Showing papers on "Transplantation published in 1975"

The Invasion of America: Indians, Colonialism, and the Cant of Conquest

Abstract: This title revisits the history of American colonization. In this iconoclastic book, Francis Jennings recasts the story of American colonization as a territorial invasion. The traditional history of early America paints the colonies as a transplantation of European culture to a new continent - a 'virgin land' in which Native Americans were assigned the role of foil whose main contribution was to stimulate the energy and ingenuity of European dispossessors. Jennings rejects this ideology and examines the relationships between Europeans and Indians from a far more critical point of view. Shorn of old mythology and rationalizations, Puritan actions are seen in the cold light of material interest and naked expansion.

Epidemiology of Cytomegalovirus Infection after Transplantation and Immunosuppression

Abstract: Viral infections and clinical complications were studied during hemodialysis and after renal transplantation. Active cytomegalovirus infection developed in 96% of patients after renal transplantation; reactivation of herpes simplex, varicella-zoster, and Epstein-Barr viruses was found in 35%, 24%, and 0% of patients, respectively. Cytomegalovirus viremia developed in 42% of patients an average of two months after renal transplantation, lasted 1.75 (+/- 1.5) months (except in one patient with chronic viremia), and was followed by chronic viruria. Higher titers of infectious cytomegalovirus were found in the polymorphonuclear than in the mononuclear leukocyte fraction. Reactivation of a latent infection and, less likely, respiratory infection appear to be the most probable mechanisms of cytomegalovirus infection after renal transplantation. One to three months after transplant, cytomegalovirus infection may be related to fever, arthralgia, pneumonitis, and leukopenia; three to four months after transplant, the virus may be related to hepatitis; and 12-30 months after transplant, it may be related to retinitis in patients with chronic viremia. Although other causes of these complications are possible, herpes simplex virus, Epstein-Barr virus, varicella-zoster virus, measles virus, adenovirus, hepatitis B virus, and Toxoplasma gondii appear to be of lesser importance than cytomegalovirus in this respect.

Bone resorption restored in osteopetrotic mice by transplants of normal bone marrow and spleen cells

Abstract: Capacity to resorb bone and calcified cartilage was restored permanently in mice with inherited osteopetrosis by the intravenous administration of cell suspensions prepared from spleen and bone marrow of normal littermates. Beginning near active growth plates as early as 2 weeks after transplantation, replacement of the abnormal spongiosa continued until medullary cavitites were fully expanded.

Physical and biological aspects of repair in dog cortical-bone transplants.

Abstract: The amount of repair and the time required to accomplish repair of four-centimeter segmental fibular transplants in twenty-one male adult dogs were determined at from two to forty-eight weeks after transplantation by torsional stress testing, microradiography, and tetracycline labeling. The transplanted cortical bone was greatly weakened at from six weeks to six months but was nearly normal at one year. The strength of the transplant appeared to be related to the amount of porosity of the matrix rather than to the quality or completeness of biological repair. Spatially, the repair was ordered rather than random. The initial resorption caused increased porosity which was slowly offset by apposition of new bone, a process which was dependent on general skeletal metabolic activity. Although physical strength was near normal at forty-eight weeks, only 60 per cent of the transplants had been remodeled.

Control of bone resorption by hematopoietic tissue. The induction and reversal of congenital osteopetrosis in mice through use of bone marrow and splenic transplants.

Abstract: The reciprocal transplantation of hematopoietic tissues was carried out on young, lethally irradiated mice of inbred, microphthalmic stock. The cell infusions prepared from the bone marrow or spleen of a normal littermate fully restored capacity to resorb bone and cartilage in the osteopetrotic recipients. Conversely, cell infusions prepared from the spleen of microphthalmic mice induced osteopetrosis in their irradiated, normal littermates. It is concluded that resorption of skeletal matrix is controlled by migratory cells, possibly osteoclastic progenitors, derived from the myelogenous tissues. No evidence was obtained to suggest that skeletal changes observed in the experimental animals were mediated by a graft-vs.-host reaction. The earliest skeletal changes in the experimental mice were detected 2 wk after onset which may represent the length or time required to replace the osteoclast population of the mouse.

