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Transplantation
About: Transplantation is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 276584 publications have been published within this topic receiving 7961661 citations.
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TL;DR: Botero et al. as discussed by the authors investigated the regulation of labor markets through employment, collective relations, and social security laws in 85 countries and found that the political power of the left is associated with more stringent labor regulations and more generous social security systems, and that socialist, French and Scandinavian legal origin countries have sharply higher levels of labor regulation than do common law countries.
Abstract: Author(s): Botero, Juan; Djankov, Simeon; La Porta, Rafael; Lopez-de-Silanes, Florencio; Shleifer, Andrei | Abstract: We investigate the regulation of labor markets through employment, collective relations, and social security laws in 85 countries. We find that the political power of the left is associated with more stringent labor regulations and more generous social security systems, and that socialist, French and Scandinavian legal origin countries have sharply higher levels of labor regulation than do common law countries. However, the effects of legal origins are larger, and explain more of the variation in regulations, than those of politics. Heavier regulation of labor is associated with lower labor force participation and higher unemployment, especially of the young. These results are most naturally consistent with legal theories, according to which countries have pervasive regulaory styles inherited from the transplantation of legal systems.
1,615 citations
TL;DR: There is accumulating evidence that T‐cell‐mediated dominant control of self‐reactive T‐cells contributes to the maintenance of immunologic self‐tolerance and its alteration can cause autoimmune disease.
Abstract: There is accumulating evidence that T-cell-mediated dominant control of self-reactive T-cells contributes to the maintenance of immunologic self-tolerance and its alteration can cause autoimmune disease. Efforts to delineate such a regulatory T-cell population have revealed that CD25+ cells in the CD4+ population in normal naive animals bear the ability to prevent autoimmune disease in vivo and, upon antigenic stimulation, suppress the activation/proliferation of other T cells in vitro. The CD25+ CD4+ regulatory T cells, which are naturally anergic and suppressive, appear to be produced by the normal thymus as a functionally distinct subpopulation of T cells. They play critical roles not only in preventing autoimmunity but also in controlling tumor immunity and transplantation tolerance.
1,600 citations
TL;DR: A scalable differentiation protocol is reported that can generate hundreds of millions of glucose-responsive β cells from hPSC in vitro that secrete human insulin into the serum of mice shortly after transplantation in a glucose-regulated manner, and transplantation of these cells ameliorates hyperglycemia in diabetic mice.
1,596 citations
TL;DR: It is concluded that hepatocytes derived form bone marrow arise from cell fusion and not by differentiation of haematopoietic stem cells.
Abstract: Evidence suggests that haematopoietic stem cells might have unexpected developmental plasticity, highlighting therapeutic potential. For example, bone-marrow-derived hepatocytes can repopulate the liver of mice with fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase deficiency and correct their liver disease. To determine the underlying mechanism in this murine model, we performed serial transplantation of bone-marrow-derived hepatocytes. Here we show by Southern blot analysis that the repopulating hepatocytes in the liver were heterozygous for alleles unique to the donor marrow, in contrast to the original homozygous donor cells. Furthermore, cytogenetic analysis of hepatocytes transplanted from female donor mice into male recipients demonstrated 80,XXXY (diploid to diploid fusion) and 120,XXXXYY (diploid to tetraploid fusion) karyotypes, indicative of fusion between donor and host cells. We conclude that hepatocytes derived form bone marrow arise from cell fusion and not by differentiation of haematopoietic stem cells.
1,588 citations
TL;DR: The clinician assesses a recipient’s risk of infection while considering the risk of allograft rejection, the intensity of immunosuppression, and other factors that may contribute to his or her susceptibility to infection.
Abstract: The risk of infection after transplantation changes over time, particularly with modifications in immunosuppression. Unfortunately, no assays accurately measure a patient’s risk of infection. Currently, therefore, the clinician assesses a recipient’s risk of infection while considering the risk of allograft rejection, the intensity of immunosuppression, and other factors that may contribute to his or her susceptibility to infection. Prophylactic strategies are based on the patient’s known or likely exposures to infection according to the results of serologic testing and epidemiologic history. The risk of infection in the transplant recipient is a continuous function of the interplay between these factors.
1,585 citations