Showing papers on "Transplantation published in 1982"
Book•
01 Jun 1982TL;DR: A review of major advances in clinical issues related to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) published between 1995 and 2000 can be found in this paper, where the authors discuss the role of cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, antimalarials, and hormonal treatment in the management of SLE.
Abstract: This review covers major advances in clinical issues related to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) published between 1995 and 2000. The classification criteria for both SLE and antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) have been updated, and up to 19 different subsets of neuropsychiatric lupus have been defined. New epidemiological data show that the incidence of new cases and the survival of patients with SLE are both increasing. Several randomised controlled trials have defined the role of cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, antimalarials, and hormonal treatment in the management of SLE. New data are available for drugs such as ciclosporin and thalidomide. Finally, several new treatments for severe refractory cases, such as mycophenolate mofetil and stem-cell transplantation, are being increasingly used. New data also refer to management of thrombosis in APS and high-risk pregnancies in women with SLE or APS.
763 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors reported their initial experience with three patients who received heart-lung transplants and used cyclosporin A as the primary immunosuppressive agent, although conventional drugs were also administered.
Abstract: We report our initial experience with three patients who received heart-lung transplants The primary immunosuppressive agent used was cyclosporin A, although conventional drugs were also administered In the first patient, a 45-year-old woman with primary pulmonary hypertension, acute rejection of the transplant was diagnosed 10 and 25 days after surgery but was treated successfully; this patient still had normal exercise tolerance 10 months late The second patient, a 30-year-old man, underwent transplantation for Eisenmenger's syndrome due to atrial and ventricular septal defects His graft was not rejected, and his condition was markedly improved eight months after surgery The third patient, a 29-year-old woman with transposition of the great vessels and associated defects, died four days postoperatively of renal, hepatic, and pulmonary complications We attribute our success to experience with heart-lung transplantation in primates, to the use of cyclosporin A, and to the anatomic and physiologic advantages of combined heart-lung replacement We hope that such transplants may ultimately provide an improved outlook for selected terminally ill patients with pulmonary vascular disease and certain other intractable cardiopulmonary disorders
665 citations
TL;DR: The absence of perfused vessels within the patellar tendon graft immediately after transplantation within the knee joint and the failure of the osseous insertion of the graft to contribute vessels to the revascularization process suggest that although it is left attached at the tibia, the p Damian tendon graft is essentially an avascular free graft at transplantation.
Abstract: We investigated the revascularization pattern of patellar tendon grafts used to replace the anterior cruciate ligament in thirty-six dogs by histological and tissue-clearing (Spalteholz) techniques. Initially the grafts were avascular, but by six weeks they were completely ensheathed in a vascular synovial envelope. The soft tissues of the infrapatellar fat pad, the tibial remnant of the anterior cruciate ligament, and the posterior synovial tissues contributed to this synovial vasculature. Intrinsic revascularization of the patellar tendon graft progressed from the proximal and distal portions of the graft centrally and was complete by twenty weeks. The tibial attachment of the patellar tendon graft did not contribute any vessels to the revascularization process. At one year, the vascular and histological appearance of the patellar tendon graft resembled that of a normal anterior cruciate ligament. Clinical Relevance: The absence of perfused vessels within the patellar tendon graft immediately after transplantation within the knee joint and the failure of the osseous insertion of the graft to contribute vessels to the revascularization process suggest that although it is left attached at the tibia, the patellar tendon graft is essentially an avascular free graft at transplantation. The contribution of the soft tissues of the knee to the revascularization process of the graft suggests preservation and utilization of the infrapatellar fat pad and synovial tissue to optimize the graft's revascularization and ultimate viability.
523 citations
TL;DR: Until effective means for prevention or treatment of cytomegaloviral and idiopathic pneumonia become available, the occurrence of these infections will continue to limit the success of allogeneic marrow transplantation.