Thyroid allograft immunogenicity is reduced after a period in organ culture.

Abstract: The survival time of mouse thyroid, transplanted under the kidney capsule of an H-2 incompatible recipient, is extended by holding the thyroid in organ culture for 12 days prior to transplantation.

Studies of the rate of regression of the glomerular lesions in diabetic rats treated with pancreatic islet transplantation.

Abstract: Diabetes was induced in Lewis rats with streptozotocin. Six to eight months later glomeruli showed mesangial thickening: IgG, IgM and C3 were seen in large quantities in the mesangium by immunofluorescent microscopy. Ten animals then had successful pancreatic transplantation resulting in normal glucose and insulin levels within one to three weeks. Biopsies obtained within the first two weeks following transplantation demonstrated a significant reduction in mesangial thickening and in mesangial staining for IgG, IgM and C3. Three to four weeks after transplantation C3 staining was no longer detected. A gradual reduction in mesangial IgG and IgM localization continued so that by nine weeks following islet transplantation only minimal staining for immunoglobulins was present. Although mesangial thickening was reduced, this abnormality could still be detected in most animals six to nine weeks after transplantation. Three rats showed improvement in glomerular morphology within two weeks despite persistent hyperglycemia. These rats had normal insulin levels at this time. Islet transplantation in inbred diabetic rats effectively returns glucose and insulin levels to normal and results in rapid regression of the light microscopic and immunopathologic glomerular lesions. These studies support the concept of reversible mesangial dysfunction in diabetic rats.

Severe combined immunodeficiency and adenosine deaminase deficiency.

Abstract: Because others had described a lack of the enzyme adenosine deaminase as associated with severe combined immunodeficiency, we surveyed kindreds with infants affected with such an immunodeficiency. Three infants in two families with severe combined immunodeficiency were found to have no detectable erythrocyte adenosine deaminase. Eleven family members heterozygous for adenosine deaminase deficiency were encountered among the first-degree relatives; adenosine deaminase deficiency and severe combined immunodeficiency were associated and inherited as autosomal recessive traits in both kindreds. Successful bone-marrow transplantation was carried out in two of these infants. Normal immunologic function was established in both children, but the deficiency of adenosine deaminase persisted in their erythrocytes. The enzyme deficiency did not impair the successful establishment of normal humoral and cellular immunity by transplants of bone-marrow cells from siblings who were either normal or heterozygous for adenosine deaminase deficiency.

The effect of estrone-progesterone treatment on cell proliferation kinetics of hormone-dependent GR mouse mammary tumors.

Abstract: Summary Hormone-dependent mammary tumors were induced in virgin GR mice by treatment with estrone and progesterone Discontinuation of hormonal treatment was followed by regression of the tumor This response to hormone treatment was also observed in the first transplant generation in inbred syngeneic hosts, but after several transplantations the tumor growth became hormone independent The hormone dependence of the primary tumors and tumors after a single transplantation was demonstrated by growth curves Furthermore, the cell proliferation kinetics has been investigated in a growing as well as in a regressing hormone-dependent tumor after a single transplantation from the same primary tumor The experimental data consist of growth curves, percentage-labeled mitoses curves, and labeling indices Since these data do not contain information concerning the localization of the cell loss in the cell cycle, they were analyzed by a computer method based on three mathematical models differing in respect to the mode of cell loss All three models gave approximately the same estimates of the cell kinetic parameters in the growing as well as the regressing tumor The results for the growing, hormone-dependent tumor showed a growth fraction of 62%, a cell production rate of 34%/hr, and a cell loss rate of 23%/hr Regression of the tumor after hormonal deprivation was accompanied by a decrease in growth fraction to 18% and a decrease in the cell production rate to 09%/hr, while the cell loss rate was unchanged at 28%/hr Furthermore, the discontinuation of hormonal treatment introduced an increase in the mean transit time of the cell cycle, particularly in the mean transit time of the G 1 phase The results might indicate that estrone and progesterone treatment stimulated growth of hormone-dependent GR mouse mammary tumors mainly by an increase of growth fraction and cell production rate

The immunogenicity of fresh and frozen allogeneic bone.

