Showing papers on "Transplantation published in 1971"
TL;DR: The isolation of a new papovavirus from the urine of a renal allograft recipient with ureteric obstruction is described and this virus is not identical with any of the previously described members of the polyoma subgroup.
1,371 citations
369 citations
TL;DR: For example, the authors found that mice are capable of rejecting H-2-incompatible bone marrow grafts after a single lethal exposure to X-rays, and the onset of rejection begins 18-24 hours after transplantation and is completed by 96 hours.
Abstract: Mice are capable of rejecting H-2-incompatible bone marrow grafts after a single lethal exposure to X-rays. The onset of rejection begins 18-24 hr after transplantation and is completed by 96 hr. Maturation of this type of allograft reactivity does not occur until the 22nd day of life. In adult mice, the resistance to marrow allografts can be weakened by administration of cyclophosphamide or dead cultures of Corynebacterium parvum, but not heterologous anti-thymocyte serum. Sublethal exposures to X-rays 7 or 14 days before transplantation also weaken resistance. There is considerable interstrain variation in the ability of mice to resist allografts, even when H-2 differences between hosts and donor are kept identical. Although H-2 incompatibility is a necessary prerequisite for resistance, additional genetic factors influence the outcome of marrow allografts, presumably by controlling recognition. The regulator genes are determinant specific and the alleles for resistance or responder status appear to be dominant. The responder phenotype is expressed by hemopoietic cells and not by the environment. Accordingly, resistance is conferred to otherwise susceptible mice upon transfer of bone marrow cells but not of serum. The production and differentiation of effector cells for marrow graft rejection are thymus independent. In conclusion, bone marrow allografts elicit a particular transplantation reaction, previously unknown, in irradiated mice. Peculiar features of this reaction are the lack of proliferation of host lymphoid cells, tissue specificity, thymus independence, and regulation by genetic factors which apparently do not affect the fate of other grafts.
337 citations
TL;DR: The available evidence is not conclusive in excluding one of the two possibilities, but it favors the concept that allograft reactivity to hemopoietic cells is elicited by recessive tissue-specific antigens.
Abstract: F(1) hybrid mice are capable of rejecting inbred parental strain bone marrow grafts after a single lethal exposure to X-rays. The incompatibility is genetically controlled by the Hybrid-histocompatibility-1 (Hh-1) locus in or near the D end of the Histocompatibility-2 (H-2) region. The onset of parental graft rejection begins 9-12 hr after transplantation and is completed by 24 hr. Maturation of hybrid resistance does not occur until the 22nd day of life. In adults, the resistance to parental marrow grafts can be temporarily abrogated or weakened by administration of cyclophosphamide or dead cultures of Corynebacterium parvum, acute supralethal exposures to radiation, or by split-dose irradiation with 6-37-day intervals. Parental marrow grafts elicit a transplantation reaction in irradiated F(1) mice which is indistinguishable from that elicited in irradiated allogeneic (H-2-incompatible) hosts. Because of this immunogenetic similarity, the following question is raised: are the same or different alloantigens responsible for rejection of parental and allogeneic marrow grafts? In the first case, Hh-1 alleles would be recessive determinants of tissue-specific transplantation antigens, whereas in the second case they would be the determinants of parental- and tissue-specific antigens subject to genetic suppression in Hh-1 heterozygotes. Although the available evidence is not conclusive in excluding one of the two possibilities, it favors the concept that allograft reactivity to hemopoietic cells is elicited by recessive tissue-specific antigens.
337 citations
TL;DR: A 7-year-old girl with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia was given 1000 rad total-body irradiation followed by infusion of marrow from an HL-A matched brother, and prompt engraftment ensued, and, with methotrexate, significant graft-versus-host disease was not observed.
290 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the immunobiology of mammalian reproduction has been discussed, including a highly selective antigen-antibody-like stereochemical interaction between highly specific components of the plasma membranes of eggs and sperms which provides a plausible basis for the tissue specificity and species specificity of fertilization.
Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the immunobiology of mammalian reproduction. Mechanisms of the type that characterize immunological phenomena have been postulated by several authorities as indispensible components of two key events in the reproductive process: (1) a highly selective antigen–antibody–like stereochemical interaction between highly specific components of the plasma membranes of eggs and sperms which provides a plausible basis for the tissue specificity and species specificity of fertilization and (2) a local inflammatory response with which mononuclear leukocytic cells appear to be intimately associated, if not causally related, in the endometrium, having some features in common with a local delayed hypersensitivity reaction, at the site of implantation and which may be essential for nidation. The fact that spermatozoa have long been shown to possess cytospecific antigens, in addition to their recently established expression of transplantation antigens, suggests one kind of maternal sensitization that might under natural and/ or experimental conditions interfere with the early stage of the reproductive process. Sensitization to various components of seminal plasma has also long been entertained as another possible immunological complication of fertility.
285 citations
TL;DR: The findings presented and discussed here suggest that the HL-A antigens are not the primary factors involved in the cell-mediated component of allotransplantation, and that these antigen and phenotypes of the mixed leukocyte reaction can only be used as a guide in predicting the survival of allografts that are obtained from unrelated donors.
Abstract: The concept that antigens of a major histocompatibility locus (HL-A), the mixed leukocyte reaction, and the rejection of a graft are expressions of the same genetic region has been generally accepted. WE HAVE PRESENTED EXPERIMENTS THAT CHALLENGE THE ABOVE CONCEPT AND SUGGEST THAT THE REJECTION TIME OF SKIN AND ORGAN TRANSPLANTS IS DEPENDENT ON IMMUNIZATION AGAINST THE PRODUCTS OF TWO, AND POSSIBLY THREE, SEPARATE, BUT CLOSELY LINKED, GENETIC SYSTEMS: HL-A, mixed leukocyte reaction (MLR-S), and hypersensitivity delayed reaction (HDR). The findings presented and discussed here suggest that the HL-A antigens are not the primary factors involved in the cell-mediated component of allotransplantation, and that these antigens and phenotypes of the mixed leukocyte reaction can only be used as a guide in predicting the survival of allografts that are obtained from unrelated donors.
276 citations
TL;DR: Under the influence of immunosuppression cutaneous hyperkeratoses more rapidly evolve into squamous-cell carcinoma, multiple skin cancers occur in some patients, and keratoacanthoma is not only more frequent but also prone to early recurrence.
269 citations
TL;DR: It is suggested that tumour cells could arise in the brain itself or be carried there from other sites, and the possibility that neoplastic cells would grow more readily in this relatively immunologically privileged environment than in other tissues.
247 citations
227 citations
TL;DR: Application of the hypertonic salt extraction method is now yielding sufficient HL-A antigen to begin the elucidation of the molecular basis of transplantation individuality.
Abstract: Extraction of cultured human lymphoid cells with hypertonic salt solutions (3 molar potassium chloride) resulted in high recoveries of membrane-associated histocompatibility (HL-A) antigens in soluble form with potent activity and marked immunologic specificity. The active principle was purified by preparative acrylamide-gel electrophoresis. Application of the hypertonic salt extraction method is now yielding sufficient HL-A antigen to begin the elucidation of the molecular basis of transplantation individuality.
TL;DR: It is postulated that pre-immunization has its greatest effect in the early 3-6 month high risk period and magnifies incompatibilities which occur with unrelated cadaver donors.
Abstract: Over 1000 kidney transplant patients were tested for cytotoxic antibodies before transplantation. It was found that patients with preformed antibodies had a significantly poorer outcome than those without antibodies in terms of clinical ranks and survival. This effect was over and above the instances of hyperacute failures previously shown to be associated with preformed cytotoxins. Among patients who received second transplants from cadaver donors, an extremely high failure-rate was observed in patients who had developed antibodies following the first graft, whereas if antibodies were not present, the failure-rate was comparable with that of first transplants done in patients without antibodies. By analysis of survival curves using logarithmic plots, it is postulated that pre-immunization has its greatest effect in the early 3-6 month high risk period and magnifies incompatibilities which occur with unrelated cadaver donors.
TL;DR: Two groups of patients underwent renal transplantation and were managed similarly in all respects, except for the dosage of corticosteroids administered post-operatively, which was approximately three times greater than that for the second group with 136 patients.
Abstract: Two groups of patients underwent renal transplantation and were managed similarly in all respects, except for the dosage of corticosteroids administered post-operatively. For the first group, sixty-eight in number, the dosage was approximately three times greater than that for the second group with 136 patients. Avascular necrosis of bone appeared in sixteen patients in the first group and in two in the second. A greatly increased incidece of avascular necrosis after repeated transplantations was noted.
TL;DR: A chronology of major births and deaths of children in the United States since 1950:.
