scispace - formally typeset
Search or ask a question
Topic

Transcription (biology)

About: Transcription (biology) is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 56532 publications have been published within this topic receiving 2952782 citations. The topic is also known as: genetic transcription & transcription, genetic.


Papers
More filters
Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Injection of viruses into the rat brain showed that a SIN vector containing the green fluorescent protein gene under the control of the internal CMV promoter transduced neurons as efficiently as a wild-type vector, indicating that the HIV-1 LTR promoter is transcriptionally active in neurons even in the absence of Tat.
Abstract: We have constructed a new series of lentivirus vectors based on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) that can transduce nondividing cells. The U3 region of the 5′ long terminal repeat (LTR) in vector constructs was replaced with the cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter, resulting in Tat-independent transcription but still maintaining high levels of expression. A self-inactivating (SIN) vector was constructed by deleting 133 bp in the U3 region of the 3′ LTR, including the TATA box and binding sites for transcription factors Sp1 and NF-κB. The deletion is transferred to the 5′ LTR after reverse transcription and integration in infected cells, resulting in the transcriptional inactivation of the LTR in the proviruses. SIN viruses can be generated with no significant decreases in titer. Injection of viruses into the rat brain showed that a SIN vector containing the green fluorescent protein gene under the control of the internal CMV promoter transduced neurons as efficiently as a wild-type vector. Interestingly, a wild-type vector without an internal promoter also successfully transduced neurons in the brain, indicating that the HIV-1 LTR promoter is transcriptionally active in neurons even in the absence of Tat. Furthermore, injection of viruses into the subretinal space of the rat eye showed that wild-type vector transduced predominantly retinal pigment epithelium and photoreceptor cells, while SIN vector was able to transduce other types of retinal cells, including bipolar, Muller, horizontal, and amacrine cells. This finding suggests that the HIV-1 LTR can negatively influence the internal CMV promoter in some cell types. SIN HIV vectors should be safer for gene therapy, and they also have broader applicability as a means of high-level gene transfer and expression in nondividing cells.

1,254 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This Review focuses on the biologic and physiologic functions of the PGC-1 coactivators, with particular emphasis on striated muscle, liver, and other organ systems relevant to common diseases such as diabetes and heart failure.
Abstract: Members of the nuclear receptor (NR) superfamily relay physiologic and nutritional cues to critical gene regulatory responses. The molecular links between external stimuli, cellular signaling events, and NR-mediated transcriptional control are currently being unraveled. New information emerging over the past decade has demonstrated that NRs receive regulatory input through multiple mechanisms including levels of endogenous ligand, availability of heterodimeric NR partners, and posttranslational modifications. Activating signals trigger the recruitment of coactivator complexes onto the NR platform, leading to enzymatic modification of chromatin, increased access of the RNA polymerase II machinery to RNA, and activation of target gene transcription (Figure ​(Figure1).1). Availability of certain coactivator proteins also serves critical regulatory functions linking physiologic stimuli to NR activity. Perhaps the best example of this latter mechanism involves the PPARγ coactivator-1 (PGC-1) family of transcriptional coactivators. PGC-1 coactivators serve as inducible NR “boosters” to equip the organism to meet the energy demands of diverse physiologic and dietary conditions. This Review will focus on the role of this interesting coactivator family in the control of organ-specific biologic responses to the physiologic and pathophysiologic milieu. Emphasis will be given to tissue-specific regulatory features relevant to heart failure and diabetes. Figure 1 The PGC-1 coactivator family: inducible boosters of gene transcription. (A) The schematic uses generic NRs as an example of how inducible PGC-1 coactivators dock to transcription factor targets and recruit protein complexes that activate transcription ...

1,253 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A Cas9-based transactivator that is targeted to DNA sequences by guide RNA molecules is created, demonstrating a simple and versatile approach for RNA-guided gene activation.
Abstract: Technologies for engineering synthetic transcription factors have enabled many advances in medical and scientific research. In contrast to existing methods based on engineering of DNA-binding proteins, we created a Cas9-based transactivator that is targeted to DNA sequences by guide RNA molecules. Coexpression of this transactivator and combinations of guide RNAs in human cells induced specific expression of endogenous target genes, demonstrating a simple and versatile approach for RNA-guided gene activation.

1,247 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
21 Sep 1990-Cell
TL;DR: Evidence is presented that the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and transcription factor Jun/AP-1 can reciprocally repress one another's transcriptional activation by a novel mechanism that is independent of DNA binding.

1,241 citations


Network Information
Related Topics (5)
RNA
111.6K papers, 5.4M citations
97% related
Regulation of gene expression
85.4K papers, 5.8M citations
96% related
Transcription factor
82.8K papers, 5.4M citations
96% related
Peptide sequence
84.1K papers, 4.3M citations
95% related
Gene
211.7K papers, 10.3M citations
94% related
Performance
Metrics
No. of papers in the topic in previous years
YearPapers
20229
20211,730
20201,721
20191,686
20181,571
20171,465