Showing papers on "Transesterification published in 2011"
TL;DR: In this article, the results of the transesterification of sunflower oil with methanol to produce biodiesel using CaO nanoparticles supported on NaX zeolite as catalyst were reported.
Abstract: Biodiesel is produced by the transesterification of oil triglycerides with methanol or ethanol, in the presence of a homogeneous or heterogeneous catalyst. This study aims to report the results of the transesterification of sunflower oil with methanol to produce biodiesel using CaO nanoparticles supported on NaX zeolite as catalyst. The effect of the CaO nanoparticles concentration on the NaX zeolite surface was studied in the range of 5−25 wt %. The transesterification reaction was carried out at reflux temperature of methanol, atmospheric pressure, a reaction time of 6 h, and with a 6:1 molar ratio of methanol to sunflower oil. Catalyst characterization was carried out by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. It was concluded that methyl esters content is highly influenced by basicity and that the best catalyst was the one holding 16 wt % CaO nanoparticles. The produced biodiesel was 93.5% methyl esters and was found to fulfill the specifications of Europ...
1,687 citations
TL;DR: The present report is review of the progress made in development of heterogeneous catalysts suitable for biodiesel production and shall help in selection of suitable catalysts and the optimum conditions for biod diesel production.
508 citations
TL;DR: A review of the use of heterogeneous acid, base and biocatalysts for biodiesel production and their suitability for industrial application is presented in this article, where the authors focused on the recent invention and use of the heterogeneous acids, base, and biometrics.
Abstract: Steep hikes of petroleum prices and rising demand of petroleum products compels the scientific society to think for the renewable alternative fuels like biodiesel. Biodiesel production is generally carried out through the process of transesterification reaction. The reaction is facilitated with a suitable catalyst either homogeneous or heterogeneous. The selection of appropriate catalyst depends on the amount of free fatty acids in the oil. Heterogeneous catalyst provides high activity, high selectivity, high water tolerance properties and these properties depend on the amount and strengths of active acid or basic sites. Basic catalyst can be subdivided based on the type of metal oxides and their derivatives. Similarly, acidic catalyst can be subdivided depending upon their active acidic sites. New varieties of mixed catalyst are also available in literatures. Catalyst generated from bio-waste and other biocatalysts which are heterogeneous in nature and extensively reported in literature are also reviewed. This review focused about the recent invention and use of the heterogeneous acid, base and biocatalysts for biodiesel production and their suitability for industrial application.
498 citations
TL;DR: Evidence is presented that for some samples, significantly more biodiesel can be produced than would be expected from available triglycerides, indicating conversion of fatty acids contained in other molecules (e.g., phospholipids) using this approach.
444 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the performance of alkaline, acidic, and enzymatic catalysts have been reviewed and modern techniques of development of biodiesel i.e., use of microwaves and super critical alcohol have also been discussed critically.
Abstract: The energy crises, particularly the fear of depletion of mineral oils are becoming a very serious issue. Non-oil producing countries are becoming the victim of the scenario. On the other hand the environmental pollution, green house effect, global warming and acid rain are also threatening the life. Biodiesel is a promising alternative fuel which can cater the problems. Vegetable oils can be used to substitute mineral diesel after reducing their viscosity and specific gravity. For this purpose different techniques are used. Among these, transesterification is frequently used as it is the most reliable, most feasible, and can be used to produce biodiesel easily. The conversion efficiency of biodiesel via transesterification depends upon the nature of feedstock, amount and type of alcohol and catalyst, operating temperature, and reaction time. In this study the performance of alkaline, acidic, and enzymatic catalysts have been reviewed. Modern techniques of development of biodiesel i.e., use of microwaves and super critical alcohol have also been discussed critically.
397 citations
TL;DR: A one-step process for direct liquefaction and conversion of wet algal biomass containing about 90% of water to biodiesel under supercritical methanol conditions is demonstrated and can potentially be an energy efficient and economical route for algal biodiesel production.
379 citations
TL;DR: The work of many researchers on the development of active, tolerant to water and free fatty acids (FFA), as well as stable inorganic catalysts for biodiesel production from vegetable oils are reviewed and discussed.
