Showing papers on "Transverse plane published in 1982"

Experimental Determination of the In Situ Transverse Lamina Strength in Graphite/Epoxy Laminates

Abstract: The uniaxial tensile load at which transverse cracking initiated in the 90 deg. laminae of (0 2/90n)s, (±30/90n) s and (±60/90n)s, n =1,2,4,8, T300/934 composite laminates was determined experimentally using DIB enhanced x-radiography. "In situ" transverse strengths of the 90 deg. laminae corresponding to these loads were then calculated based upon lamination theory predictions including the effects of residual thermal stresses. These in situ strengths, which were as high as 2.5 times the unidirec tional transverse strength, were found to depend strongly on both the 90 deg. laminae thickness and orientation of adjacent laminae suggesting that transverse strength should not be considered as an intrinsic lamina property.

Particle drift, diffusion, and acceleration at shocks

Abstract: The gradient and curvature drifts implicit in change of the ambient magnetic field at a hydromagnetic shock wave are incorporated into the diffusive theory of shock acceleration of charged particles. The conventional jump condition at the shock is modified by a term incorporating the large drift along the shock plane. This term vanished identically for one-dimensional systems, but must be included in general for shocks which are finite in transverse extent or which have transverse structure. It is found that the effect of the drift is such that the transverse drift rate is proportional to the acceleration rate, and for perpendicular shocks is exactly equal to the rate of change of energy in the V x B electric field observed in the shock frame. This establishes a connection with the 'shock drift' models which neglect diffusion.

Boundary layer flow of a dusty fluid over a semi-infinite flat plate

Abstract: Both the drag force due to slip and the transverse force due to slip-shear have been considered in boundary layer equations. The solution has been found in a power series of non-dimensionalx, x being the distance in the down-stream direction. Solutions for high slip region and small slip region characterised byx≪1 andx≫1 respectively, have been found separately. In the high slip region the effect of increase in concentration parameter α of the dust particles is to increase the magnitude of the longitudinal fluid phase velocityu. Also the magnitude of the longitudinal particle slip velocityup-u is becoming maximum on the plate and decreasing along the plate withx. The transverse particle velocityvp is independent of α but it is directly proportional to β, the transverse force coefficient. An interesting result is thatvp is assuming small positive value on the plate. The transverse force has taken an important role in migration of particles away from the plate. In the small slip region the flow of dust particles is mainly governed by the fluid-phase. The effect of α on the flow field in this region is to decrease the boundary layer thickness. In this region the particles are having some tendency to accumulate near the plate. Lastly, it has been found that the shearing stress, skinfriction and the dimensionless drag-coefficient on the plate increase with increase of α.

High-speed tires

Abstract: A high-speed tire (10) for use during both wet and drying road surface conditions is disclosed. The tread groove depth increases from a minimum depth near each tread edge to a maximum depth near the mid-circumferential plane (28). Each of an outer group of tread elements (32) has a ground-contacting surface area equal to at least about two square inches (12.90 cm²) and the net-to-gross ratio of the tread central zone is not geater than about 65 percent. Transverse grooves (42) extend from the mid-circumferential plane (28) to a tread edge at an angle relative to the mid-circumferential plane which is greater than about 75 degrees at the respective tread edge (as shown at 44) and which is less than about 40 degrees at the mid-­ circumferential plane (as shown at 46). The widths of circumferential grooves (34) progressively decrease as their respective distances from the mid-circumferential plane (28) increase.

High speed ultrasonic bonding

Abstract: A method and apparatus provide the production of a non-woven fabric from a batt of random, loose, ultrasonically fusible fibers at high speed (e.g. greater than 50 meters/minute). A plurality of ultrasonic welding machines are spaced from each other in a batt feed direction, and produce a fabric having a predetermined number of primary bonding points per unit area. The batt is fed in the feed direction into operative engagement, in turn, with each of the ultrasonic welding machines, while energy is supplied to each of the machines. Each of the machines effects bonding of substantially less than all of the predetermined number of primary bonding points, but so that together the machines provide all of the predetermined number of bonding points. Each machine includes an anvil roller and a purality of horns, which may be disposed in-line with each other and spaced from each other in a dimension transverse to the feed direction. Each machine preferably bonds the same number of the bonding points per unit area, and each anvil roller may have a pattern identical to the patterns of the anvil rollers of the other machines, only offset in the dimension perpendicular to the feed direction.

