Showing papers on "Transesterification published in 2016"
TL;DR: In this article, the authors focused on the various technical aspects of biodiesel production methodology and showed that the optimum reaction temperature should be in range of 50-60°C, molar ratio of alcohol to oil should be 6-12:1 with the use of an alkali catalyst having optimum concentration 1% by weight, and the optimal reaction time for transesterification process is 120min.
Abstract: Biodiesel is one of the prospective alternatives to petroleum fuel resources because of its renewable and environment friendly nature. Transesterficiation process is used for biodiesel production. The biodiesel production process mainly depends on five parameters which includes free fatty acid (FFA) content, type of alcohol used and molar ratio (alcohol:oil), catalyst type and its concentration, reaction temperature and time. Methanol and ethanol are commonly used for biodiesel production in presence of different alkaline catalysts like sodium and potassium hydroxides. The production methodology of biodiesel is an important aspect for efficient and cost-effective production of biodiesel. The present study focuses on the various technical aspects of biodiesel production methodology. The study reveals that for optimum biodiesel production reaction temperature should be in range of 50–60 °C, molar ratio of alcohol to oil should be in range of 6–12:1 with the use of an alkali catalyst having optimum concentration 1% by weight. The optimal reaction time for transesterification process is 120 min.
330 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined different alcohols commonly used for the production of biodiesel fuel with more emphasis on methanol and ethanol, and the effects of alcohol to molar ratios on biodiesel refining process and its physicochemical properties were investigated.
321 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors optimize the biodiesel production process parameters (methanol-to-oil ratio, agitation speed and concentration of the potassium hydroxide catalyst) of a biodiesel derived from non-edible feedstocks, namely Jatropha curcas and Ceiba pentandra, using response surface methodology based on Box-Behnken experimental design.
272 citations
TL;DR: The low cost and efficient CaO catalysts have been successfully prepared from chicken manure by a simple calcination, in this article, and the Hammett indicator test showed that the obtained CaO catalyst has the basic strength in a range of 15.
244 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the use of catalysts, especially heterogeneous catalysts remains the green approach for tailoring carboxylation and acetylation routes to achieve the desired products, namely, glycerol carbonate and glycerols acetyl esters, respectively.
Abstract: Biodiesel (BD) is an alternative energy source to conventional diesel derived from fossil materials, which are unsustainable and non-renewable and contribute to global warming. BD production via transesterification with methanol leads to the synthesis of glycerol; this process accounts for 10% (w/w) of the total BD produced worldwide. The increasing demand for environmentally harmless BD has created a glycerol glut, which must be utilized to increase BD profitability. Glycerol is a stable and multifunctional compound used as a building block in fine chemical synthesis. Acetylation and carboxylation pathways have been studied to utilize and/or upgrade glycerol into fine chemicals. The use of catalysts, especially heterogeneous catalysts, remains the green approach for tailoring carboxylation and acetylation routes to achieve the desired products, namely, glycerol carbonate and glycerol acetyl esters, respectively. However, side-product formation, poorly structured channels of some catalysts, and catalyst deactivation or reusability hinder the effective utilization of heterogeneous catalysts and must be further studied. Moreover, introduction of variations to optimize reaction-influencing parameters is a potential green method that must be explored.
179 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, five different types of calcium oxide-based catalysts supported gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), including commercial CaO, egg shell, mussel shell, calcite, and dolomite were prepared and used in biodiesel synthesis.
178 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the parametric effects on biodiesel production from Hevea brasiliensis oil (HBO) using flamboyant pods derived carbonaceous heterogeneous catalyst were analyzed.
164 citations
TL;DR: In this article, waste of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) was converted into activated carbon and the latter was used in the preparation of a carbon acid catalyst for esterification of high acid value non-edible oil, Silybum marianum L. seed oil.
158 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used ferromagnetic zinc oxide nanocomposite as a heterogeneous catalyst for transesterification reaction and obtained a yield of 91% (w/w) at 55°C with 14wt % catalyst loading and 12:1 methanol/oil ratio and was confirmed by Gas chromatograph with Mass Spectrometer.
144 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, hydrated lime-derived calcium oxide (CaO) was used as a catalyst for the transesterification of palm oil, and the results showed that the catalysts were characterized by TG-DTA, XRD, XRF, FT-IR, SEM, TPD-CO2 and BET by N2 adsorption.
137 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the potential of banana peels as a suitable catalyst for conversion of Bauhinia monandra seed oil (BMSO) to fatty acidy methyl ester (FAME) in a transesterification reaction was investigated.
