories including Palestine. Special Report. 1. The Wye River Memorandum. 2. The Covenant of the Palestine Liberation Organization. Book Reviews. 1. Palestine and the Law: Guidelines for the Resolution of the Arab-Israel Conflict M.E. Mazzawi. Reviewed by J. Quigley. 2. The Status of Palestinian Refugees in International Law L. Takkenberg. Reviewed by D. Peretz. 3. From Occupation To Interim Accords: Israel and The Palestinian Territories R. Shehadeh. Reviewed by L. Malone. 4. Palestinian Citizens in an Ethnic Jewish State N. Rouhana. Reviewed by U. Davis. 5. Citizenship and the State U. Davis. Reviewed by D. Rabinowitz. Bibliography. 1. Books and Monographs. 2. Articles. Index.

Victims of torture.

Abstract: ICN in Brasilia last year issued a Statement on the Nurse's Role in Safeguarding Human Rights. It is a sad commentary on human affairs that many countries actually train their police in the practice of torture. This article describes how nurses form part of a team in Copenhagen at an International Rehabilitation and Research Centre for Torture Victims. Language: en

The use of drugs in torture and human rights abuses.

Abstract: The forced administration of drugs, usually by injection, may accompany physical torture. In the extrajudicial environment in which torture occurs, documentation of the types of drugs used is difficult. In violation of all codes of professional ethics, physician participation appears to be ubiquitous. In the Soviet Union, human rights abuses have become institutionalized within the mental health care system. Therapeutic drugs are used, often at toxic levels, to punish political and/or religious dissidents.

The Structure of Philo's Allegorical Treatises

Abstract: For a century or more students of the philosophical and religious developments in later antiquity have recognized that they could not afford to neglect the voluminous works of Philo of Alexandria. Many found, however, that the task of working their way through the long series of exegetical treatises was, in the words of W. Bousset, a "veritable torture".' Indeed, one might speculate that the harsh judgments on Philo made by distinguished scholars such as E. R. Dodds, W. Theiler and A. J. Festugibre constituted a form of revenge on the man who had imposed on them so many hours of disagreeable concentration.2 But even those of us who are inclined to take a more favourable view of Philo's achievement may well be prepared to assent to the criticism implicit in the following description given by F. H. Colson:3

Army pall over Argentine science

Abstract: The destruction of science in Argentina will probably never be more than a footnote to the history of the recent military government, whose major accomplishment was the kidnapping, torture and murder of 30,000 of its citizens in the name of Christian and Western civilization. Official neglect of Argentina's dogged potential for scientific excellence is nothing new; inevitably, there is a tendency to see even the most deliberate and calculatingly destructive acts of the military as a mere extension of what passed before.

The First Indian National Army, 1941–42

Abstract: The impact of the conquering Japanese upon the Indian communities of Southeast Asia and upon the Indian soldiers captured there led, within a few months, to the formation of an Indian National Army intended to fight for the Independence of India alongside the Japanese, and to the establishment of an Indian Independence League embracing the civilian population of the whole area. The Japanese impact was harsh; the requirement from the conquered populations was total quiescence; military operations must not be hampered, Japanese needs for supplies and labour must be met without hesitation. Where this could be secured through an existing colonial administration as in Indochina, by enforcing the collaboration of a national government as in Thailand, or by playing on latent nationalism as in Burma, so much the better. Otherwise the method was terror: massacre, random execution, torture. It is the method of invading armies; it was the German method, the Russian method, the method of Genghiz Khan. That it wasemployed by the Japanese in the countries of Southeast Asia is basic to the history of the period.

Defining Filartiga: Characterizing International Torture Claims in United States Courts

Abstract: On March 29, 1976, Paraguayan police abducted seventeen-year-old Joelito Filartiga from his parents' home just outside Asuncion. He died sometime later that day from a combination of beatings and electrical shocks and burns. Joelito's offense was being the son of Dr. Joel Filartiga, a physician who was himself tortured and imprisoned three times for his open opposition to President Alfredo Stroessner.Since the Nuremburg trials and the attendant worldwide reaction to Nazi atrocities, the world has taken an increasing interest in preventing government torture. Whenever legal fictions such as national borders and other sovereignty concepts have acted as barriers to torture prevention, the world has responded, slowly and incrementally, with new legal fictions to overcome those barriers. A recent case in a United States federal court, Filartiga v. Pena-Irala, is a significant new increment toward the prevention of torture and more generally international protection of human rights. The case further provides for jurisdiction in a disinterested forum for individual torture claims.Along with Filartiga's promise are many problematic issues: the jurisdictional theory, the validity of international torture norms, choice of law, and the real value of such lawsuits.Threaded among these problems is a more fundamental question pertaining to the nature of this action -- what kind of lawsuit is Filartiga? It is a claim under customary international law brought in a United States federal court. The claim is based on events which occurred in Paraguay for the death of Paraguayan at the hands of a Paraguayan official. Because of these unusual elements, the Filartiga action has been called many things: an international action, an action under federal common law, a transitory tor, a dedoublement fonctionnel action, an instance of universal jurisdiction, and an example of protective jurisdiction.Filartiga cannot be all of these things. Some are mutually exclusive. Others are potential complements, such as the international action and federal common law, or the transitory tort and universal jurisdiction. Although these labels address different aspects of the Filartiga action, they are all interrelated. Each has legal implications for Filartiga's jurisdiction, choice of law, or both. It is therefore necessary to characterize -- or define -- the Filartiga action.

