Showing papers on "Transverse plane published in 2017"
TL;DR: The study reveals the potential for utilizing piezoelectric 2D materials and their van der Waals multilayer structures in device applications.
Abstract: Piezoelectricity in 2D van der Waals materials has received considerable interest because of potential applications in nanoscale energy harvesting, sensors, and actuators. However, in all the systems studied to date, strain and electric polarization are confined to the basal plane, limiting the operation of piezoelectric devices. In this paper, based on ab initio calculations, we report a 2D materials system, namely, the recently synthesized Janus MXY (M = Mo or W, X/Y = S, Se, or Te) monolayer and multilayer structures, with large out-of-plane piezoelectric polarization. For MXY monolayers, both strong in-plane and much weaker out-of-plane piezoelectric polarizations can be induced by a uniaxial strain in the basal plane. For multilayer MXY, we obtain a very strong out-of-plane piezoelectric polarization when strained transverse to the basal plane, regardless of the stacking sequence. The out-of-plane piezoelectric coefficient d33 is found to be strongest in multilayer MoSTe (5.7–13.5 pm/V depending on t...
522 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors demonstrate that the temporal degree of freedom can be exploited to efficiently synthesize one-dimensional pulsed optical sheets that propagate self-similarly in free space by introducing programmable conical (hyperbolic, parabolic, or elliptical) spectral correlations between the beam's spatial and temporal degrees of freedom.
Abstract: Diffraction-free optical beams propagate freely without change in shape and scale. Monochromatic beams that avoid diffractive spreading require two-dimensional transverse profiles, and there are no corresponding solutions for profiles restricted to one transverse dimension. Here, we demonstrate that the temporal degree of freedom can be exploited to efficiently synthesize one-dimensional pulsed optical sheets that propagate self-similarly in free space. By introducing programmable conical (hyperbolic, parabolic, or elliptical) spectral correlations between the beam's spatio-temporal degrees of freedom, a continuum of families of axially invariant pulsed localized beams is generated. The spectral loci of such beams are the reduced-dimensionality trajectories at the intersection of the light-cone with spatio-temporal spectral planes. Far from being exceptional, self-similar axial propagation is a generic feature of fields whose spatial and temporal degrees of freedom are tightly correlated. These one-dimensional `space-time' beams can be useful in optical sheet microscopy, nonlinear spectroscopy, and non-contact measurements.
195 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of wave heating from driven and standing kink waves in a coronal loop were investigated using the MPI-AMRVAC code, using ideal, three dimensional magnetohydrodynamic simulations of both footpoint driven and free standing oscillations.
Abstract: Context. Recent numerical studies of oscillating flux tubes have established the significance of resonant absorption in the damping of propagating transverse oscillations in coronal loops. The nonlinear nature of the mechanism has been examined alongside the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability, which is expected to manifest in the resonant layers at the edges of the flux tubes. While these two processes have been hypothesized to heat coronal loops through the dissipation of wave energy into smaller scales, the occurring mixing with the hotter surroundings can potentially hide this effect.
Aims. We aim to study the effects of wave heating from driven and standing kink waves in a coronal loop.
Methods. Using the MPI-AMRVAC code, we perform ideal, three dimensional magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations of both (a) footpoint driven and (b) free standing oscillations in a straight coronal flux tube, in the presence of numerical resistivity.
Results. We have observed the development of Kelvin-Helmholtz eddies at the loop boundary layer of all three models considered here, as well as an increase of the volume averaged temperature inside the loop. The main heating mechanism in our setups was Ohmic dissipation, as indicated by the higher values for the temperatures and current densities located near the footpoints. The introduction of a temperature gradient between the inner tube and the surrounding plasma, suggests that the mixing of the two regions, in the case of hotter environment, greatly increases the temperature of the tube at the site of the strongest turbulence, beyond the contribution of the aforementioned wave heating mechanism.
72 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a series of experiments were conducted to analyze and discuss ceiling maximum thermal smoke temperature and longitudinal decay along the centerline of the tunnel with different transverse fire source locations.