Abstract: Biofuels are renewable solutions to replace the ever dwindling energy reserves and environmentally pollutant fossil liquid fuels when they are produced from low cost sustainable feedstocks. Biodiesel is mainly produced from vegetable oils or animal fats by the method of transesterification reaction using catalysts. Homogeneous catalysts are conventionally used for biodiesel production. Unfortunately, homogeneous catalysts are associated with problems which might increase the cost of production due to separation steps and emission of waste water. Inorganic heterogeneous catalysts are potentially low cost and can solve many of the problems encountered in homogeneous catalysts. Many solid acid and base inorganic catalysts have been studied for the transesterification of various vegetables oils. The work of many researchers on the development of active, tolerant to water and free fatty acids (FFA), as well as stable inorganic catalysts for biodiesel production from vegetable oils are reviewed and discussed.
335 citations
TL;DR: The paper demonstrates the applicability of using immobilized lipase and a packed-bed reactor for continuous biodiesel synthesis with significant effects on the percentage of molar conversion.
Abstract: An optimal continuous production of biodiesel by methanolysis of soybean oil in a packed-bed reactor was developed using immobilized lipase (Novozym 435) as a catalyst in a tert-butanol solvent system. Response surface methodology (RSM) and Box-Behnken design were employed to evaluate the effects of reaction temperature, flow rate, and substrate molar ratio on the molar conversion of biodiesel. The results showed that flow rate and temperature have significant effects on the percentage of molar conversion. On the basis of ridge max analysis, the optimum conditions were as follows: flow rate 0.1 mL/min, temperature , and substrate molar ratio 1 : 4. The predicted and experimental values of molar conversion were % and %, respectively. Furthermore, the continuous process over 30 days showed no appreciable decrease in the molar conversion. The paper demonstrates the applicability of using immobilized lipase and a packed-bed reactor for continuous biodiesel synthesis.
317 citations
TL;DR: A total of eleven fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) were identified in rocket seed oil biodiesel (RSOB) by the retention time and the fragmentation pattern data of GC/MS analysis as mentioned in this paper.
305 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, various issues regarding CaO-catalyzed transesterification are reviewed, including the diverse performance of CaO in neat, loaded and mixed forms, as well as a support for other catalyst systems, CaO reaction mechanism, CAO tolerance to low to moderate oil qualities and reaction conditions, the conformance of CAO-calyzed biodiesel to key specifications and the future outlook and the challenges of the catalyst are suitably addressed.
279 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, an optimization study on the production of biodiesel from camelina seed oil using alkaline transesterification is presented. And the results of the optimized biodiesel, including density, kinematic viscosity, acid value, etc., were determined and compared with those produced from other oil feedstocks.
TL;DR: In this article, a nano-magnetic catalyst KF/CaO-Fe3O4 was prepared by a facile impregnation method and the magnetic property of the catalyst was studied by vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM).
TL;DR: In this paper, CaMgO and CaZnO were used for the transesterification of Jatropha curcas oil (JCO) with methanol, in order to evaluate their potential as heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production.
Abstract: Calcium-based mixed oxides catalysts (CaMgO and CaZnO) have been investigated for the transesterification of Jatropha curcas oil (JCO) with methanol, in order to evaluate their potential as heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production Both CaMgO and CaZnO catalysts were prepared by coprecipitation method of the corresponding mixed metal nitrate solution in the presence of a soluble carbonate salt at similar to pH 8-9 The catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), temperature programmed desorption of CO(2) (CO(2)-TPD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and N(2) adsorption (BET) The conversion of JCO by CaMgO and CaZnO were studied and compared with calcium oxide (CaO), magnesium oxide (MgO) and zinc oxide (ZnO) catalysts Both CaMgO and CaZnO catalysts showed high activity as CaO and were easily separated from the product CaMgO was found more active than CaZnO in the transesterification of JCO with methanol Under the suitable transesterification conditions at 338 K (catalyst amount = 4 wt %, methanol/oil molar ratio = 15, reaction time = 6 h), the JCO conversion of more than 80% can be achieved over CaMgO and CaZnO catalysts Even though CaO gave the highest activity, the conversion of JCO decreased significantly after reused for forth run whereas the conversion was only slightly lowered for CaMgO and CaZnO after sixth run (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd All rights reserved
TL;DR: A review of the different metal oxides commonly used in the process of transesterification of oils for the production of biodiesel with special reference to the various methods of catalyst preparation and catalyst characterization is provided in this article.