TL;DR: Egg shells were used as a catalyst for biodiesel production from both commercial fresh soybean oil and waste cooking oil (WCO) at room temperature as mentioned in this paper, which demonstrated the feasibility of utilization and storage of the catalyst as well as the performance of the transesterification reaction at ambient conditions.
TL;DR: In this article, a solid acid nano-catalyst was synthesized and used for the simultaneous esterification and transesterification of free fatty acids in used cooking oil (UCO) to produce biodiesel.
Abstract: A novel solid acid nano-catalyst [Ti(SO 4 )O] was synthesised and used for the simultaneous esterification and transesterification of free fatty acids in used cooking oil (UCO) to produce biodiesel. The synthesised nano-catalyst was fully characterized by different analytical techniques. The XPS results clearly confirmed that the bidentate sulphate coordinated to the Ti 4+ metal in the nano-catalyst product. Obtained d -spacing values from the experimental data of XRD peaks and the SAED pattern of produced nano-catalyst agreed well with the d -spacing values from the JCPDS-ICDD card numbers 04-011-4951 for titanium sulphate oxide or titanium oxysulfate crystal structures.This confirms the sulphate groups were within the crystalline structure rather than on the surface of titania nanoparticles, which has not been previously reported. It has been demonstrated 97.1% yield for the fatty acid methyl ester can be achieved usign the synthetised catalyst under a reaction time of 3 h, catalyst to UCO ration of 1.5 wt% and methanol to UCO ratio of 9:1 at 75 °C reaction temperature. The nano-catalyst showed a good catalytic activity for the feedstock containing ≤6 wt% free fatty acid. Furthermore, the catalytic activity and re-usability of the Ti(SO 4 )O for the esterification/transesterification of UCO were investigated. XRD results confirmed that the amount of S O 4 2 − species in the solid acid nano-catalyst slowly decreased with re-use after 8 cycles under optimised conditions, which is higher than the reusability of other functionalised titania reported in the literature. Finally, the biodiesel prodcued from this process satisfied the ASTM and European Norm standards.
TL;DR: In this paper, a rice husk-derived sodium silicate was used as a solid catalyst for simple conversion of oils to biodiesel via the transesterification reaction, which was proved to be a pseudo-first order reaction with the activation energy (Ea) and the frequency factor (A) of 48.30kJ/mol and 2.775×−1 respectively.
TL;DR: Effective suppression of undesirable transesterification and epimerization was achieved even with sterically unhindered monomers using a fluorinated aluminum salph complex with a substoichiometric amount of a nucleophilic cocatalyst, which can be used to synthesize well-defined block copolymers via a sequential addition strategy.
Abstract: The synthesis of well-defined and functionalizable aliphatic polyesters remains a key challenge in the advancement of emerging drug delivery and self-assembly technologies. Herein, we investigate the factors that influence the rates of undesirable transesterification and epimerization side reactions at high conversion in the copolymerization of tricyclic anhydrides with excess propylene oxide using aluminum salen catalysts. The structure of the tricyclic anhydride, the molar ratio of the aluminum catalyst to the nucleophilic cocatalyst, and the Lewis acidity of the aluminum catalyst all influence the rates of these side reactions. Optimal catalytic activity and selectivity against these side reactions requires a careful balance of all these factors. Effective suppression of undesirable transesterification and epimerization was achieved even with sterically unhindered monomers using a fluorinated aluminum salph complex with a substoichiometric amount of a nucleophilic cocatalyst. This process can be used to synthesize well-defined block copolymers via a sequential addition strategy.
TL;DR: The three major components of enzymatic production of biodiesel and the methods used to improve enzyme reaction, as well as a review on its economic evaluation and industrial scale production are critically discussed.
Abstract: Biodiesel is a type of renewable fuel and a potential alternative for continuously consumed fossil resources. Currently, the method applied for biodiesel production is transesterification which is divided into non-catalyzed reaction, chemical-catalyzed reaction and enzymatic reaction. Enzymatic reaction is more advantageous than the other methods because of its mild reaction conditions, easy product recovery, no wastewater generation, no saponification and higher quality of products. The main component in this reaction is an enzyme called lipase which can catalyze wide variety of substrate including free fatty acids. Two other main raw materials for biodiesel synthesis are oil and acyl acceptor such as alcohol. Biodiesel catalyzed by enzyme is affected by many factors such as lipase specificity, lipase immobilization, oil composition and purity, oil to acyl acceptor molar ratio, acyl acceptors, temperature, and water content. Many methods have been tested to manipulate these factors and improve the enzymatic reaction for biodiesel production. These methods include combination of lipases, enzyme pretreatment, enzyme post treatment, methanol addition technique, use of solvent and silica gel, and reactor design. This paper will critically discuss the three major components of enzymatic production of biodiesel and the methods used to improve enzymatic reaction, as well as a review on its economic evaluation and industrial scale production.