59 citations
TL;DR: A generalized model for the creation of vector Bessel-Gauss (BG) beams having state of polarization (SoP) varying along the propagation direction is proposed and the self-healing capability of spatial SoP information is evaluated.
Abstract: We propose a generalized model for the creation of vector Bessel-Gauss (BG) beams having state of polarization (SoP) varying along the propagation direction. By engineering longitudinally varying Pancharatnam-Berry (PB) phases of two constituent components with orthogonal polarizations, we create zeroth- and higher-order vector BG beams having (i) uniform polarizations in the transverse plane that change along z following either the equator or meridian of the Poincare sphere and (ii) inhomogeneous polarizations in the transverse plane that rotate during propagation along z. Moreover, we evaluate the self-healing capability of these vector BG beams after two disparate obstacles. The self-healing capability of spatial SoP information may enrich the application of BG beams in light-matter interaction, polarization metrology and microscopy.
57 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the transverse momentum spectrum of hadrons in jets was studied and the effects of the jet boundary factorize, leading to a new transversemomentum-dependent (TMD) fragmentation function.
Abstract: We study the transverse momentum spectrum of hadrons in jets. By measuring the transverse momentum with respect to a judiciously chosen axis, we find that this observable is insensitive to (the recoil of) soft radiation. Furthermore, for small transverse momenta we show that the effects of the jet boundary factorize, leading to a new transverse-momentum-dependent (TMD) fragmentation function. In contrast to the usual TMD fragmentation functions, it does not involve rapidity divergences and is universal in the sense that it is independent of the type of process and number of jets. These results directly apply to sub-jets instead of hadrons. We discuss potential applications, which include studying nuclear modification effects in heavy-ion collisions and identifying boosted heavy resonances.
56 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of wave heating from driven and standing kink waves in a coronal loop were investigated using the MPI-AMRVAC code, using ideal, three dimensional magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations of both footpoint driven and free standing oscillations.
Abstract: Recent numerical studies of oscillating flux tubes have established the significance of resonant absorption in the damping of propagating transverse oscillations in coronal loops. The nonlinear nature of the mechanism has been examined alongside the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability, which is expected to manifest in the resonant layers at the edges of the flux tubes. While these two processes have been hypothesized to heat coronal loops through the dissipation of wave energy into smaller scales, the occurring mixing with the hotter surroundings can potentially hide this effect. We aim to study the effects of wave heating from driven and standing kink waves in a coronal loop. Using the MPI-AMRVAC code, we perform ideal, three dimensional magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations of both (a) footpoint driven and (b) free standing oscillations in a straight coronal flux tube, in the presence of numerical resistivity. We have observed the development of Kelvin-Helmholtz eddies at the loop boundary layer of all three models considered here, as well as an increase of the volume averaged temperature inside the loop. The main heating mechanism in our setups was Ohmic dissipation, as indicated by the higher values for the temperatures and current densities located near the footpoints. The introduction of a temperature gradient between the inner tube and the surrounding plasma, suggests that the mixing of the two regions, in the case of hotter environment, greatly increases the temperature of the tube at the site of the strongest turbulence, beyond the contribution of the aforementioned wave heating mechanism.
49 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a comprehensive eigenmode analysis on the dispersive properties of sausage modes in pressureless tubes with three families of continuous radial density profiles was conducted, and a rich variety of the dependence on axial wavenumber k of the axial group speed vgr.
Abstract: The behavior of the axial group speeds of trapped sausage modes plays an important role in determining impulsively generated wave trains, which have often been invoked to account for quasi-periodic signals with quasiperiods of theorder of seconds in a considerable number of coronal structures. We conduct a comprehensive eigenmode analysis, both analytically and numerically, on the dispersive properties of sausage modes in pressureless tubes with three families of continuous radial density profiles. We find a rich variety of the dependence on the axial wavenumber k of the axial group speed vgr. Depending on the density contrast and profile steepness as well as on the detailed profile description, the – v k gr curves either possess or do not possess cutoff wavenumbers, and they can behave in either a monotonical or non-monotonical manner. With time-dependent simulations, we further show that this rich variety of the group speed characteristics heavily influences the temporal evolution and Morlet spectra of impulsively generated wave trains. In particular, the Morlet spectra can look substantially different from the “crazy tadpoles” found for the much-studied discontinuous density profiles. We conclude that it is necessary to re-examine available high-cadence data to look for the rich set of temporal and spectral features that can be employed to discriminate between the unknown forms of the density distributions transverse to coronal structures.