Abstract: Pneumonia due to causes other than bacterial or fungal infection has been a frequent complication of allogeneic marrow transplantation. Data on 525 patients who received allogeneic marrow transplants during a 10-year period were reviewed. Of these patients, 41% developed pneumonia; this incidence was significantly higher than that among recipients of syngeneic (twin) transplants. Cytomegaloviral pneumonia (85 cases) and idiopathic pneumonia (63 cases) occurred most commonly. The incidence of pneumonia was higher among older patients, among patients who received transplants because of hematologic malignancy, and among patients with aplastic anemia who received total-body irradiation or procarbazine plus antithymocyte globulin for conditioning before transplantation. The development of cytomegaloviral pneumonia was unrelated to the serologic characteristics of either the patient or the donor before transplantation, and an increase in the titer of antibody to cytomegalovirus did not significantly improve the chances for survival. Mortality from all forms of pneumonia was high. Until effective means for prevention or treatment of cytomegaloviral and idiopathic pneumonia become available, the occurrence of these infections will continue to limit the success of allogeneic marrow transplantation.
504 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The authors have tried to establish a relationship between the low situation of the patella and pain of a certain type associated with limited flexion of the knee and results were excellent or good in half of the cases and unsatisfactory in the other half.
Abstract: A low patella is frequently a complication of a lesion of the knee but it can also present secondary symptoms of its own. The authors describe an original method for assessment of the vertical level of the patella. They have tried to establish a relationship between the low situation of the patella and pain of a certain type associated with limited flexion of the knee. Physiopathological and biomechanical evidence is taken into account. In most instances, a low patella is secondary either to a mechanical cause, natural or iatrogenic, or to an inflammatory cause such as algodystrophia. 29 patients out of 128 observed cases have been operated on. 17 of these were due to excessive transplantation of the anterior tibial tubercle. In most of the cases the tibial tubercle was transplanted upwards in association with a joint release. In only 3 cases a patellectomy was done. The results were excellent or good in half of the cases and unsatisfactory in the other half.
502 citations
434 citations
TL;DR: The Botryllus histocompatibility system may reflect the original adaptive function of ancestral MHC genes in colonial tunicates, which undergo transplantation in nature.
Abstract: Colonial tunicates, unlike vertebrates, undergo transplantation in nature. Rejection or acceptance between colonies of Botryllus is controlled by a single gene locus with multiple alleles. The same genetic region apparently maintains this polymorphism by preventing fertilization between gametes sharing alleles. The Botryllus histocompatibility system may reflect the original adaptive function of ancestral MHC genes.
421 citations
TL;DR: Embryonal carcinoma cell lines with male karyotypes were isolated from three different tumor lines and the Y chromosome in each of two lines tested replicates late during the S phase of the cell cycle at the same time as Y chromosomes in male somatic cells.
419 citations
TL;DR: The data suggest that gene duplication and deletion presumably by homologous but unequal crossing-over has altered the size and organization of the class I clusters in different mouse strains and probably is an important mechanism for generating polymorphism in these genes.
364 citations
TL;DR: The data indicate that B16 melanoma cells are able to grow in the liver, but their growth is ordinarily prevented by NK cells, which demonstrate that NK cells may play an important role in resistance to the dissemination of tumor cells, and therefore contribute to the control of metastasis formation in mice.