Abstract: Both fresh and frozen allogeneic bone elicit both acellular and humoral immune response. This response includes the development of enhancing factors which block detectable immunity and probably protect the graft from rejection. There seems to be no evidence of an alteration in immunogenicity by freezing of the graft. The importance of these observations lies in the potential technique of employing fresh viable allografts; prior freezing and tissue matching for HL-A transplantation antigens should not be necessary.

Arterial stenosis complicating renal allotransplantation in man: a study of 38 cases.

Abstract: Of 306 renal transplantations, stenosis of the artery supplying the grafted kidney was found in 38 patients three months to two years after they had undergone renal transplantation. The diagnosis was made by arteriography done because of refractory hypertension with or without impaired renal function in 36 patients and as a routine investigation in two normotensive patients. The stenosis was corrected surgically in 14 patients, with resultant lasting relief of hypertension in ten patients and improvement of renal function in five out of six patients with impaired renal function. Different types of stenosis were recognized: stenosis of the recipient artery, stenosis of the suture line, stenosis of the donor renal artery (segmental or diffuse) and multiple forms. The most frequent site of stenosis was the donor artery. There seems to be no single cause of stenosis: atheroma of the recipient vessels, faulty suture technique, hemodynamic disturbances, trauma to donor or recipient arteries account for some cases, whereas in other cases the evidence points to an immune mechanism. This complication of renal transplantation may be more frequent than is thought at present; therefore, routine renal arteriography should be performed at repeated intervals in all transplanted patients.

Hypercalcemia and tumor-prostaglandins: the VX2 carcinoma model in the rabbit.

Abstract: The VX2 carcinoma produces profound hypercalcemia (17-22 mg/100 ml) in the rabbit about 3-4 wk after transplantation. A bone resorption-stimulation factor (assayed in vitro with mouse calvaria in culture) has been extracted with diethyl ether from the tumor tissue and from the medium of a clonal strain of VX2 cells grown in culture. Serologic methods reveal that the tumors contain 294 plus or minus 51 ng/g fresh weight (mean plus or minus SE, 25 tumors) of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), a potent bone resorption-stimulating agent. VX2 cells in culture produce 0.5-3.0 mug PGE2 per mg cell protein per 24 hr. The production of bone resorption-stimulating activity and PGE2 by VX2 cells in culture were both inhibited by indomethacin (100 ng/ml). Tumors from normocalcemic, indomethacin-treated rabbits (10-40 mg/rabbit/24 hr) contained little or no bone resorption-stimulating activity nor PGE2. Tumor-bearing rabbits receiving indomethacin continuously did not develop hypercalcemia, however, following cessation of indomethacin administration, hypercalcemia developed rapidly and was again reversed by reinstitution of indomethacin feeding. In untreated, hypercalcemic, tumor-bearing rabbits, initiation of indomethacin treatment was followed by a rapid return of the plasma calcium to the normal range. Systemic venous plasma from hypercalcemic tumor-bearing plasma contained higher concentrations of PGE2 than plasma from normocalcemic control rabbits. Venous drainage of the tumor contained even higher plasma PGE2 concentrations than systemic venous plasma in hypercalcemic animals; plasma PGE2 concentrations locally and in systemic plasma were unmeasurable (less than 70 pg/ml) in normocalcemic, indomethacin-treated, tumor-bearing rabbits. We conclude that PGE2 is a bone resorption-stimulating factor produced by VX2 tumor cells, and that secretion of PGE2 by the tumor in vivo may well be responsible for the hypercalcemia observed in tumor-bearing rabbits.