TL;DR: In this article, the key process variables affecting efficiency of in situ transesterification were reviewed and potential solutions of improving the efficiency/economy were discussed, including the use of bio-digestate as nutrients for supporting microalgal growth.
Abstract: Microalgae has large scale cultivation history particularly in aquaculture, pigments and nutraceutical production. Despite the advantages of microalgal oil as feedstock for biodiesel production, algal biodiesel is still at laboratory scale due to technical challenges required to be overcome to make it economical and sustainable. Indeed, complete drying of microalgae is energy intensive and significantly increases the cost of algae pre-treatment. In situ transesterification is more water tolerant due to excess methanol to oil molar ratio required by such production route. However, the need to remove unreacted methanol (>94% of it) from the product streams certainly requires distillation heat load which increases the operating cost. This article reviews the key process variables affecting efficiency of in situ transesterification. These include alcohol to oil molar ratio, moisture, stirring rate, reaction time, temperature, microalgal cell wall and catalyst type. Potential solutions of improving the efficiency/economy are discussed. Overall, an integrated approach of in situ dimethyl ether (DME) production along with the desired biodiesel synthesis during in situ transesterification would substantially reduce the volume of unreacted methanol thereby reduces operating cost. Use of resulting microalgal residue for biogas (methane) production can provide energy for biomass production/separation from the dilute algae˗water mixture. Use of bio˗digestate as nutrients for supporting microalgal growth is among the probable solutions suggested for reducing the production cost of in situ transesterification.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors focus on the recent development of TiO2 as a catalyst in green organic synthesis including in hydrodeoxygenation, hydrogenation, esterification/transesterification, and visible light-induced organic transformation owing to its strong metal-support interaction (SMSI), high chemical stability, acidity, and high redox reaction at low temperature.
Abstract: Titanium dioxide (TiO2) has become increasingly popular as a catalyst. Although many applications of TiO2 involve photocatalysis and photoelectrochemical reactions, there are numerous interesting discoveries of TiO2 for other reactions. This review focuses on the recent development of TiO2 as a catalyst in green organic synthesis including in hydrodeoxygenation, hydrogenation, esterification/transesterification, the water–gas shift reaction, and visible light-induced organic transformation owing to its strong metal-support interaction (SMSI), high chemical stability, acidity, and high redox reaction at low temperature. The relationship between the catalytic performance and different metal or metal oxide dopants, and different polymorphs of TiO2 are discussed in detail. It is interesting to note that the reduction temperature and addition of promoters have a significant effect on the catalytic performance of TiO2.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors highlighted the potential of hydrodynamic cavitation for the methyl ester production from waste cooking oil and showed that the high turbulence generated by the cavitating bubbles were effective in reducing the mass transfer resistance between immiscible reactants during the transesterification reaction due to increased interfacial area.
TL;DR: This work addresses in-situ transesterification of wet spent coffee grounds (SCGs) for the production of biodiesel and finds moderate polar and alcohol-miscible organic solvent is suitable for the high FAME yield.
TL;DR: In this paper, the methanolysis of lipids in a mixer-packed bed heterogeneous flow process was performed based on the thermodynamics (equilibrium) as well as mechanism and chemical kinetics of glycerides and fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) containing different combinations of gadoleic (G), linoleic(L), linolenic (Ln), oleic (O), palmitic (P) and stearic (S) substituents.
TL;DR: In this article, the rice bran oil (RBO) has been converted into methyl ester with an aid of transesterification reaction, which means conversion of triglyceride molecule or a complex fatty acid into alcohol and ester by removing the glycerin and neutralizing the free fatty acids.
Abstract: In this study, the rice bran oil (RBO) has been converted into methyl ester with an aid of transesterification reaction. Chemically, transesterification means conversion of triglyceride molecule or a complex fatty acid into alcohol and ester by removing the glycerin and neutralizing the free fatty acids. The B20 blend samples [80% diesel + 20% biodiesel] were prepared for each methyl ester obtained from RBO and then the cerium oxide (CeO2) nanoparticles were added to the each B20 blend samples at a dosage of 50 ppm and 100 ppm with an aid of ultrasonicator. Moreover, in the absence of any engine modifications, the performance and emission characteristics of those blend samples have been investigated from the experimentally measured values such as density, viscosity, cloud point, pour point, and calorific value while the engine performance was also analyzed through the parameters like exhaust gas temperature (EGT), brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), brake thermal efficiency (BTE), exhaust emis...