Abstract: The ability of BALB/c nude and C57BL/6 mice to eliminate tumor cells from the blood stream was severely impaired after a single inoculation of 0.2 ml of anti-asialo BMI (asGMI) serum, diluted 1:40 to 1:320. The number of i.v.-inoculated YAC-I cells surviving in the lungs of BALB/c nude mice pretreated with anti-asGMI serum was 28 times higher than in the control nude mice. In this respect, nude mice treated with anti-asGMI behaved similarly to beige mice. The increase in the initial survival of tumor cells in the mice that was induced by pre-treatment with anti-asGMI resulted in a substantial increase in the number of artificial lung metastases that developed. In C57BL/6 +/+ mice treated with anti-asGMI and in C57BL/6 beige mice, i.v. inoculation of B16 melanoma cells induced 10 times more metastatic foci in the lungs than in the control C57BL/6 +/+ mice. In contrast, in nude mice which possess higher levels of NK reactivity, metastatic growth was suppressed 7-fold in comparison with intact C57BL/6 +/+ mice. In beige mice and in C57BL/6 +/+ mice treated with anti-asGMI, multiple metastatic foci developed in the liver, whereas in control C57BL/6 +/+ and nude mice, no extrapulmonary metastases were found. These data indicate that B16 melanoma cells are able to grow in the liver, but their growth is ordinarily prevented by NK cells. The antimetastatic defense of C57BL/6 mice treated by anti-asGMI could be restored by transplantation of 40 X 10(6) normal spleen cells. This antimetastatic effect of transplanted spleen cells was mediated by asGMI-bearing cells, since after in vitro pre-treatment of normal spleen cells with anti-asGMI and complement, they lost their ability to inhibit the development of artificial metastases in the lungs of C57BL/6 mice. Suppression of NK reactivity by multiple injections of anti-asGMI (every 4 to 5 days), in C57BL/6 mice inoculated intrafootpad (i.f.p.) with B16 melanoma or 3LL tumor cells, did not influence the growth of local tumors, but dramatically accelerated the development of spontaneous pulmonary metastases. These data demonstrate that NK cells may play an important role in resistance to the dissemination of tumor cells, and therefore contribute to the control of metastasis formation in mice.
364 citations
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that hepatocytes obtained from human liver by the described modified collagenase technique can be used for in vitro studies in chemical carcinogenesis.
Abstract: The in situ two-step collagenase perfusion technique used for the isolation of hepatocytes from rat liver was adapted into a procedure applicable to pieces of human liver obtainable from surgical procedures. Human hepatocytes obtained by this method were maintained in primary culture for 10 days. The cellular changes observed at the light microscopic and electron microscopic levels are described. The changes in microsomal enzymes as a function of the age of the cultures were also measured. Exposure of the human hepatocytes to procarcinogens known to be metabolized by rodent liver resulted in unscheduled DNA synthesis. The isolated hepatocytes were also transplanted into two-thirds partially hepatectomized athymic nude mice. The transplanted cells formed nodules with characteristic hepatic architecture. These studies demonstrate that hepatocytes obtained from human liver by the described modified collagenase technique can be used for in vitro studies in chemical carcinogenesis.
TL;DR: The hypothesis that the defect in op/op mice is a result of the failure of hemopoietic stromal fibroblastoid cells to release sufficient amounts of CSA necessary for normal differentiation of cells of the monocyte-macrophage lineage is supported.
Abstract: Compared with normal littermates, the op/op mice had very few macrophages in the peritoneal cavity and severely reduced numbers of monocytes in the peripheral blood. Moreover, osteopetrotic animals demonstrated an altered distribution of hemopoietic tissue with a 10-fold decrease in the number of marrow cells. Liver hemopoiesis persisted in 4-wk-old mice as evidenced by the presence of hemopoietic stem cells (HSC). Moreover, the concentration of HSC was decreased in marrow and increased in the spleen of op/op mice. In spite of the paucity of cells of monocyte-macrophage lineage in vivo, progenitor cells from hemopoietic tissues of op/op mice formed increased numbers of monocyte-macrophage colonies in vitro in the presence of exogenous colony-stimulating activity (CSA). The source of this critical CSA was a medium conditioned by stromal fibroblastoid colonies formed in vitro by normal marrow cells. Therefore, these data suggest that op/op mice possess normal monocyte-macrophage-osteoclast progenitor cells but these cells are unable to fully differentiate in the op/op mouse microenvironment. In support of this, in cultures of stromal fibroblastoid colonies from op/op marrow or spleen, the concomitant growth of macrophages, normally very dense, was drastically reduced. Moreover, transplantation of op/op spleen cells into lethally irradiated littermate recipients resulted in their hemopoietic reconstitution without signs of macrophage defect. Thus, the op/op splenic cells do not transfer the disease and are capable of normal differentiation in normal in vivo environment. These observations support the hypothesis that the defect in op/op mice is a result of the failure of hemopoietic stromal fibroblastoid cells to release sufficient amounts of CSA necessary for normal differentiation of cells of the monocyte-macrophage lineage.