Dynamics of a classical hard-sphere gas I. Formal theory

Abstract: In a microscopic theory for the dynamics of a classical hard sphere fluid a kinetic equation is derived and solved approximately. Besides incorrelated binary collisions which are already included in the generalised Enskog theory, the theory also describes correlated collisions by a mode-coupling approximation. This results in a closed set of non-linear equations for the correlation functions of density, longitudinal and transverse current density and energy density to be solved numerically. The only input required is the density. All existing sum rules of these correlation functions are fulfilled. The theory includes the free particle limit, the exact thermodynamics and a proper hydrodynamic limit yielding corrections to the Enskog transport coefficients.

Theory of saturation of optical scintillation by strong turbulence: plane-wave variance and covariance and spherical-wave covariance

Abstract: The heuristic theory of covariance of log amplitude for saturation of scintillation, which was originally developed for spherical waves, is extended to the plane-wave case. Comparison of calculated log-amplitude variance of plane waves with observation is good, but measurements of this specific quantity are scarce. For strong refractive turbulence, the log-amplitude variance tends to increase as the inner scale of turbulence increases relative to the Fresnel-zone size; for spherical waves this behavior is in quantitative agreement with data. In strong turbulence the path-weighting functions of the log-amplitude variance tend to be uniform with localized peaks near the transmitter and receiver for spherical waves but only one localized peak near the receiver for plane waves. The dependence of the log-amplitude covariance on a minimum number of nondimensional parameters is found (similarity relationships), and this set of parameters is shown to be nonunique. The specialization of this parameter set to the case of strong refractive turbulence reveals important differences between cases in which the coherence length ρ0 is larger as opposed to smaller than the inner scale l0. In strong refractive turbulence the covariance function has three distinct ranges: at sufficiently large separations it has the same form as in the weak refractive-turbulence limit, at intermediate separations it is nearly independent of the separation, and at small separations r it rises sharply. For ρ0 ≫ l0, the conventional strong-turbulence result of covariance depending only on r/ρ0 is obtained, but for ρ0 ≪ l0 the covariance depends on both r/ρ0 and ρ0/l0. The lack of scaling of measured intensity covariance with r/ρ0 corresponds to the case ρ0 ≪ l0. There is no reason to prefer the transverse scale (k3Cn2)−3/11 to ρ0 for ρ0 ≫ l0, and there is no reason for using this transverse scale for ρ0 ≪ l0 because of the strong inner-scale effect on the covariance.

Probe for measuring workpieces

Abstract: A probe having a movable member including an elongate stylus and a plate extending in a plane transverse to the longitudinal axis of the stylus. The plate is seated on a seat having a circular edge provided on the fixed member. Displacement of the free end of the stylus, either transversely to or longitudinally of the stylus, is measured by a transducer having an electrical output signal. Like transverse and longitudinal displacements of the free end unavoidably produce unlike signals. To compensate for this, the signal is passed through a voltage divider whose output is made variable by a relay in a circuit containing the plate and the edge as electrical contacts. Transverse displacement of the free end tilts the plate on the edge, thus maintaining engagement therebetween. Longitudinal displacement separates the plate from the edge, thus breaking contact therebetween. The circuit is connected to the relay to vary the output in the sense of producing a signal equal for equal transverse and longitudinal displacements of the free end. In a modification, the plate and seat have four distinct contacts between them which are arranged at the four corners of a square. This arrangement is used to discriminate between the X and Y directions of the transverse displacement of the free end of the stylus.

Engraving and scanning apparatus

Abstract: An engraving head incorporates a shaft which is supported for high frequency oscillation by axially spaced metal spring elements, and the shaft is acted upon by improved dampening means to minimize undesirable transverse and transient vibrations. A diamond cutting stylus is carried by a holder mounted within an arm projecting from the shaft by means which facilitates convenient removal and resharpening of the stylus. A diamond guide shoe has a flat face which engages the surface to be engraved adjacent the stylus and is supported by means which may be conveniently adjusted without rotation to obtain precision alignment of the face with the surface. A diamond deburring or shaving element has a shearing edge adjacent the stylus and is also supported for convenient angular adjustment to obtain precise alignment. The entire engraving head is pivotally supported by leaf springs and is raised and lowered by power operated means. The apparatus also incorporates a scanning head including an improved optical system for precisely and effectively illuminating and detecting the copy to be engraved. The apparatus further includes a control system which automatically corrects and compensates for unbalance in copy density at repeated lengths on the copy, and the engraver shaft drive is controlled to produce a flat frequency response which passes through the resonant frequency of the oscillating components.

