Topic
Transverse plane
About: Transverse plane is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 17069 publications have been published within this topic receiving 194059 citations. The topic is also known as: axial plane.
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TL;DR: In this paper, a stress-strain model for concrete subjected to uniaxial compressive loading and confined by transverse reinforcement is developed for concrete sections with either spiral or circular hoops, or rectangular hoops with or without supplementary cross ties.
Abstract: A stress‐strain model is developed for concrete subjected to uniaxial compressive loading and confined by transverse reinforcement. The concrete section may contain any general type of confining steel: either spiral or circular hoops; or rectangular hoops with or without supplementary cross ties. These cross ties can have either equal or unequal confining stresses along each of the transverse axes. A single equation is used for the stress‐strain equation. The model allows for cyclic loading and includes the effect of strain rate. The influence of various types of confinement is taken into account by defining an effective lateral confining stress, which is dependent on the configuration of the transverse and longitudinal reinforcement. An energy balance approach is used to predict the longitudinal compressive strain in the concrete corresponding to first fracture of the transverse reinforcement by equating the strain energy capacity of the transverse reinforcement to the strain energy stored in the concret...
6,261 citations
TL;DR: In this article, self-excited transverse electromagnetic waves which involve only the electrons were found to exist in plasmas provided the velocity distribution is sufficiently anisotropic, and their existence and rate of growth were derived from the Boltzmam transport equation, neglecting the collision term and retaining only linear terms of the perturbation.
Abstract: Self-excited transverse electromagnetic waves which involve only the electrons were found to exist in plasmas provided the velocity distribution is sufficiently anisotropic. Their existence and rate of growth are derived from the Boltzmam transport equation, neglecting the collision term and retaining only linear terms of the perturbation. (W.D.M.)
1,462 citations
31 Jan 2000
TL;DR: Using a focused laser beam, a Bose-Einstein condensate of 87Rb confined in a magnetic trap is stirred and the formation of a vortex is observed for a stirring frequency exceeding a critical value.
Abstract: Summary form only given. We report on an experiment performed with a gaseous Bose-Einstein condensate, which is analogous to the rotating bucket experiment performed with liquid He. The atoms are confined in a static, cylindrically symmetric Ioffe-Pritchard magnetic trap upon which we superimpose a nonaxisymmetric, attractive dipole potential created by a stirring laser beam. The combined potential leads to a cigar-shaped harmonic trap with a slightly anisotropic transverse profile. The transverse anisotropy is rotated as the gas is evaporatively cooled to Bose-Einstein condensation, and it plays the role of the bucket wall roughness. Pictures taken at various rotation frequencies, after a ballistic expansion of the condensate, clearly show that for fast enough rotation frequencies, we can generate one or several "holes" in the transverse density distribution corresponding to vortices. We discuss our determination of the critical frequency for the single and multiple vortex formation, and we report measurements of the nucleation time and the lifetime of the vortex state.
1,453 citations
TL;DR: The results demonstrate that with the subjects walking at their natural or preferred spped, the gait variables are quite repeatable, and suggest that it may be reasonable to base significant clinical decisions on the results of a single gait evaluation.
1,415 citations
TL;DR: There is a wide range of normal sagittal alignment of the thoracic and lumbar spines, and when using composite measurements of the combined frontal and sagittal plane deformity of scoliosis, this widerange of sagittal variance should be taken into consideration.
Abstract: Recent advances in spinal instrumentation have brought about a new emphasis on the three-dimensional spinal deformity of scoliosis and especially on the restoration of normal sagittal plane contours. Normal alignment in the coronal and transverse planes is easily defined; however, normal sagittal plane alignment is not so simple. This retrospective study was undertaken to increase the understanding of the normal alignment of the spine in the sagittal plane, with a special emphasis on the thoracolumbar junction. Measurements were made from the lateral radiographs of 102 subjects with clinically and radiographically normal spines. Cobb measurements of the thoracic kyphosis (T3-T12), the thoracolumbar junction (T10-T12 and T12-L2), and the lumbar lordosis (L1-L5) were determined. The spices of the thoracic kyphosis and lumbar lordosis also were determined. Using a computerized digitalizing table, the segmental angulation was determined at each level from T1-2 to L5-S1. In conclusion, there is a wide range of normal sagittal alignment of the thoracic and lumbar spines. When using composite measurements of the combined frontal and sagittal plane deformity of scoliosis, this wide range of sagittal variance should be taken into consideration. Using norms established here for segmental alignment, areas of hypokyphosis and hypolordosis commonly seen in scoliosis can be more objectively evaluated. The thoracolumbar junction is for all practical purposes straight; lumbar lordosis usually starts at L1-2 and gradually increases at each level caudally to the sacrum.
722 citations