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Transcription (biology)

About: Transcription (biology) is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 56532 publications have been published within this topic receiving 2952782 citations. The topic is also known as: genetic transcription & transcription, genetic.


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Journal ArticleDOI
23 Nov 2012-Science
TL;DR: Crystal structures of functional transcription initiation complexes comprising Thermus thermophilus RNA polymerase, σA, and a promoter DNA fragment corresponding to the transcription bubble and downstream double-stranded DNA of the RNAP-promoter open complex show that σ recognize the –10 element and discriminator element through interactions that include the unstacking and insertion into pockets of three DNA bases and that RNAP recognizes the –4/+2 region.
Abstract: Class II transcription activators function by binding to a DNA site overlapping a core promoter and stimulating isomerization of an initial RNA polymerase (RNAP)–promoter closed complex into a catalytically competent RNAP-promoter open complex. Here, we report a 4.4 angstrom crystal structure of an intact bacterial class II transcription activation complex. The structure comprises Thermus thermophilus transcription activator protein TTHB099 (TAP) [homolog of Escherichia coli catabolite activator protein (CAP)], T. thermophilus RNAP σ A holoenzyme, a class II TAP-dependent promoter, and a ribotetranucleotide primer. The structure reveals the interactions between RNAP holoenzyme and DNA responsible for transcription initiation and reveals the interactions between TAP and RNAP holoenzyme responsible for transcription activation. The structure indicates that TAP stimulates isomerization through simple, adhesive, stabilizing protein-protein interactions with RNAP holoenzyme.

364 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A novel kinase (T2K), which associates with TRAF2 and exhibits kinase activity towards I‐κBα in vitro, is demonstrated to be critical in protecting embryonic liver from apoptosis and has a unique role in the activation of NF‐kkB‐directed transcription.
Abstract: Induction of NF-kappaB-dependent transcription requires phosphorylation and subsequent degradation of I-kappaB, an inhibitor of NF-kappaB, followed by nuclear translocation and DNA binding of NF-kappaB. Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 2 (TRAF2) plays a role in NF-kappaB activation in response to cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha). In this study, we purified and characterized a novel kinase (T2K, also known as TBK1 or NAK), which associates with TRAF2 and exhibits kinase activity towards I-kappaBalpha in vitro. The physiological function of T2K was investigated using T2K-deficient mice. Heterozygotes appear normal, but t2k(-/-) animals die at approximately E14.5 of massive liver degeneration and apoptosis. Never theless, hematopoietic progenitors from T2K-deficient fetal liver support normal lymphocyte development. Furthermore, t2k(-/-) embryonic fibroblasts and thymocytes do not display increased sensitivity to TNFalpha-induced apoptosis. In response to either TNFalpha or IL-1 induction, t2k(-/-) embryonic fibroblasts exhibit normal degradation of I-kappaB and kappaB-binding activity. However, NF-kappaB-directed transcription is dramatically reduced. These results demonstrate that, like I-kappaB kinase beta and the RelA subunit of NF-kappaB, T2K is critical in protecting embryonic liver from apoptosis. However, T2K has a unique role in the activation of NF-kappaB-directed transcription, apparently independent of I-kappaB degradation and NF-kappaB DNA binding.

364 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
Stephen Dalton1
TL;DR: Genomic clones of the human cdc2 gene containing 5′ flanking sequences were isolated and shown to function as a growth regulated promoter in vivo when fused to a CAT reporter gene.
Abstract: Transcription of the human cdc2 gene is cell cycle regulated and restricted to proliferating cells Nuclear run-on assays show that cdc2 transcription is high in S and G2 phases of the cell cycle but low in G1 To investigate transcriptional control further, genomic clones of the human cdc2 gene containing 5' flanking sequences were isolated and shown to function as a growth regulated promoter in vivo when fused to a CAT reporter gene In primary human fibroblasts, the human cdc2 promoter is negatively regulated by arrest of cell growth in a similar fashion to the endogenous gene This requires specific 5' flanking upstream negative control (UNC) sequences which mediate repression The retinoblastoma susceptibility gene product (Rb) specifically represses cdc2 transcription in cycling cells via 136 bp of 5' flanking sequence located between -245 and -109 within the UNC region E2F binding sites in this region were shown to be essential for optimal repression A model is proposed where Rb negatively regulates the cdc2 promoter in non-cycling and cycling G1 cells

363 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Results suggest that Set2 is involved in regulating transcription elongation through its direct contact with pol II, and that deletions in the CTD reduce in vivo levels of H3 lysine 36 methylation.

363 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results suggest that the tissue‐specific expression of the thyroglobulin genes is mediated, at least in part, by the presence of a transcription factor exclusively in thyroid cells.
Abstract: A rat thyroglobulin promoter fragment, capable of directing thyroid-specific transcription, binds at least three different factors, TTF-1, TTF-2 and UFA, which are all present in nuclear extracts of the differentiated rat thyroid cell line FRTL-5. TTF-1 and TTF-2 are FRTL-5 specific, as demonstrated by their absence in nuclear extracts prepared from cell lines that do not express any thyroid-differentiated function, while UFA is present in all cell lines tested. TTF-1 has been extensively purified. It binds to the rat thyroglobulin promoter at three different sites which share sequence homology. Mutations in two of the three sites decrease both binding of TTF-1 in vitro and promoter function in vivo. This suggests that the tissue-specific expression of the thyroglobulin genes is mediated, at least in part, by the presence of a transcription factor exclusively in thyroid cells.

363 citations


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Performance
Metrics
No. of papers in the topic in previous years
YearPapers
20229
20211,730
20201,721
20191,686
20181,571
20171,465