Force and torque sensor for machine tools

Abstract: The sensor includes at least one pressure chamber that is filled with an incompressible fluid, a membrane that forms at least one wall of the pressure chamber, a pressure transducer measuring the pressure within the pressure chamber, and a pressure arm whose first end is secured to a machine tool member at a location at which force and torque are to be measured and whose second end bears on the membrane. By appropriately choosing the number and disposition of pressure chambers, membranes, and pressure arms, output signals from the corresponding pressure transducers are related to selected components of transverse force torque, and axial force of the machine tool member. Various embodiments of the sensor for use with machine tools having a rotating tool and machine tools having a stationary tool are disclosed, and techniques are described in which these embodiments can be used to determine the angle between transverse force exerted on the machine tool member and a stationary axis of the machine tool, to determine the plane of transverse loading of the transverse force, and to compensate the pressure measurements in accordance with the determined plane of transverse loading.

Transverse structure of a field in nonlinear bistable interferometers. I. Switching waves and steady-state profiles

Abstract: An analysis is made of switching waves, transverse structure, and field profile hysteresis in nonlinear bistable interferometers. It is shown that a switching wave of zero velocity exists in the hysteresis region and this wave governs the steady-state profile of a beam in an interferometer. The case of oblique incidence of light on an interferometer is considered.

Convective instability of a fluid in a vibration field under conditions of weightlessness

Abstract: The problem of the convection and convective instability of a fluid in a high-frequency vibration field under conditions of weightlessness was formulated in an earlier paper of the authors [1]. In the present paper, the conditions of equilibrium are discussed and the boundaries of vibration instability are determined for some equilibrium states: a plane layer of fluid with transverse temperature gradient and arbitrary direction of the vibration, a cylindrical layer with radial gradient and longitudinal direction of the vibration, and an infinite circular cylinder with transverse and mutually perpendicular directions of the temperature gradient and the vibration axis.

Universal removable insulation

Abstract: A universal insulation (10). The insulation (10) is bifurcated into two portions (16, 18) for application to a fitting in a fluid flow or distribution system. Cut-outs (26) are provided in edges (20, 22) of the portions (16, 18) which, when apertures are formed therein, accommodate portions of a fluid fitting therein. Portions (16, 18) of the insulation (10) can have additonal cut-outs (28) formed wholly within one of the portions (16, 18). These cut-outs (28) can accommodate portions of a fitting extending generally transverse to a plane defined by other portions of the fitting. Novel means can be employed for maintaining the portions (16, 18) in a mated configuration.

Time-optimal control in the plane

Abstract: We outline a research program in control theory, whose goal is to characterize local properties of systems in terms of Lie bracket configurations, and we illustrate it by carrying out part of the analysis for time-optimal control in the plane, for systems with a scalar control that enters linearly.

Truss assembly and bracing clip and attachment member for use with trusses

Abstract: A truss assembly and truss hanger, bracing clip and attachment member for use with trusses is disclosed. The bracing clip is used for supporting a beam running transverse to a plurality of wooden trusses and includes a connector plate disposed within a first plane having a plurality of sharp projections extending generally perpendicular from the plane of the plate for use in fixedly attaching the connector plate to the top wooden member of the truss, a first surface attached to and extending from the connector plate generally within the first plane, a second surface disposed within a second plane which is attached to the first surface and forming approximately a 90° angle with the first surface, the second surface being parallel to the longitudinal axis of the beam when the second surface is in contact with the beam, a third surface disposed within a third plane which is joined to the second surface and forming approximately a 90° angle with the second plane, the third surface being substantially perpendicular to the first plane, and the third surface being adapted for attachment to said beam underneath and across its thickness.

