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Showing papers on "Transformational leadership published in 1969"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: An overview is provided of several lines of development in the study of leadership up to, and within, the contemporary scene, including consideration of leadership as a process involving an influence relationship, the leader as one among other participants in this relationship; the transaction occurring between leaders and followers; the differential tasks or functions associated with being a leader.
Abstract: : An overview is provided of several lines of development in the study of leadership up to, and within, the contemporary scene. These include consideration of: leadership as a process involving an influence relationship; the leader as one among other participants in this relationship; the transaction occurring between leaders and followers; the differential tasks or functions associated with being a leader; and the nature of leader effectiveness. Several implications are derived for future research, including the need to: attend to leadership as a property of the system of a group; recognize the two-way influence characterizing leader-follower relations; distinguish better between the maintenance of leadership and its emergence, particularly those factors legitimizing the leader's position through processes of succession; focus greater attention on leader effectiveness in terms of the followers' expectations and perceptions of him, especially as they reveal the psychological basis for identification. (Author)

385 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jul 1969-Society
TL;DR: The most appropriate metaphor to characterize adaptive leadership is an "agricultural" model as discussed by the authors, which describes the complex and dynamic interaction of individuals, roles, groups, organizational and cultural systems.
Abstract: Accepted theory and conventional wisdom concerning leadership have a lot in common. Both seem to be saying that the success of a leader depends on the leader, the led, and the unique situation. This formulation—abstract and majestically useless—is the best that can be gleaned from over 100 years of research on "leadership". There are many issues involved in the distribution of power: psychological, practical, and moral. One of the most challenging tasks for the new leadership is creating an environment that would increase tolerance for ambiguity. It will also be challenging to create an environment where one can make a virtue out of contingency, rather than one that induces hesitancy and its reckless counterpart, expedience. The "social territory" encompasses the complex and dynamic interaction of individuals, roles, groups, organizational and cultural systems. Organizations are legal, political, technical, and economic systems. The author here focuses on the social system. The most appropriate metaphor to characterize adaptive leadership is an "agricultural" model.

23 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This article used transformational grammarians' knowledge of transformational grainmar to formulate and verify their intuitions in the text itself, but they did not use any transformational rules to guide the reader.
Abstract: There are two major theories of language learning: one, based on behavioral psychology, emphasizes pattern-practice and memorization; the other, the rationalist approach, attempts to give students the reasons for grammatical phenomena, relating facts about the second language to facts about the student's native language. Of these, the first has been much used recently, both in structuralist texts and those that are supposedly “transformational”. While memorization and pattern-practice drills are sometimes useful, often they are not, because the choice between forms is based on the speaker's awareness of factors outside of the immediate syntactic environment: the definite or indefinite article, some or any, past or perfect tense are a few examples in English. To incorporate such insights in a text the writer must use his knowledge of transformational grainmar indirectly, to enable him to formulate and verify his intuitions; but he will not use any “transformational rules” in the text itself. The text will be rationalistically oriented-it will encourage students to ask themselves why sentences are good and bad-and in this sense will be truly transformational in accordance with the beliefs held by transformational grammarians about the nature and acquisition of language.

19 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a study of a school system was undertaken to replicate, partially, Coleman's research and critically evaluate the subcultural model he used, finding that, contrary to Coleman, students selected instrumental characteristics for both instrumental and integrative roles.
Abstract: A study of a school system was undertaken to replicate, partially, Coleman's research and critically evaluate the subcultural model he used. Using Parsons' distinction between instrumental and integrative roles, students chose desired characteristics of leaders for each type of school role. The characteristics were divided into instrumental and integrative; the hypothesis being that each type of characteristic would be selected for the appropriate type of role. Findings indicate that, contrary to Coleman, students selected instrumental characteristics for both instrumental and integrative roles. These findings raise doubts about the utility of the subcultural model for understanding adolescent roles and social organization.

6 citations



01 Dec 1969
TL;DR: In this article, the authors provided confirmation of a number of links between leadership and conformity as social influence processes and observed attributes of the leader, particularly his perceived competence, motivation, and the source of his authority, were related to how he was reacted to by followers.
Abstract: : The project provided confirmation of a number of links between leadership and conformity as social influence processes. The observed attributes of the leader, particularly his perceived competence, motivation, and the source of his authority, were related to how he was reacted to by followers. The group's support of the individual was tested as a vehicle for gaining his compliance.

1 citations



DissertationDOI
01 Jan 1969

1 citations