TL;DR: It is indicated that enteric pathogens that often cause mild diarrhea in normal populations can cause serious infections in marrow-transplant recipients and measures aimed at preventing or treating such infections might reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with marrow transplantation.
Abstract: We prospectively evaluated infections with several gastrointestinal pathogens in patients undergoing bone-marrow transplantation, in an attempt to correlate infection with morbidity and mo...
TL;DR: A 16-month-old boy with thalassaemia major was prepared with one dose of dimethyl busulphan, 5 mg/kg, and with cyclophosphamide on 4 successive days, and given marrow from a 16-year-old HLA-identical normal sister and the graft was successful.
TL;DR: Stem cell lines can be serially transplanted at least five times before losing their ability to repopulate and save lethally irradiated recipients or to cure genetically anemic mice, suggesting that stem cells should be able to function normally through at least 15-50 life spans.
Abstract: Long-term functional capacities of marrow cell lines were defined by competitive repopulation, a technique capable of detecting a small decline in repopulating abilities. There was little or no difference between cells from old and young donors, but a single serial transplantation caused a large decline in repopulating ability. Varying the numbers of marrow cells transplanted into the initial carrier from 10(5) to 10(7) did not alter the ability of the carrier's marrow cells to repopulate in competition with previously untransplanted cells. This ability was improved only in carriers that had received 10(8) marrow cells, although deleterious effects of transplantation were still present. These effects were not solely caused by cell damage from the transplantation procedure, because transplantation by parabiosis, or recovery from sublethal irradiation without transplantation, reduced repopulating abilities as much as transplanting 10(5) to 10(7) marrow cells. The transplantation effect also was not caused solely by irradiation, because the same effect appeared in unirradiated W/Wv carriers. The transplantation effect was more pronounced when donors were identified by hemoglobin type than by chromosome markers, implying that nonerythroid cell lines may be less affected by transplantation than erythroid precursor cells. When the effects of a lifetime of normal function and a single transplantation were compared, the latter caused 3-7 times more decline in repopulating abilities of phytohemagglutinin-responsive cell precursors, and at least 10-20 times more decline in erythroid cell precursors. Stem cell lines can be serially transplanted at least five times before losing their ability to repopulate and save lethally irradiated recipients or to cure genetically anemic mice. Therefore, if transplantation causes an acceleration of the normal aging process, these figures suggest that stem cells should be able to function normally through at least 15-50 life spans.
TL;DR: It was found that the stromal cells became progressively donor in origin with time after transplantation and some reacted with antibody directed against factor VIII-associated antigen, indicating that the in vitro microenvironment is transplantable and composed in part of endothelial-like cells.
Abstract: The method for long-term culture of marrow cells in vitro as described by Dexter1 has recently been successfully applied to human marrow2,3 and is dependent on the development of an adherent stromal cell layer consisting of cells described as “endothelial-like cells, fat cells, and macrophages” 4. The present study was designed to determine the origin and composition of the stromal cells forming the in vitro ‘microenvironment’ and maintaining haematopoeisis in long-term cultures grown from marrows of 14 patients who received marrow transplants from HLA identical siblings of the opposite sex. The presence of a Y chromosome was used as a marker to establish the donor or recipient origin of the cells. We found that the stromal cells became progressively donor in origin with time after transplantation and some reacted with antibody directed against factor VIII-associated antigen. In addition, donor-derived in vitro stromal cells synthesized both interstitial and basal lamina collagen types, indicating that the in vitro microenvironment is transplantable and composed in part of endothelial-like cells.