TL;DR: In this paper, a series of KOH/ZSM5 catalysts were calcined at 500°C for 3h and then characterized by N2 adsorption-desorption and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques.
TL;DR: In this article, a comparative study of the transesterification of refined, bleached and deodorized palm oil (RBD palm oil) using a heterogeneous catalysts CaO with and without γ-alumina (γ-Al 2 O 3 ) as a support was performed.
TL;DR: In this article, the impact of ethanol on biodiesel production from Karanja oil and then optimise process variables for transesterification process was investigated and a comparison was done in optimised reaction parameters for methanolysis and ethanolysis.
TL;DR: In this article, the influence of catalyst concentration (KOH), methanol/oil molar ratio, methenol/co-solvent molar ratios, co-solvents type, catalyst type, agitation rate and reaction temperature was investigated.
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of the main reaction parameters i.e. catalyst dosage, temperatures under constant pressure, methanol molar ratio and reaction time on the yield of FAME (fatty acid methyl ester) were examined.
Abstract: This work investigates the nanocatalytic biodiesel production from algae ( Nannochloropsis sp.). The hydrothermal synthesis route was used in this study to produce nano Ca(OCH 3 ) 2 (calcium methoxide) as a model catalyst. The effect of the main reaction parameters i.e. catalyst dosage, temperatures under constant pressure, methanol molar ratio and reaction time on the yield of FAME (fatty acid methyl ester) were examined. Kinetic study of biodiesel synthesis from crude microalgae oil using nanocatalytic transesterification reaction was appraised. The results indicate that CH 3 O − species (a cluster of tiny plate-like architectures) in Ca(OCH 3 ) 2 catalyst, and acted as main active sites for transesterification process. In additional, Ca(OCH 3 ) 2 catalyst has excellent catalytic performance in production of biodiesel. The highest FAME yield of 99.0% was obtained over 3 wt.% of Ca(OCH 3 ) 2 catalyst loading at methanol to oil molar ratio of 30:1 and reaction time of 3 h at 80 °C. Moreover, the catalyst displays a good stability and reutilization. A satisfactory FAME yield of 96% was achieved after use for five consecutive cycles without significant deactivation. The activation energy ( E a ) of the transesterification reaction of crude Nannochloropsis oculata oil with methanol over Ca(OCH 3 ) 2 nanocatalyst was obtained as 58.62 kJ mol −1 . The results revealed that the yield of methyl esters obtained from algae-based triglycerides was follows a pseudo first order mechanism for the forward reaction. These results suggest that the nanocatalyst is a promising for a green biodiesel production process from algae.
TL;DR: In this paper, an inexpensive and environment-friendly catalyst was prepared from waste calcined duck eggshell (DES) as a source of calcium carbonate, which can be changed to calcium oxide (CaO) under high temperatures.
TL;DR: In this article, a highly active heterogeneous calcium oxide (CaO) nanocatalyst with a diameter and surface area of 66 ± 3 nm and 90.61 m2/g, respectively, was synthesized from Polymedosa erosa (P. erosa) seashells through a calcination-hydration-dehydration technique.
Abstract: Various heterogeneous catalysts are often used to produce biodiesel from non-edible crude oils. In this study a highly active heterogeneous calcium oxide (CaO) nanocatalyst with a diameter and surface area of 66 ± 3 nm and 90.61 m2/g, respectively, was synthesized from Polymedosa erosa (P. erosa) seashells through a calcination–hydration–dehydration technique. The nano-CaO catalysis impact was investigated in a two-step transesterification of triglycerides from crude Jatropha oil as a biodiesel along with other reaction parameters such as catalyst ratio, reaction time, and methanol to oil ratio. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscope, X-ray diffraction, and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller spectrographic techniques were utilized to evaluate the CaO nanocatalyst spectral and structural characteristics. The effect of the transesterification parameters on reaction kinetics and Jatropha biodiesel (JB) yield were analyzed by employing a three-factor-five-level response surface methodol...
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the economics of green diesel and ester type biodiesel production by catalytic hydroprocessing located in a petroleum refinery and found that the most cost effective option for unit capacity close to and above 200,000-tonnes/year was found.