Lock device for loading equipment

Abstract: The present invention relates to loading equipment comprising a hook-device type arm construction which includes a rear frame, a middle frame, and an angle piece. An upper end of the vertical part of the angle piece is provided with a hook for engaging a corresponding grasping component at the front wall of the exchange platform. The rear frame of the loading equipment and the base construction of the exchange platform are provided with jointly operative locking arrangements for locking the exchange platform onto the loading equipment. The rear frame of the loading equipment is provided with safety catches placed at each side of the rear frame and arranged so that, when the exchange platform is being dumped, they pivot into the locking position, in which they prevent shifting of the exchange platform backwards in relation to the loading equipment, but the safety catches are opened when the rear frame is turned to the horizontal position. The locking arrangements include transverse locking pins fitted to the truck frame and locking levers fitted to the rear frame of the loading equipment with the levers being forced by the exchange platform in the transport position to the open position. The rear frame is secured to the truck frame when the exchange platform rises off the rear frame while the exchange platform is being loaded or removed.

Composite integral web stiffening method

Abstract: "I" beam or web structures (30) of laminated composite material or sheets (32, 34) are being stiffened by transverse web stiffeners (22) having a tubular configuration with flattened end portions (24). The flattened end (24) is inserted between the laminated web material or sheets (32, 34) and cured therewith to form an integral stiffened web structure (30).

On Failure Modes of Unidirectional Composites Under Compressive Loading

Abstract: Experimental and theoretical studies are presented on failure modes of unidirectional composites subjected to compressive loading. Failure modes investigated include: fiber microbuckling, fiber-matrix debonding followed by microbuckling, interaction failure (transverse splitting) and fiber strength failure. Use of large scale, nearly perfect model composites is made in studying the various failure modes as well as the influence of fiber-matrix interface on the compressive strength. Approximate equations are presented for predicting the microbuckling failure of composites, compressive strength of composites with unbonded fibers as well as the interaction failure of unidirectional composites whereby the axial compressive strength is shown to be dependent on the transverse tensile strength of composites. A discussion is also presented on the various failure modes as applied to practical composites.

Low-pressure mercury vapor discharge lamp, particularly U-shaped fluorescent lamp, and method of its manufacture

Abstract: To reduce the operating temperature of a U-shaped or multiple U-bent fluocent lamp, the respective longitudinal and transverse sectional elements of the U-shaped lamp are so related that the outer generating line M Q of the individual transverse tube sections (4; 20, 21, 22) is substantially straight; the diameter D LQ in the tube bends (5, 6; 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28) at the transition between the longitudinal tube sections (2, 3; 16, 17, 18, 19) and the respective transverse tube sections (4; 20, 21, 22) is larger than the diameter D Q of the individual transverse tube sections in the middle thereof, and the diameter D Q of the transverse tube section is at least as large as the diameter D L of the longitudinal tube sections; a depression or dent can be formed at the center of the outer surface of the transverse tube section, and the corners of the transverse tube section can include additional heat dissipating material to further reduce the operating temperature.

Transient Response of Laminated, Bimodular-Material, Composite Rectangular Plates

Abstract: The paper presents a finite-element analysis of the transient behavior of fiber-reinforced, single-layer and two-layer cross-ply rectangular plates of bimodular materials (i.e., materials whose linear elastic properties are dif ferent depending on whether the fiber-direction strains are tensile or com pressive). To validate the finite element results, a closed-form solution is also presented for a rectangular plate with all edges simply-supported without in- plane restraint (along the edge) and tangential rotation and subjected to sud denly applied sinusoidally distributed normal pressure. The time behavior of the transverse loading is arbitrary (e.g., step loading, impulse loading, etc.). Numerical results for transverse deflection and locations of the 'neutral sur face' as functions of time are presented for two bimodular materials. The finite element solutions agree very closely with the closed-form solutions.

The transverse Zeeman effect in calcium fluoride crystals containing erbium

Abstract: A detailed study has been made of the optical transverse Zeeman effect for trivalent erbium ions at sites of tetragonal C4v symmetry in crystals of calcium fluoride with magnetic fields of up to 6T. Interpretation of the optical absorption spectrum is complicated by the presence of magnetically non-equivalent C4v sites and Er3+ sites of other point symmetries, but selective excitation of fluorescence with a tunable dye laser has been used to isolate the spectrum of ions in the required transverse C4v sites. Selective laser excitation spectroscopy has also been used to locate several previously undetected Er3+ crystal-field energy levels for the C4v site. A crystal-field analysis has successfully accounted for the observed transverse Zeeman patterns, including the variation in these patterns as a function of orientation of the magnetic field in the (100) crystal plane and as a function of magnetic field strength.