TL;DR: Attempts have been made to render the effector function of antibodies more potent by attaching either anticancer agents to these antibodies, a tentative step first described by Mathe et al. (1958), or toxins, as initiated by Moolten & Cooperband (1970).
Abstract: Biological activities of enzymes, hormones or antibodies are induced only after recognition of their specific targets. This selective activity is obtained in Nature with molecules which possess at least two different functions, recognition and biological activity, in general performed by different domains of the same molecule. Specificity of antibody activity is obtained by the sequential involvement, first of the binding unit, which then activates the effector function, i.e. complement-binding antibodies only activate the complement system and destroy target cells if they are first bound to their specific antigen. The idea of applying specific cell lysis by antibodies to passive immunotherapy of tumors has been very attractive for many years. However, the capacity of antibodies to destroy tumors in animals or man has always been limited, and it has often been observed that specific antibodies can enhance tumor growth (enhancement phenomenon). As a result, a series of attempts have been made to render the effector function of antibodies more potent by attaching either anticancer agents to these antibodies, a tentative step first described by Mathe et al. (1958), or toxins, as initiated by Moolten & Cooperband (1970). Higher potency, however, will only be beneficial for tumor therapy if it is specific for the target tissue, in the sense that the effector function
TL;DR: A monoclonal antibody (J5) specific for the common acute-lymphoblastic-leukaemia antigen (CALLA) was used for in-vitro pre-treatment of bone-marrow before autologous transplantation in four patients with CALLA-positive acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in relapse, who did not have HLA-compatible donors.
TL;DR: It is concluded that the combination of methotrexate, antithymocyte globulin, and prednisone significantly decreased the incidence of acute graft-versus-host disease and should be used to prevent this disorder in patients receiving allogeneic marrow transplants.
Abstract: Acute graft-versus-host disease is a major problem in allogeneic bone-marrow transplantation. We performed a randomized study to compare the effectiveness of two regimens in the prevention of acute graft-versus-host disease. Thirty-five patients received methotrexate alone, and 32 received methotrexate, antithymocyte globulin, and prednisone. Of the patients who received methotrexate alone, 48 per cent had acute graft-versus-host disease, as compared with 21 per cent of those who received methotrexate, antithymocyte globulin, and prednisone (P = 0.01). The age of the recipient was a significant factor in the development of acute graft-versus-host disease: Older patients had a higher incidence of the disease (P = 0.001). We conclude that the combination of methotrexate, antithymocyte globulin, and prednisone significantly decreased the incidence of acute graft-versus-host disease and should be used to prevent this disorder in patients receiving allogeneic marrow transplants.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Ossicles containing bone marrow formed after transplantation of either freshly isolated cells, or cultured cells obtained from marrow by trypsin treatment, but not after the transplantationof cells cultured from marrow obtained by mechanical dissociation.
TL;DR: It is demonstrated here that HLA-A, -B, -C and -DR antigens and β2 microglobulin cannot be detected by immunofluorescence on freshly collected or in vitro cultured amniotic epithelial cells, although small quantities of such antigen were detected when more sensitive radiobiological techniques were used.
Abstract: A monolayer of epithelial cells, endowed with unique secretory properties, lines the human amniochorion1,2. It has been shown that transplantation of these membranes into allogeneic hosts does not result in overt acute graft rejection3–6. We demonstrate here that HLA-A, -B, -C and -DR antigens and β2 microglobulin (β2m) cannot be detected by immunofluorescence on freshly collected or in vitro cultured amniotic epithelial cells, although small quantities of such antigens were detected when more sensitive radiobiological techniques were used. We also show that these cells, cultured in vitro, produce large quantities of enzymes absent in patients with lysosomal storage diseases and that their supernatants can correct glycosaminoglycan accumulation in cultured fibroblasts from patients with Hurler's and Hunter's syndromes.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Only by quantitating the number and size of the foci in relation to the three-dimensional volume of the tissue can one determine the validity of the proportionality of data from two-dimensional measurements to the total number of foci per volume of tissue.
