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Transplantation
About: Transplantation is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 276584 publications have been published within this topic receiving 7961661 citations.
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TL;DR: It is shown that fully viable embryos may be obtained by this procedure and its use to investigate the development of embryos in which whole blastomeres from 8- and 16-cell embryos were combined with enucleated or nucleated halves of unfertilized eggs.
Abstract: Nuclear transplantation and cell fusion techniques have proved valuable for embryological studies in several non-mammalian animal species1. More recently these procedures have been used successfully in small laboratory mammals, notably the mouse, to investigate the ability of nuclei and cytoplasm from various sources to produce viable embryos when combined2–6. The use of a similar approach to study the developmental biology of large domestic animals presents a number of technical and practical difficulties, and so far there has been no report of attempts to perform nuclear transplantation in sheep embryos. Here I describe such a procedure and its use to investigate the development of embryos in which whole blastomeres from 8- and 16-cell embryos were combined with enucleated or nucleated halves of unfertilized eggs. The procedure involves bisection of single-cell eggs in a medium containing cytochalasin; fusion of egg halves with single blastomeres, induced using Sendai virus or an electrofusion apparatus; and embedding in agar, followed by culture of the reconstituted embryos in the ligated oviducts of ewes in dioestrus. I show that fully viable embryos may be obtained by this procedure.
799 citations
TL;DR: The overall risk of cancer is increased in patients with ESRD, and the distribution of tumour types resembles the pattern seen after transplantation (although the authors have no data to make the comparison with skin cancer).
799 citations
TL;DR: The authors argue that to understand the basic tradeoff between the costs of disorder and those of dictatorship, one needs to understand how institutions exert profound influence on economic development and apply this logic to study the structure of efficient institutions, the consequences of colonial transplantation, and the politics of institutional choice.
798 citations
TL;DR: The preclinical and clinical studies of MSCs from different adult tissues are summarized, the current hurdles to their use are discussed, and the future development of pluripotent stem cell-derived M SCs are proposed as an approach to immunomodulation therapy.
Abstract: The unique immunomodulatory properties of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) make them an invaluable cell type for the repair of tissue/ organ damage caused by chronic inflammation or autoimmune disorders. Although they hold great promise in the treatment of immune disorders such as graft versus host disease (GvHD) and allergic disorders, there remain many challenges to overcome before their widespread clinical application. An understanding of the biological properties of MSCs will clarify the mechanisms of MSC-based transplantation for immunomodulation. In this review, we summarize the preclinical and clinical studies of MSCs from different adult tissues, discuss the current hurdles to their use and propose the future development of pluripotent stem cell-derived MSCs as an approach to immunomodulation therapy.
797 citations
TL;DR: The results indicate that humans or animals with low or absent BCRP activity may be at increased risk for developing protoporphyria and diet-dependent phototoxicity and provide a striking illustration of the importance of drug transporters in protection from toxicity of normal food constituents.
Abstract: The breast cancer resistance protein (BCRPABCG2) is a member of the ATP-binding cassette family of drug transporters and confers resistance to various anticancer drugs. We show here that mice lacking Bcrp1Abcg2 become extremely sensitive to the dietary chlorophyll-breakdown product pheophorbide a, resulting in severe, sometimes lethal phototoxic lesions on light-exposed skin. Pheophorbide a occurs in various plant-derived foods and food supplements. Bcrp1 transports pheophorbide a and is highly efficient in limiting its uptake from ingested food. Bcrp1(-/-) mice also displayed a previously unknown type of protoporphyria. Erythrocyte levels of the heme precursor and phototoxin protoporphyrin IX, which is structurally related to pheophorbide a, were increased 10-fold. Transplantation with wild-type bone marrow cured the protoporphyria and reduced the phototoxin sensitivity of Bcrp1(-/-) mice. These results indicate that humans or animals with low or absent BCRP activity may be at increased risk for developing protoporphyria and diet-dependent phototoxicity and provide a striking illustration of the importance of drug transporters in protection from toxicity of normal food constituents.
796 citations