TL;DR: Infectious complications developed postoperatively in 12 of 20 patients undergoing cardiac transplantation and infection was considered to have caused or contributed directly to death in five of five patients.
Abstract: Infectious complications developed postoperatively in 12 of 20 patients undergoing cardiac transplantation. In five, infection was considered to have caused or contributed directly to deat...
TL;DR: Both agents protect euoxic marrow-colony forming units (CFUs) in vivo better than cysteamine when the cells are treated with both drug and x-radiation prior to transplantation, and Hypoxic CFUs are protected only slightly.
Abstract: We have investigated the radioprotective efficacy and the cellular metabolism of several phosphorylated derivatives of cysteamine, with particular reference to comparison of normal and malignant cells. Two compounds have been studied in detail: S-2-(3-aminopropylamino) ethyl phosphorothioic acid (WR2721) and sodium hydrogen S-(2-aminoethyl) phosphorothioate (WR638). Both agents protect euoxic marrow-colony forming units (CFUs) in vivo better than cysteamine when the cells are treated with both drug and x-radiation prior to transplantation. Under these conditions, the DMF for WR2721 is 3.0 and for WR638, 2.3. Hypoxic CFUs are protected only slightly, the net result being to lower the oxygen enhancement ratio (OER) to 1.1 with WR2721 and 1.3 with WR638. Both compounds also protect euoxic tumor cells (Ehrlich carcinoma and P388 leukemia growing as ascites tumors) with a DMF of approximately 2; anoxic tumors are not protected. Biochemical studies disclose that the thiophosphates enter cells by passive diffusi...
TL;DR: The candidate stem cell is shown to be quite distinct from the so-called "small lymphocyte," and a fair correlation between the two entities was found.
TL;DR: Forty-two cases tend to disprove the conception that a diagnosis of a rupture of the rotator cuff should be based on the inability of a patient to abduct the arm well and that the "drop arm" test is a good diagnostic sign.
Abstract: Forty-two cases tend to disprove the conception that a diagnosis of a rupture of the rotator cuff should be based on the inability of a patient to abduct the arm well and that the "drop arm" test is a good diagnostic sign. All patients with a chronic rupture had good abduction, but the predominating complaint was pain. Arthrography confirmed the diagnosis. When large defects with retraction were found at operation, anatomical reposition was often impossible. In ten such patients the intra-articular portion of the long head of the biceps was used as a free graft by sectioning the tendon in a book-like fashion. The end results were quite satisfactory in nine patients who obtained a good range of motion with definite decrease in pain.
TL;DR: It is found that mice inoculated neonatally with foreign lymphoid cells can often accept skin grafts from the same foreign strain, indicating that they have become “tolerant” to the alloantigens of the Neonatally inoculated cells.
Abstract: IN 1953, Billingham et al. discovered that mice inoculated neonatally with foreign lymphoid cells can often accept skin grafts from the same foreign strain, indicating that they have become “tolerant” to the alloantigens of the neonatally inoculated cells1,2. A similar tolerance can be induced in adult animals if they are rendered chimaeric by inoculation with foreign bone marrow after either whole body irradiation or treatment with immunosuppressive drugs3,4.
TL;DR: First molar tooth germs were dissected from one‐day‐old mice, placed for one hour in McCoy's medium containing 10 μc tritiated thymidine and transplanted subcutaneously into young adult animals of the same strain, establishing their origin from the ectomesenchymal cells investing the tooth germ.
Abstract: First molar tooth germs were dissected from one-day-old mice; placed for one hour in McCoy's medium containing 10 μc tritiated thymidine and transplanted subcutaneously into young adult animals of the same strain. Seven, 14, 21 and 28 days after implantation the host animals were sacrificed and the transplants harvested. The transplants were then serially sectioned and autoradiographs prepared. Control sections were prepared of first molar tooth germs in situ, after dissection from the jaws and after labelling with tritiated thymidine. Forty-nine of the 115 transplanted tooth germs continued development with the formation of enamel, dentine, cement, periodontal ligament and bone. In some instances the transplanted tooth germs “erupted” through the skin with the establishment of an epithelial attachment. Examination of control sections showed that the transplants consisted of dental organ, dental papilla and a layer of ectomesenchymal cells continuous with the dental papilla and investing the dental organ. Examination of autoradiographs of the transplants showed labelling of cementoblasts and periodontal ligament fibroblasts, thereby establishing their origin from the ectomesenchymal cells investing the tooth germ.