Abstract: The mathematical science of quantitative stereology has established relationships for the quantitation of elements in three-dimensional space from observations on two-dimensional planes. This report describes the utilization and importance of such mathematical relationships for the quantitative analysis of focal hepatic lesions in terms relative to the volume of the liver.
Three examples are utilized to demonstrate the utility of such calculations in the three-dimensional quantitation of hepatic focal lesions. The first is that of a computer-simulated experiment based on defined hypothetical situations. The simulations demonstrate the applicability of the computations described in this report to the evaluation of two-dimensional data from typical animal experiments. The other two examples are taken from actual experiments and involve the transplantation of hepatic cell populations into the liver of suitably prepared hosts and the quantitation of altered foci produced by initiation with diethylnitrosamine-partial hepatectomy followed by promotion with phenobarbital. The quantitation of altered foci by means of a two-dimensional analysis (simple enumeration of focal intersections/area of tissue section) is proportional to the quantitation of foci per volume of liver provided that the mean diameter of the foci for each treatment is sufficiently uniform, as exemplified in the text by the transplantation experiment. When such mean diameters are unequal as in the diethylnitrosamine-phenobarbital experiment described herein, quantitation from three-dimensional analysis gives significantly different results as compared with enumeration of focal intersections on two-dimensional areas. These studies clearly demonstrate that the frequency and size of foci intersections viewed on two-dimensional tissue sections do not necessarily reflect the number or size of foci in the three-dimensional tissue. Only by quantitating the number and size of the foci in relation to the three-dimensional volume of the tissue can one determine the validity of the proportionality of data from two-dimensional measurements to the total number of foci per volume of tissue. Such a conclusion has important implications for quantitative studies on hepatocarcinogenesis as well as for the enumeration of premalignant lesions which occur during the natural history of carcinogenesis in any solid tissue.
TL;DR: The sequence of a genomic clone containing the gene for a human class I transplantation antigen is isolated and determined and the structure of the protein encoded by this unit is closely homologous with known class I transplation antigens.
Abstract: We have isolated and determined the sequence of a genomic clone containing the gene for a human class I transplantation antigen. The gene contains seven exons. The first five exons code respectively for a signal peptide, for the first, second, and third extracellular domains of the protein molecule, and for the transmembrane region. The cytoplasmic segment is encoded by part of the fifth and the sixth and the seventh exons. The structure of the protein encoded by this unit is closely homologous with known class I transplantation antigens.
TL;DR: It is concluded that polymorphic determinants recognized by monoclonal antibodies are located in functionally distinct portions of the transplantation antigen protein.
Abstract: The mouse major transplantation antigens H–2K, H–2D and H–2L are highly polymorphic cell-surface glycoproteins which may serve as recognition elements in cell–cell interactions1. Each antigen possesses a number of alloantigenic determinants defined by antisera of various specificities. Recently, monoclonal antibodies have been produced which redefine and extend our knowledge of these determinants2,3, but structural information has not yet been correlated with the serological definition of the antigens. We have previously reported the molecular cloning of genes for H–2Ld and H–2Dd transplantation antigens from the BALB/c mouse and the expression of these genes in mouse L cells4,5. To localize the serological determinants to discrete regions of the H–2 protein, we have now constructed new H–2 antigen genes by joining together fragments of the H–2Ld and H–2Dd genes. In L cells, these genes direct the synthesis of hybrid H–2 proteins and by using monoclonal antibodies of defined specificities, we have mapped classically defined serological specificities to structurally defined domains of the transplantation antigen protein. We conclude that polymorphic determinants recognized by monoclonal antibodies are located in functionally distinct portions of the protein.
TL;DR: The results suggest that the transplanted optic lobe contains a circadian clock that regenerates those neural connections with the host brain that are necessary to drive the circadian rhythm of activity.