Abstract: Biodiesel production is worthy of continued study and optimization of production procedures due to its environmentally beneficial attributes and its renewable nature. Heterogeneous transesterification is considered to be a green process. The process requires neither catalyst recovery nor aqueous treatment steps and very high yields of methyl esters can be obtained, close to the theoretical value. However, heterogeneously catalyzed transesterification generally requires more severe operating conditions, and the performance of heterogeneous catalysts is generally lower than that of the commonly used homogeneous catalysts. Heterogeneous catalysis for biodiesel production has been extensively investigated in the last few years. Many metal oxides have been studied for the transesterification process of oils; these include alkali earth metal oxides, transition metal oxides, mixed metal oxides and supported metal oxides. The use of solid metal oxides as catalysts in oil transesterification is well established, accordingly, researchers’ attempts are now focused on how to attain the highest catalyst activity. Catalyst activity is a function of its specific surface area, base strength and base site concentration. High specific surface area, strong base strength and high concentration of base sites are characteristics of an active transesterification catalyst. This review provides a brief overview of the different metal oxides frequently used in the process of transesterification of oils for the production of biodiesel with special reference to the various methods of catalyst preparation and catalyst characterization. Reaction conditions and catalyst leaching analysis are also highlighted. Finally, concluding remarks regarding catalyst selection and catalyst preparation steps are provided.
TL;DR: In this article, the larvae of a high fat containing insect, black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) (BSFL), was evaluated for biodiesel production, where the larvae were grown on organic wastes for 10 days and used for crude fat extraction by petroleum ether.
TL;DR: Newly-synthesized eutectic ILs derived from choline acetate or choline chloride coupled with biocompatible hydrogen-bond donors, such as glycerol have favorable properties including low viscosity, high biodegradability, and excellent compatibility with Novozym(®) 435, a commercial immobilized Candida antarctica lipase B.
Abstract: The enzymatic preparation of biodiesel has been hampered by the lack of suitable solvents with desirable properties such as high lipase compatibility, low cost, low viscosity, high biodegradability, and ease of product separation. Recent interest in using ionic liquids (ILs) as advanced reaction media has led to fast reaction rates and high yields in the enzymatic synthesis of biodiesel. However, conventional (i.e., cation–anion paired) ILs based on imidazolium and other quaternary ammonium salts remain too expensive for wide application at industrial scales. In this study, we report on newly-synthesized eutectic ILs derived from choline acetate or choline chloride coupled with biocompatible hydrogen-bond donors, such as glycerol. These eutectic solvents have favorable properties including low viscosity, high biodegradability, and excellent compatibility with Novozym® 435, a commercial immobilized Candida antarctica lipase B. Furthermore, in a model biodiesel synthesis system, we demonstrate high reaction rates for the enzymatic transesterification of Miglyol® oil 812 with methanol, catalyzed by Novozym® 435 in choline acetate/glycerol (1 : 1.5 molar ratio). The high conversion (97%) of the triglyceride obtained within 3 h, under optimal conditions, suggests that these novel eutectic solvents warrant further exploration as potential media in the enzymatic production of biodiesel.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the relationship of methanol to oil molar ratio, catalyst loading, reaction time, and reaction temperature on methyl ester yield and free fatty acid conversion.
Abstract: Heterogeneous transesterification of waste cooking palm oil (WCPO) to biodiesel over Sr/ZrO2 catalyst and the optimization of the process have been investigated. Response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to study the relationships of methanol to oil molar ratio, catalyst loading, reaction time, and reaction temperature on methyl ester yield and free fatty acid conversion. The experiments were designed using central composite by applying 24 full factorial designs with two centre points. Transesterification of WCPO produced 79.7% maximum methyl ester yield at the optimum methanol to oil molar ratio = 29:1, catalyst loading = 2.7 wt%, reaction time = 87 min and reaction temperature = 115.5 °C.
TL;DR: In this paper, the development of heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production from high free fatty acid (FFA) containing Jatropha curcas oil (KO) was studied.
TL;DR: Alkali transesterification of esterified fats resulted in a product with 97.3 wt.% ester content and most of properties were well within EN 14214.
TL;DR: In this paper, the results indicated that solid acid composed of CS(0.073)O (0.541) has both Lewis acid sites and Bronsted acid sites caused by SO(3)H and COOH.
TL;DR: In this paper, the combined effects of temperature, catalyst concentration, reaction time and molar ratio of alcohol in relation to oil were investigated and optimized using response surface methodology, and the optimum conditions for the production of ethyl esters were obtained.
