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Total external reflection

About: Total external reflection is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 829 publications have been published within this topic receiving 22213 citations.


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Proceedings ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Grazing incidence X-ray standing waves, generated under total external reflection conditions, and the associated resonance enhancement of Xray intensity have found uses in the analysis of Langmuir-Blodgett and polymer layers as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: X-ray standing waves have been extensively used for the structural analysis and some phase transition studies of thin and ultrathin epitaxial layers grown on nearly perfect crystal substrates. Recently, superlattice structures have been analyzed by generating standing waves with Bragg reflections from the superlattice. Grazing incidence X-ray standing waves, generated under total external reflection conditions, and the associated resonance enhancement of X-ray intensity have found uses in the analysis of Langmuir-Blodgett and polymer layers. The developments have been discussed with a few examples.

2 citations

Proceedings ArticleDOI
23 Jun 1995
TL;DR: In this paper, simple reflection techniques for optical parameter determination of isotropic or anisotropic multilayers on a lower refractive index substrate are presented, in case of weak absorption in at least one of the layers characteristic minima appear in the angular dependence of the reflectivity by computer fit of which the layer refractive indices and thicknesses can be determined.
Abstract: Simple reflection techniques for optical parameter determination of isotropic or anisotropic multilayers on a lower refractive index substrate are presented here. In case of weak absorption in at least one of the layers characteristic minima appear in the angular dependence of the reflectivity by computer fit of which the layer refractive indices and thicknesses can be determined. In case of a monolayer the achieved accuracy is better than the third and fourth decimal in the real and imaginary part of the refraction index, respectively. The fit of bi-layers has lower accuracy, but has the advantage of refractive index determination of non-absorbing layer(s) in the presence of a weakly absorbing auxiliary layer. Comparison between measured refractive indices by reflectometric and optical waveguiding methods shows agreement within 0.001.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

2 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a wedge-shaped sample of material is immersed in a tank of fluid and a coherent beam of light passed through it, the ensuing wavefront can be made to interfere with a holographically stored wavefront produced with the wedge removed.
Abstract: If a wedge-shaped sample of material is immersed in a tank of fluid and a coherent beam of light passed through it, the ensuing wavefront can be made to interfere with a holographically stored wavefront produced with the wedge removed. The interference is measured by the resulting fringes, which can be reduced by varying the fluid mix until the fluid matches the index of refraction of the material. The number of fringes can also be used to determine the difference between the indices of refraction of the fluid and material, and determine the material index from a known fluid index.

2 citations

Proceedings ArticleDOI
27 Aug 1999
TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe the process of refraction as the change of energy, direction or speed of a light beam which is propagating through a medium, which is referred to as the index of refractive of the material.
Abstract: Fundamentally, the process of refraction is the change of energy, direction or speed of a light beam which is propagating through a medium. In the one case, the change in direction is a continuous bending of the light beam and the subsequent change of speed of the light beam which is propagating through a medium. In the one case, the change in direction is a continuous bending of the light beam and the subsequent change of speed of the light in the medium which is referred to as the index of refraction of the material. In the second case, there is the abrupt change in the index, polarity or phase of the medium which directs the energy out of the medium, or changes the ability of the light to pass through the medium, thereby absorbing the energy. The second case is the technique employed in Optical Refractive Synchronization. The light is passed through a crystal which has the refractive index changed abruptly, and subsequently the electric field, by mixing a radio frequency signal into the crystal which then creates a modulation on to the wavelength of light passing through, or absorbing, in the crystal at the frequency of the radio signal that is to be modulated onto the light beam. This Optical Modulation is performed, therefore, through the application of the refraction of the optical signal.

2 citations

Proceedings ArticleDOI
31 Jan 1995
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of boundary reflection on the time-resolved transmittance through slabs of scattering and absorbing media simulating biological tissues was investigated using a pulsed diode laser of 784 nm and an optical oscilloscope.
Abstract: Time-resolved spectroscopy in the near-infrared wavelength range is a promising technology for the development of optical tomography to measure the profiles of oxygenation state in living tissues. Many investigators have reported the experimental results of time-resolved reflectance and transmittance of ultra-short light pulses incident on tissue samples and phantoms. However, none of them has reported the effect of the boundary reflection which takes place at the interface between the sample and air because of the difference in the refractive indices. This paper describes the effect of the boundary reflection on the time- resolved transmittance through slabs of scattering and absorbing media simulating biological tissues. Time-resolved measurement was carried out by using a pulsed diode laser of 784 nm and an optical oscilloscope. The samples were latex microsphere suspension in water with or without the addition of ink. The cells containing the suspension were equipped with uncoated or anti-reflection coated glass windows to see the effect of the boundary reflection. The measured results were compared with the Monte Carlo simulation results which incorporated the boundary reflection. It has been found that the boundary reflection broadens the transmitted pulse width, and that the neglecting of the boundary reflection leads to an overestimation of the scattering coefficients.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

2 citations


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Performance
Metrics
No. of papers in the topic in previous years
YearPapers
20224
20214
20206
20198
20189
201710