Reconstruction of the Defective Mandible

Abstract: In a clinical material consisting of 31 cases of mandibular defects, caused by tumour resection or by trauma, reconstruction has been carried out by means of a stabilizing titanium splint and autologous bone and marrow transplantation, the longest period of observation being 9 years. The functional results obtained are assessed with reference to the cause of resection. Different technical procedures are described and the objectives and the planning of reconstruction of the lower jaw are discussed.

Spinal cord compression by extradural fat after renal transplantation.

Abstract: A case of extradural spinal cord compression due to excessive deposition of extradural fat after renal transplantation is reported. A thorough search of the literature failed to reveal a similar case, either as a cause of spinal cord compression or as a complication of prolonged corticosteroid therapy.

Static linear and nonlinear elastic properties of normal and arterialized venous tissue in dog and man.

Abstract: Ten normal and four transplanted canine jugular vein segments and four human saphenous vein segments were studied to determine the in vitro static elastic properties of venous tissue and their modification by transplantation into the arterial system. Both the intraluminal pressure and the longitudinal force were varied, and the resulting dimensions were recorded photographically. Venous segments manifested a hysteresis response but showed minimum tendency to creep. The pressure-strain relationships were curvilinear with an initial, highly compliant phase over the physiological venous pressure range followed by a relatively noncompliant phase. This transition occurred at lower pressures for jugular segments than it did for saphenous segments. In contrast, comparable-sized canine carotide artery segments did not show this essentially noncompliant phase over the pressure range studied (0 to 200 cm H2O). At comparable pressures and strains, the jugular vein segments were stiffer than the saphenous vein segments in both the circumferential and the longitudinal directions. At comparable strains, the saphenous vein moduli were similar to those in the carotid artery segments. Jugular segments transplanted into arterial circuits became virtually noncompliant and markedly inhomogeneous, with wall thickening and a histologic picture of intimal proliferation. They showed no tendency to "arterialize," that is, they failed to assume either the elastic or the histologic characteristics of arterial tissue.

Tumour-associated transplantation antigens of chemically induced sarcomata cross reacting with allogeneic histocompatibility antigens.

Abstract: INDIVIDUAL tumour-associated transplantation antigens (TATA) of chemically induced tumours and histocompatibility antigens (HA) share the ability of inducing transplantation immunity, and have other properties in common, such as the high degree of polymorphism1–3 and a similar cell surface behaviour4. A reciprocal relationship between the quantitative expression of TATA and H-2 antigens has been observed5–6, suggesting the existence of common mechanisms either in their synthesis or in the control of their phenotypic expression. Such indirect similarity prompted us to study the existence of cross reactions between TATA and HA. We therefore determined whether 3-methylcholanthrene (MCA)-induced sarcomata possess TATA-containing allogeneic histocompatibility determinants. Here we report data from two BALB/c fibrosarcomas, ST-5 and B-2.

Fungal infection following renal transplantation.

Abstract: Twenty-seven deep fungal infections developed in 22 of 171 patients following renal transplantation. These infections included cryptococcosis (ten), nocardiosis (seven), candidiasis (four), aspergillosis (two), phycomycosis (two), chromomycosis (one), and subcutaneous infection withPhialophora gougeroti(one). Twelve infections occurred in living-related and ten in cadaveric recipients. Nineteen of the 22 patients were male. Infections occurred from 0 to 61 months after transplantation. Complicating nonfungal infections were present concomitantly in 15 patients. Thirteen patients died, eight probably as a result of fungal infection. Appropriate diagnostic procedures yielded a diagnosis in 20 of 27 infections, and therapy was begun in 18 patients. Serologic, culture, and biopsy procedures useful in making rapid diagnoses are advocated in the hope of increasing survival.

Differential heat response of normal and transformed human cells in tissue culture.

