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Torture
About: Torture is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 8173 publications have been published within this topic receiving 109895 citations.
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TL;DR: The patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy are at risk of bacterial endocarditis and require prophylaxis at the time of dental or genital manipulations, similar to patients with valve disease.
Abstract: mained. There was no growth on MacConkey agar in CO,. The isolate was catalasepositive, oxidase-negative, reduced nitrate and showed no X or V factor dependency. Acid was produced from glucose and maltose but not from lactose or mannitol. Identification as A. actino was confirmed by the Microbiological Diagnostic Unit at the University of Melbourne. The biochemical characteristics clearly differentiate the organism from Haemophi/us aphrophi/us, with which it may be confused morphologically. Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentrations (MBC)were determined for pencillin G, ampicillin and gentamicin in TSB supplemented with 10% horse serum. Serum-supplemented Mueller-Hinton broth and brain-heart infusion broth did not support adequate growth. Incubation was at 37°C in 10% CO,. MICs were read at 48 hours and subcultures performed at 48 hours. MICs and MBCs were: gentamicin 0.6 and 1.2 mg/L, penicillin 0.6 and 1.2 mg/L, ampicillin I and I mgIL, respectively. A serum bactericidal titre determined using a blood sample drawn just prior to a dose of gentamicin and penicillin was I in 8. TSB supplemented with 10% horse serum was used as the culture medium. In view of the low MIC and MBC to ampicillin and evidence of further renal impairment following two weeks of gentamicin, therapy was changed to 12 g intravenous ampicillin daily. Following a further two weeks the patient was asymptomatic and was discharged on Ig oral amoxycillin four times a day for three weeks. A blood culture drawn one week after commencement of antibiotic therapy remained sterile after 2I days of incubation, as did further sets taken over the following four months. Six months after discharge the patient remained well. It is important that clinicians be aware that patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy are at risk of bacterial endocarditis and require prophylaxis at the time of dental or genital manipulations, similar to patients with valve disease. The bacteriologist must ensure that blood culture methods are capable of detecting organisms which are slow-growing (up to 3 weeks may be required), CO,-dependent, and which may produce no obvious changes in broth culture medium. The agar slope of our biphasic blood culture aided early recognition of growth in this case. Routine blind subculture to chocolated blood agar incubated for one week in an enriched CO, atmosphere should enable detection of A. actino and other slowgrowing Gram-negative bacilli of what has been termed the HACEK group (H aphrophi/us, A. actino, Cardiobacterium hominis, Eikenella corrodens, and Kingella kingae).' The optimal antibiotic therapy for A. actino endocarditis is unknown. The majority of cases reported in the literature have been treated with penicillin or ampicillin, usually in conjunction with an aminoglycoside. In a review by Reider of 18 cases, 80% of patients treated with this combination survived.' Geraci has proposed the use of high-dose ampicillin alone, provided that the isolate is susceptible in vitro.\" Resistance to ampicillin and penicillin does occur, therefore susceptibility testing of all isolates is indicated. Care should be taken when interpreting the results of gentamicin susceptibility tests for A. actino, as the drop in media pH associated with incubation in a CO,-enriched atmosphere may result in a significant loss of gentamicin activity. Inclusion of a suitable control organism is mandatory. KeithStockman,BSe Graeme McKinnon, FRCPA Simon Bower,MB BS AlistairDavidson, BScApp Departments of Microbiology and Cardiology Prince Henry Hospital, VIC 3004 1. Weaver RE, Hollis DG. Gram-negative fermentative bacteria and Franciscellatularensis. In: Lennette EH, et al., eds. Manual of clinical microbiology, 3rd edn. Washington: American Society For Microbiology. 1980: 242. 2. Scheid WM, Sande MA. Endocarditis and intravascular infections. In: Mandell GL, et al., eds. Principles and practice of infectious diseases. New York: John Wiley, 1979: 655. 3. Ah Fat LNC, Patel BR, Pickens S. Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans endocarditis in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. J Infection 1983; 6: 81-84. 4. Geraci JE, Wilson WR. Endocarditis due to Gramnegative bacteria. Mayo Clin Proc 1982; 57: 145·148. 5. Reider J, Wheat J. Endocarditis caused by Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans. South Med J 1979; 72: 1219-1220. 6. Geraci JE, Wilson WR, Washington JA. Infective endocarditis caused by Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans. Mayo Clin Proc 1980; 55: 415-419. 7. Hoffler U, Niederau A, Pulverer G. Susceptibility of Bacterium actinomycetemcomitans to 45 antibiotics. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1980; 17: 943-946.
44 citations
44 citations
TL;DR: Lazreg as discussed by the authors presents a multifaceted and comprehensive study of torture, which approaches its subject matter not from a moralising viewpoint, but from a non-moralising viewpoint.
Abstract: By Marnia Lazreg, Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press, 2008, 335 pp. ISBN 069113135X. This multifaceted and comprehensive study of torture approaches its subject matter not from a moralising ...
44 citations
01 Jan 2006
TL;DR: The relationship between forensic anthropologists and dry skeletal pathology has been a very useful tool in the investigation of violence, especially in a political context, and human rights violations as discussed by the authors. But this type of research, it is necessary to adapt, in some way, to the Manual on Effective Investigation and Documentation of Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment and Punishment (1999) and in some cases, to UN Manual of the Effective Prevention and Investigation of Extra- Legal, Arbitrary and Summary Executions(1991).
Abstract: The relationship between forensic anthropology and dry skeletal pathology has been a very useful tool in the investigation of violence, especially in a political context, and human rights violations. The interdisciplinary work between forensic anthropologists and osteopathologists is vital because the autopsy of an individual who died under arrest or other “unclear” circumstances is one of the most problematic tasks in legal medicine. To perform this type of research, it is necessary to adapt, in some way, to the Manual on Effective Investigation and Documentation of Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment and Punishment — the Istanbul Protocol (1999) and in some cases, to the UN Manual of the Effective Prevention and Investigation of Extra- Legal, Arbitrary and Summary Executions(1991).
44 citations
Book•
15 Jun 2009
TL;DR: In this paper, the Principle of Utility and Panopticon have been used to describe the principle of utility for torturing prisoners in the British Museum, London, UK. But who was Jeremy Bentham?
Abstract: 1. Who was Jeremy Bentham? 2. Which Bentham? 3. The Principle of Utility 4. Panopticon 5. Political Fallacies 6. Religion and Sex 7. Torture Further Reading Index.
44 citations