Topic
Transcription (biology)
About: Transcription (biology) is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 56532 publications have been published within this topic receiving 2952782 citations. The topic is also known as: genetic transcription & transcription, genetic.
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TL;DR: A series of defective Sind Bis virus helper RNAs are described which can be used for packaging Sindbis virus RNA replicons and would be useful under conditions in which extensive amplification is advantageous.
Abstract: Since the recovery of infectious RNA transcripts from full-length cDNA clones, alphavirus genome RNAs have been engineered to allow expression of heterologous RNAs and proteins. The highest levels of expression of heterologous products are achieved when the viral structural genes are replaced by the heterologous coding sequences. Such recombinant RNAs are self-replicating (replicons) and can be introduced into cells as naked RNA, but they require trans complementation to be packaged and released from cells as infectious virion particles. In this report, we describe a series of defective Sindbis virus helper RNAs which can be used for packaging Sindbis virus RNA replicons. The defective helper RNAs contain the cis-acting sequences required for replication as well as the subgenomic RNA promoter which drives expression of the structural protein genes. In cells cotransfected with both the replicon and defective helper RNAs, viral nonstructural proteins translated from the replicon RNA allow replication and transcription of the defective helper RNA to produce the virion structural proteins. A series of defective helper RNAs were compared for the ability to package the replicon RNA as well as for the ability to be replicated and packaged. One defective helper RNA not only packaged the replicon but also was itself encapsidated and would be useful under conditions in which extensive amplification is advantageous. Other defective helper RNAs were able to package the replicon efficiently but were packaged very poorly themselves. These helpers should be useful for applications in which expression of the viral structural proteins or virus spread is not desired.
423 citations
TL;DR: The promoter of the mouse albumin gene contains at least six binding sites for specific DNA-binding proteins (A to F), and both of these competing binding sites are required for maximal in vitro transcription.
423 citations
TL;DR: Two complementary DNAs were isolated that encode proteins that are expressed in a variety of cell types and bind the microE5/kappa 2 motif found in both heavy and kappa light chain enhancers.
Abstract: Activity of the immunoglobulin heavy and kappa light chain gene enhancers depends on a complex interplay of ubiquitous and developmentally regulated proteins. Two complementary DNAs were isolated that encode proteins, denoted ITF-1 and ITF-2, that are expressed in a variety of cell types and bind the microE5/kappa 2 motif found in both heavy and kappa light chain enhancers. The complementary DNAs are the products of distinct genes, yet both ITF-1 and ITF-2 are structurally and functionally similar. The two proteins interact with one another through their putative helix-loop-helix motifs and each possesses a distinct domain that dictates transcription activation.
423 citations
TL;DR: Using AtT-20 cells as a model for early expression of POMC in the anterior pituitary, this work has defined a regulatory element conferring cell specificity of transcription and cloned a cognate transcription factor, Ptx1 (pituitary homeo box 1), which appears to be recruited for cell-specific transcription of the PomC gene.
Abstract: The pituitary gland contains six distinct hormone-producing cell types that arise sequentially during organogenesis. The first cells to differentiate are those that express the pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) gene in the anterior pituitary lobe. The other lineages, which appear later, include cells that are dependent on the POU factor Pit-1 and another POMC-expressing lineage in the intermediate pituitary lobe. Using AtT-20 cells as a model for early expression of POMC in the anterior pituitary, we have defined a regulatory element conferring cell specificity of transcription and cloned a cognate transcription factor. This factor, Ptx1 (pituitary homeo box 1), contains a homeo box related to those of the anterior-specific genes bicoid and orthodenticle in Drosophila, and Otx-1 and Otx-2 in mammals. Ptx1 activates transcription upon binding a sequence related to the Drosophila bicoid target sites. Ptx1 is the only nuclear factor of this DNA-binding specificity that is detected in AtT-20 cells, and it is expressed at high levels in a subset of adult anterior pituitary cells that express POMC. However, Ptx1 is expressed in most cells of Rathke's pouch at an early time during pituitary development and before final differentiation of hormone-producing cells. Thus, Ptx1 may have a role in differentiation of pituitary cells, and its early expression pattern suggests that it may have a role in pituitary formation. In the adult pituitary gland, Ptx1 appears to be recruited for cell-specific transcription of the POMC gene.
422 citations
TL;DR: It is shown that CSB and CSA display differential roles in recruitment of TCR-specific factors and that assembly for TCR occurs without disruption of the UV-stalled RNA polymerase II (RNAPIIo).
422 citations