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Total external reflection

About: Total external reflection is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 829 publications have been published within this topic receiving 22213 citations.


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Patent
02 Dec 1986
TL;DR: In this paper, a multi-layer device for modulating and reflecting light is proposed, consisting of an electro-optic layer with a variable index of refraction sandwiched between two other layers having a pre-determined index.
Abstract: A multi-layer device for modulating and reflecting light. The device is formed of an electro-optic layer with a variable index of refraction sandwiched between two other layers having a pre-determined index of refraction. An electric field applied across the electro-optic layer controls the index of refraction of the layer and thus the reflectance and transmittance of light through the multi-layer stack. The device can therefore be used as a mirror, window, beam-splitter, shutter, light modulator, or other optical logic element.

213 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the reflection and transmission process for plane sound waves originating in air at rest and impinging obliquely on a plane interface with a moving stream is analyzed for a moving reference frame.
Abstract: The reflection and transmission process is analyzed for plane sound waves originating in air at rest and impinging obliquely on a plane interface with a moving stream. Use of a moving reference frame provides transformation to an equivalent aerodynamic problem of flows past a wavy wall—the rippled interface. The angles of incidence, reflection, and refraction are identified with the Mach angles. The angular relations and the amplitude relations (coefficients of reflection and transmission) are evaluated in closed form. In a graph three zones can be distinguished the plane of angle of incidence v. Mach number of the moving medium: ordinary reflection and transmission, total reflection, and amplified reflection and transmission. Included are three loci of infinite reflection: i.e., serf‐excited waves. The energy balance is examined, and the source of amplification is concluded to be the energy of the moving stream. In appendices the results are generalized (1) for the case of two moving media and (2) for di...

194 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
J. Fahrenfort1
TL;DR: In this paper, the interface between a dielectric of high refractive index and the sample is taken as the reflecting surface, and a reflection spectrum of high contrast and intensity is obtained, which strongly resembles a transmission spectrum.

188 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors developed the theory for grazing incidence small-angle x-ray scattering (GISAXS) from nanometer-sized naked islands on a flat substrate in the framework of the distorted-wave Born approximation (DWBA).
Abstract: We develop the theory for grazing incidence small-angle x-ray scattering (GISAXS) from nanometer-sized naked islands on a flat substrate in the framework of the distorted-wave Born approximation (DWBA). The scattered wave amplitude is composed of four terms, including all combinations of scattering from the islands and reflection from the substrate. We apply this theory to x-ray measurements on Ge islands grown on Si(111), and show that we can determine the full triangular symmetry of these islands. The results also show that the DWBA must be used for smooth substrates near the angle of total external reflection. We finally discuss the advantages of GISAXS as compared to transmission small angle x-ray scattering for determining the symmetry of nanostructures.

179 citations

Patent
31 Oct 2003
TL;DR: In this paper, a translucent plate has a third index of refraction that is equal to the first or second index of the substrate or the second or the third index may be the same or different from one another.
Abstract: In a lithographic projection apparatus, a space between an optical element of a projection system is filled with a first fluid and a second fluid separated by a translucent plate. The first and second fluids have first and second indices of refraction, respectively, that are different from one another. The first fluid is provided in a space between a substrate and the translucent plate and preferably has an index of refraction similar to the index of refraction of the substrate. The second fluid is provided in a space between the translucent plate and the optical element and preferably has an index of refraction similar to the index of refraction of the optical element. The translucent plate has a third index of refraction between the first and second indices of refraction. The third index of refraction may be equal to the first index of refraction or the second index of refraction. A device manufacturing method includes filling a space between the optical element and the substrate with at least two fluids having different indices of refraction.

178 citations


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Performance
Metrics
No. of papers in the topic in previous years
YearPapers
20224
20214
20206
20198
20189
201710