TL;DR: A high degree of oil/lipid extraction from dry algal biomass and an efficient conversion of the oils/lipids to biodiesel were demonstrated in a set of well-designed experimental runs.
TL;DR: In this article, experimental data on the production of fatty acid methyl esters from vegetable oils, soybean and cottonseed oils using sodium hydroxide as alkaline catalyst was reported.
TL;DR: In this article, the applicability of these catalysts for synthesis of biodiesel along with their reusability aspect is discussed in a review, where the reuse of the solid catalyst is governed by their deactivation, poisoning, and the extent of leaching in the reaction medium.
Abstract: Solid acid (heterogeneous) catalysts have a unique advantage in esterification and transesterification reactions which enhances the use of high acid value oil to be used as feedstock for synthesis of biodiesel. Various solid acid catalysts such as resins, tungstated and sulfated zirconia, polyaniline sulfate, heteropolyacid, metal complexes, sulfated tin oxide, zeolite, acidic ionic liquid, and others have been explored as potential heterogeneous catalysts. The activity of the catalyst differs slightly resulting in moderate to high conversion and yield. The reuse of the solid catalyst is governed by their deactivation, poisoning, and the extent of leaching in the reaction medium. The applicability of these catalysts for synthesis of biodiesel along with their reusability aspect is discussed in this review. © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
TL;DR: In this paper, a CaO-MgO mixed oxide catalyst was employed in transesterification of non-edible Jatropha curcas plant oil in biodiesel production.
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of the molar ratio of methanol to oil, reaction temperature, catalyst calcination temperature and catalyst amount used for transesterification were studied to optimize the reaction conditions.
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of methanol to oil, reaction temperature, catalyst amount, and reaction time on the yield of FAME were studied, where a co-solvent was added into the reactants and the conversion efficiency of the reaction was improved.
TL;DR: In this article, different methods were applied for lipids extraction from the dry biomass of Chlorella pyrenoidosa, and the relative influence of the solvent extractor selectivity on the overall FAMEs (Fatty Acids Methyl Esters) yield was assessed.
Abstract: In this study different methods were applied for lipids extraction from the dry biomass of Chlorella pyrenoidosa. The survey was carried under different conditions seeking comparative assessment of extraction methods. The method using chloroform:methanol (2:1 v/v) showed the highest lipid extraction followed by methanol, chloroform, ethanol, and hexane. Afterward, we also assessed the relative influence of the solvent extractor selectivity on the overall FAMEs (Fatty Acids Methyl Esters) yield. The application of the transesterification process on the several lipidic extracts was compared with direct transesterification process from dry biomass. In the extraction using chloroform:methanol system a larger amount of lipids was obtained but the conversion to FAMEs using transesterification process was the lowest from lipids. However, despite the amount of extracted lipids with methanol being smaller, its conversion to FAMEs was higher from lipids. In addition, the extraction with methanol followed by transesterification process also resulted in a higher FAMEs yield from biomass than direct transesterification process using methanol.
TL;DR: High quality palm oil biodiesel was produced by combination of heterogeneous alkali transesterification and separation processes in the packed bed membrane reactor, compared with the standard specifications.
TL;DR: Deep eutectic solvents consisting of mixtures of a choline salt (chloride or acetate form) and glycerol are prepared as easily accessible, biodegradable, and inexpensive alternatives to conventional aprotic cation-anion paired ionic liquids, showing excellent fluidity coupled with thermal stability to nearly 200 °C.
Abstract: Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) consisting of mixtures of a choline salt (chloride or acetate form) and glycerol are prepared as easily accessible, biodegradable, and inexpensive alternatives to conventional aprotic cation–anion paired ionic liquids. These DES systems display excellent fluidity coupled with thermal stability to nearly 200 °C. In this work, the transesterification activities of cross-linked proteases (subtilisin and α-chymotrypsin), immobilized on chitosan, were individually examined in these novel DESs. In the 1:2 molar ratio mixture of choline chloride/glycerol containing 3% (v/v) water, cross-linked subtilisin exhibited an excellent activity (2.9 μmol min −1 g −1 ) in conjunction with a selectivity of 98% in the transesterification reaction of N -acetyl- l -phenylalanine ethyl ester with 1-propanol. These highly encouraging results advocate more extensive exploration of DESs in protease-mediated biotransformations of additional polar substrates and use of DESs in biocatalysis more generally.