Abstract: MUCH interest has been rekindled in the possible use of hyperthermia either alone or as an adjunct to more conventional treatments in the management of malignant disease. There are several reasons for this renewed interest: data indicate that malignant murine cells may be more sensitive to increased temperature than their normal counterparts1,2; temperatures in the range 39–43 °C sensitise cells and particularly radio-resistant hypoxic cells to X rays3–6 and to chemotherapeutic agents7–9; and humans can stand prolonged exposures to temperatures up to 43 °C provided adequate supportive precautions are taken10,11.

Spleen cells transmit osteopetrosis in mice

Abstract: Osteopetrosis was induced in lethally irradiated, normal mice of grey-lethal and microphthalmic stocks by cell infusions prepared from the spleens of osteopetrotic littermates. Failure of skeletal remodeling became evident within a few weeks after transplantation as calcified cartilage and bone accumulated excessively in the active metaphyses of the long bones. The massive lesions produced were extensively infiltrated with abnormal osteoclasts.

Chemotherapy of a human malignant melanoma transplanted in the nude mouse.

Abstract: Summary The effects of single agent therapy with 1-(-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea, 5-fluorouracil, and 5-(3,3 dimethyl-1-triazeno)-imidazole-4-carboxamide on a human malignant melanoma transplanted and passed serially in the thymusless nude mouse were studied. Tumor response varied. A single dose of 1-(-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea induced initial tumor regression, but thereafter growth resumed at a rate similar to that in the untreated control animals. When 1-(-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea was given in divided dosage at an interval of 8 days, marked and persistent tumor regression was observed. 5-Fluorouracil had no effect. Treatment with 5-(3,3 dimethyl-1-triazeno)-imidazole-4-carboxamide was always reflected by almost total regression of tumors, an effect that was independent of dose within the range tested in this study. The results resemble those reported from clinical practice in patients with disseminated malignant melanomas treated with the same agents. This suggests that the pattern of drug susceptibility is preserved after transplantation of tumors in the nude mouse. The human tumor-nude mouse system is advocated as a new in vivo model for determination of individual tumor response to chemotherapeutic agents, and its potential as a model for the proving of new chemotherapeutic agents is suggested.

Studies on the nature and causes of hyperlipidaemia in uraemia, maintenance dialysis and renal transplantation.

Abstract: Fasting serum triglyceride and cholesterol measurements, and lipoprotein characterization by ultracentrifugation, were performed in four groups of patients with chronic renal disease (uraemic, short- and long-term haemodialysis and renal transplant recipients) and the results compared with those obtained from age- and sexmatched control subjects. Basal insulin and growth hormone levels, and serum creatinine and albumin concentrations were measured in, and detailed dietary histories taken from patients in each group. The predominant lipid abnormalities were hypertriglyceridaemia and increased very low density lipoproteins (type IV hyperlipoproteinaemia) in both uraemic and haemodialysis patients. Following renal transplantation, a different pattern of hyperlipidaemia was found. Hypercholesterolaemia was more common and hypertriglyceridaemia less common than in the uraemic and haemodialysis group. The lipoprotein abnormalities were increased low density and/or very low density lipoproteins, with types IIa, IIb and IV hyperlipoproteinaemia occurring equally frequently. In uraemic and haemodialysis patients, the pioportion of carbohydrate in the diet was high, and may have played a role in the genesis of hypertriglyceridaemia. There was a positive correlation between relative body weight and serum triglyceride in the long-term dialysis group. In renal allograft recipients hypertriglyceridaemia could be attributed, at least in part, to obesity, prednisone dosage and the degree of impairment of graft function. The aetiology of hypercholesterolaemia in the transplant recipients was unclear. Neither basal insulin nor growth hormone levels were elevated in any patient group. Uraemic hypertriglyceridaemia is a clearly defined and well documented metabolic abnormality which is not corrected by dialysis. Post-transplantation hyperlipidaemia however, is a condition of variable presentation and multifactorial aetiology.