Abstract: Surgical removal of the optic lobes of the cockroach Leucophaea maderae followed by transplantation of the optic lobes from another individual led to a restoration of the circadian activity rhythm in 4 to 8 weeks. The free-running period of the restored rhythm was determined by the period of the donor rhythm before surgery. The results suggest that the transplanted optic lobe contains a circadian clock that regenerates those neural connections with the host brain that are necessary to drive the circadian rhythm of activity.
TL;DR: This chapter discusses axonal elongation in peripheral and central nervous system (PNS/CNS) transplants and discusses the grafting of Schwann cells into peripheral nerve.
Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter discusses axonal elongation in peripheral and central nervous system (PNS/CNS) transplants. The effective regeneration of injured nerve fibers depends upon several events: the survival of the neuronal perikarya; an outgrowth of new branches from the proximal stumps of the severed axons; elongation, ensheathment, and increase in the caliber of the growing axons; the reestablishment of quantitatively and qualitatively appropriate terminal contacts; and the loss of redundant axon branches. In the peripheral nervous system (PNS), this sequence of events can lead to the restoration of nerve fiber structure and function. In the adult mammalian CNS, by contrast, neither the initial outgrowths from interrupted axons nor the collateral sprouts from intact neurons elongate for more than a few millimeters. Although several mechanisms both intrinsic and extrinsic to nerve cells must contribute to the overall failure of CNS regeneration, certain experimental evidence suggests that differences in axonal elongation after damage to the CNS and PNS are strongly influenced by the characteristics of the microenvironment that surrounds the injured fibers. The chapter discusses the grafting of Schwann cells into peripheral nerve. It also describes the transplantation of neurons and target tissues.
TL;DR: Long-lasting functional cross-species transplantation of mesencephalic DA neurones, taken from mouse embryos, to the dopaminergically denervated neostriatum of adult recipient rats is reported.
Abstract: Previous studies1–7 have shown that intracerebral implants of embryonic mesencephalic dopamine (DA) neurones, grafted between individuals of the same inbred rat strain, can reverse some of the functional deficits caused by damage to the nigrostriatal DA pathway These observations have raised the possibility that the intracerebral neural grafting technique may eventually find a clinical application in the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders, particularly Parkinson's disease One obvious obstacle to any such attempts is the immunological rejection mechanisms associated with allogeneic or xenogeneic grafting Thus, neural tissue (sensory and sympathetic ganglia), transplanted across immunological barriers to sites outside the central nervous system (CNS), are known to be rejected8,9 The brain has, however, been described as an immunologically ‘privileged’ site, partly perhaps because of its protective blood–brain barrier10–12 This may be the case for grafts of embryonic tissue, in particular Thus, Zalewski et al13 have reported rejection of allografts of adult ganglionic neurones transplanted o the spinal cord, while Low et al14 found prolonged survival of embryonic brain tissue in the hippocampal region, grafted between rats of different strains We report here long-lasting functional cross-species transplantation of mesencephalic DA neurones, taken from mouse embryos, to the dopaminergically denervated neostriatum of adult recipient rats
TL;DR: Cardiac transplantation can be considered "reasonable and therapeutic treatment to extend life" in selected individuals.
TL;DR: This is a textbook of graphic, artistic precision and meaty, informative content that applies international standardized nomenclature in the form of a concise and well written text and provides a splendid array of color photomicrographs.
Abstract: This is a textbook of graphic, artistic precision and meaty, informative content. It has two major strengths that distinguish it from the deluge of similar books presently available: first, it applies international standardized nomenclature in the form of a concise and well written text; second, it provides a splendid array of color photomicrographs. The monograph is composed of two sections. The first portion, "Classification of Glomerular Diseases," lists and defines glomerular lesions in tabular form, followed by tables of the main clinical and morphological features of each disease. The second segment, "Definitions, Descriptions and Illustrations of Glomerular Diseases," consists of 21 chapters that describe and illustrate these alterations. Topics run the gamut from the normal glomerulus to the end-stage kidney and include some alterations that are important but often omitted, for example, glomerular lesions after transplantation. A brief appendix details pertinent histological techniques and orients one to the examination of