Total pressure

About: Total pressure is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 5199 publications have been published within this topic receiving 66658 citations.

Augmented back equation of state for polar fluids

Abstract: The pressure of water is decoupled into a polar pressure and a nonpolar pressure, the latter being obtained from the BACK equation based on the size and nonpolar energy of the water molecule determined by Jorgensen and coworkers. The polar pressure is obtained upon subtracting the nonpolar pressure from the total pressure given by the steam table equation of Keenan et al. The polar pressure function thus obtained for water is generalized to augment the BACK equation for the general description of polar fluids. Equation constants are reported for 26 substances. Calculated vapor pressure, liquid molal volume, and pressure-volume-temperature (PVT) behavior are compared with data. Mixing rules are introduced to express poles interacting with poles and dispersion modes interacting with dispersion modes, but not poles interacting with dispersion modes. PVT relationship, vapor-liquid equilibrium, and liquid-liquid equilibrium in mixtures of water and nonpolar substances are calculated.

Calorimetry of Active Galactic Nucleus Jets: Testing Plasma Composition in Cygnus A

Abstract: We examine plasma composition of jets in active galactic nuclei through the comparison of the total pressure (P) with partial pressures of electrons and protons in a cocoon. The total pressure is estimated from the analysis of expanding cocoon dynamics. We determine the average kinetic energy per particle for several representative cases of particle energy distribution such as one- and two-temperature thermal plasmas and non-thermal electrons by evaluating the dissipation of the total kinetic energy of the jet into the internal energy of cocoon plasma. The number density of the total electrons/positrons (n±) in the cocoon is constrained by using the particle supply from hot spots and the absence of thermal bremsstrahlung emission from radio lobes. By inserting P, n±, and the particle energy of each population into the equation of state, the number density (np) and pressure (Pp) of protons in the cocoon can be constrained. Applying this method to Cygnus A, we find that (1) electron/positron (e ± ) pairs always dominate in terms of number density, but that (2) either an “e ± -supported cocoon (i.e., P± >P p)” or a “proton-supported

Flow pattern, circulation velocity and pressure loss in loop reactor.

Abstract: A loop reactor is regarded as a new type of reactor for bulk polymerization of olefins. Several approaches to evaluate its performance are made herein. A simple model of discharge flow is proposed and related with the results obtained by measurement of average circulation velocity. The average circulation velocity is proportional to impeller speed and the sine of the impeller blade angle. It depends upon Reynolds number and dimensions of the impeller. Flow pattern was measured and the influence of baffles and impeller geometry is discussed qualitatively. In the case of unbaffled conditions, fluid flows in a helical motion. Intensity of this motion increases with impeller speed and pitched angle. In the case of baffled conditions, tangential velocity component is suppressed and normalized distribution of axial velocity is independent of impeller geometry. Pressure distribution was measured and pressure loss was obtained. Total pressure loss shows good agreement with the value calculated by superposition of frictional loss in straight parts and bend loss in bends obtained from established correlations.