TL;DR: It is indicated that the regional lymph node is more important in the development of tumor immunity than in production of transplantation or hypersensitivity response and the role of the bloodstream in host sensitization to tumor.
Abstract: Utilizing a syngeneic tumor-host system, the role of the regional lymph node in initiating immunity to tumor was evaluated. In the absence of regional lymph nodes, no apparent sinecomitant nor concomitant immunity developed despite the presence of a growing immunizing tumor for as long as 28 days. Findings minimize the role of the bloodstream in host sensitization to tumor. They provide another possible explanation as to why an antigenic tumor may arise de novo in an immunologically normal host, and they indicate that the regional lymph node is more important in the development of tumor immunity than in production of transplantation or hypersensitivity response.
TL;DR: When given together, ERG partially counteracted EB stimulation of pituitary and serum prolactin levels and mammary growth, whereas EB increased both AP and serum Prolactin concentrations and Mammary growth.
Abstract: The effects of ergocornine, estradiol benzoate (EB) or both on anterior pituitary (AP) and serum prolactin concentrations were studied in ovariectomized or hypophysectomized rats with a pituitary transplant, and directly on the AP in vitro. Injections of 5 or 10 μg EB into ovariectomized rats for 5 days produced 3-to 4-fold increase in AP prolactin concentration, a 6-to 8-fold rise in serum prolactin and increases in pituitary weight and mammary growth. Doses of 0.1 or 0.3 mg ergocornine methanesulfonate (ERG) partially or completely inhibited the stimulatory effects of EB on each of these parameters. Transplantation of one AP into the kidney capsule of hypophysectomizedovariectomized rats resulted in relatively high blood prolactin levels. ERG reduced prolactin release from the AP graft and mammary growth, whereas EB increased both AP and serum prolactin concentrations and mammary growth. When given together, ERG partially counteracted EB stimulation of pituitary and serum prolactin levels and mammary gr...
TL;DR: The H-2 antigen was not simple, but consisted of increasing numbers of antigenic components and the idea re-emerged in 1965 when it was discovered that the Ss (serum protein) locus was located within the complex chromosomal region controlling H- 2 antigens.
Abstract: Thirty-five years ago, Gorer (1936), working with inbred strains of mice, discovered four blood group antigens and showed (Gorer 1937) that one of them, antigen II, was also present in fixed tissues and played a decisive role in determining susceptibility or resistance to tumor transplants. Following the suggestion of Snell (1948) that antigens concerned in transplantation reactions should be called histocompatibility (H) antigens, the designation antigen II was changed to H-2. The gene controlling the H-2 antigen was shown to be linked with Fused (a gene for a tail anomaly) in the 9th linkage group (Gorer et cd. 1948). It soon became apparent through histogenetical studies by Snell and his coworkers (for a review, see Snell 1953) that what looked at first like a simple biaJlelic locus was actually a multiallelic system with many different H-2 alleles present in different inbred strains. At the same time, serological studies by Gorer, Amos, Hoecker, and others (for a review, see Gorer 1959) revealed that the H-2 antigen was not simple, but consisted of increasing numbers of antigenic components. In 1951, Snell showed that Fl hybrids between inbred strains BALB/c {H-2^) and CBA {H-2^) were susceptible to an A strain tumor and suggested that the H-2^ allele of strain A was actually composed of two components, d and k, and should be therefore written as H-2^^, This was the first indication of a bipartite structure of the H~2 locus. The bipartity was further supported by detection of crossingover between the d and k components (Allen 1955), but was later obscured by discoveries of additional recombinants and an increasing serological complexity. The idea re-emerged in 1965 when it was discovered that the Ss (serum protein) locus was located within the complex chromosomal region controlling H-2 antigens (Shreffler 1965).
Book•
26 Jan 1971
TL;DR: Malignancy and Immunologic Deficiency States in Experimental Animals, Malignancy in Organ Homograft Recipients, and The Problem of Malignancies Arising de novo.
Abstract: Malignancy and Immunologic Deficiency States in Experimental Animals.- Malignancy and Immunologic Deficiency States in Man.- Malignancy in Organ Homograft Recipients.- 1. Tumor Present before or at the Time of Transplantation..- 2. Tumor Transmitted with the Transplanted Organ.- 3. Tumor Arising de novo at some Time after Transplantation.- Case Reports.- The Problem of Malignancies Arising de novo.- Conclusions.- References.