Sakharov and East-West relations

Abstract: As we go to press, the shadow of Andrei Sakharov looms ever larger over East-West relations. Critics of the treatment afforded him and his wife, Yelena Bonner, by the Soviet authorities continue to urge that the United States and other Western countries eschew all but the most minimal essential contact with the Soviet Union until the two are allowed to live freely in Moscow and receive independent medical care or to emigrate. In particular, it is argued that relations between American and Soviet scientists should be held to the same standard, since official persecution of so distinguished a scientist for his outspoken political views constitutes an intolerable violation of the principle of intellectual freedom. Should it be proven that Sakharov or Bonner were subjected to direct physical or mental torture, or should either of them die from deliberate medical neglect, proponents of this policy presumably will urge a still further curtailment of relations, and possibly a permanent freeze.Yet other voices co...

The public health effects of the death penalty.

Abstract: ation to discuss the impact of the death penalty on the public's health. This Association has a policy not to meet P c) ~~in states that failed to ratify the Equal Rights AmendKs(e ~ 5 ment, or in cities that do not fluoridate the water. Yet, here we are in a state that is the first to use pharmacologic agents in lethal doses to execute human beings; where health professionals were directly involved in specific activities leading up to the legal homicide. The Hippocratic Oath, the World Medical Association's statement of policy on medical involvement in torture, the American Medical Association's policy on physician involvement in death by injection are dead letters. I am not here, however, to make a case for or against the death penalty as a responsible judicial act, or as preventive against heinous crimes, or as a way for society to gain vengeance against the malefactor. I am here simply to make the case that in our society, a state policy supporting the death penalty is a policy against the public's health, and therefore should be opposed by all of us who serve in that capacity.

Human Rights and the International Dimension of Higher Education

Abstract: This describes the response of one large public land-grant university-Michigan State University-to the issues of human rights in international activities. It is not, however, a pure journalistic report of the historical "facts" of the case. Instead, it places the institutional policies and procedures in the context of the opinions, biases, and perspectives of the author, a Michigan State professor. As one who has spent many years studying, assisting, and learning from rural people-in such remote villages as Nsukka in Nigeria, Rampur in Nepal, Pangsa in Thailand, and a dozen others from Malawi to Malaysia, the author must confess at the outset to have been more concerned with human wrongs than with human rights. The world is full of such human wrongs as wealthy elites exploiting the rural poor and governments hiding the starvation of thousands of pastoral peoples while they build modern airconditioned hotels in their cities or contracting with wealthy nations to export commercial agricultural produce at the expense of food production for their own people. Human greed and the temptation for those with political, economic, social, and military power to be corrupt and to act in their own personal self-interest seem to exist throughout the world. Is it more wrong to torture five people or to let 5,000 starve to death? Is it more wrong to take away freedom of religion or to take away the freedom to eat? Certainly, in some places, freedom of religion denies economic freedom to some citizens. What are the "rights" and the "wrongs" of the issues of the individual good versus the common good? Is it better to prevent one family from cooking its food because the forest is protected to prevent erosion that would harm thousands of others downstream, or to permit that family to have access to firewood, its only cooking fuel? The world is full of questions of this sort.

The Fundamental Principles of the Red Cross and Peace—Significance of the principles for the spirit of peace

Abstract: Since life began on earth, creatures have struggled against creatures Through all ages, man has groaned under the sword and the yoke The pages of history are stained with blood Everywhere we see only slaughter, torture, oppression Why? The famous physicist, Albert Einstein, haunted by the spectre of war, asked this question of Sigmund Freud, the famous psychologist, another man of genius

Torture, doctors and the WMA.

Abstract: develop AIDS). Excellent reviews of homosexual mores in the US have appeared recently,].4 tracing among other things the development of the bath-house system among male homosexuals, where there appears to be an increasing incidence of multiple anal contacts (up to 1000/year/person). It is well known that male homosexuals suffer from a much higher incidence of various enteric parasitic infections, CMV infection, syphilis, and gonorrhoea, than is encountered in the heterosexual male population.':\" Thus, with the anal canal being used as a surrogate vagina and trauma being inflicted as a result, it is not difficult to seehow immunosuppression may occur in susceptible individuals, eg, passive, receptor male homosexuals with ano-rectal trauma.' Another interestingproposition is the suggestion that seminal fluid has an immunosuppressive action.\"This couldwellexplain the few reports of women with AIDS who have in fact been subjected to anal penetration and subsequentimmunosuppression. Clearly, not all male homosexuals are at risk, but a susceptible subgroup seems to be. Limitation or elimination of multiple anal contacts among malehomosexuals may well be the most effective means of reducing or treating the AIDS problem.