48 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present an experimental study on the stress-strain relation of confined concrete that considers the corrosion effects of transverse reinforcement, and a complete stressstrain model for confined concrete with corroded transverse reinforced reinforcement is developed.
48 citations
TL;DR: A new design is presented that employs an additional sensor to capture also the tensile force along the tool axis and can predict 3-D forces with an rms error under 0.15 mN in the transverse plane and within 2 mN accuracy in the axial direction.
Abstract: In vitreoretinal surgery, membrane peeling is a prototypical task where a layer of fibrous tissue is delaminated off the retina with a micro-forceps by applying very fine forces that are mostly imperceptible to the surgeon. Previously, we developed sensitized ophthalmic surgery tools based on fiber Bragg grating strain sensors, which were shown to precisely detect forces at the instrument’s tip in two degrees of freedom perpendicular to the tool axis. This paper presents a new design that employs an additional sensor to capture also the tensile force along the tool axis. The grasping functionality is provided via a compact motorized unit. To compute forces, we investigate two distinct fitting methods: a linear regression and a nonlinear fitting based on second-order Bernstein polynomials. We carry out experiments to test the repeatability of sensor outputs, calibrate the sensor, and validate its performance. Results demonstrate sensor wavelength repeatability within 2 pm. Although the linear method provides sufficient accuracy in measuring transverse forces, in the axial direction, it produces a root mean square (rms) error over 3 mN even for a confined magnitude and direction of forces. On the other hand, the nonlinear method provides a more consistent and accurate measurement of both the transverse and axial forces for the entire force range (0–25 mN). Validation, including random samples, shows that our tool with the nonlinear force computation method can predict 3-D forces with an rms error under 0.15 mN in the transverse plane and within 2 mN accuracy in the axial direction.
47 citations
01 Jan 2017
TL;DR: In this article, a reduced-scale rocket engine operated by DLR has been simulated in the Large-Eddy Simulation (LES) with 42 coaxial injectors fed with liquid oxygen and gaseous hydrogen.
Abstract: The Large-Eddy Simulation of a reduced-scale rocket engine operated by DLR has been conducted. This configuration features 42 coaxial injectors fed with liquid oxygen and gaseous hydrogen. For a given set of injection conditions the combustor exhibits strong transverse thermo-acoustic oscillations that are retrieved by the numerical simulation. The spatial structure of the two main modes observed in the LES is investigated through 3D Fourier analysis during the limit cycle. They are respectively associated with the first transverse and first radial resonant acoustic modes of the combustion chamber. The contributions of each individual flame to the unsteady heat release rate and the Rayleigh index are reconstructed for each mode. These contributions are in both cases low in the vicinity of velocity anti-nodes and high near pressure anti-nodes. Moreover it is noticed that these pressure fluctuations lead to large velocity oscillations in the hydrogen stream. From these observations, a driving mechanism for the flame response is proposed and values for the gain and phase of the associated flame transfer function are evaluated from the LES.
TL;DR: In this article, a six-variable quasi-3D model with one additional variable in transverse displacement of higher-order shear deformation theory (HSDT) is developed to take into account the effects of transverse shears and normal strain in a laminated composite plate.
TL;DR: In this paper, three different types of yarn have been subjected to transverse impact experiments in efforts to gain an understanding of local yarn failure and to provide input parameters for future transverse ya...
Abstract: Three different types of yarn have been subjected to transverse impact experiments in efforts to gain an understanding of local yarn failure and to provide input parameters for future transverse ya...
TL;DR: In this paper, a kink oscillation damped by mode coupling was used to model the motion of coronal loops and to calculate plasma parameters of the oscillating loops including the transverse density profile, magnetic field strength, and phase mixing timescale.
Abstract: Aims. We extend recently developed seismological methods to analyse oscillating loops which feature a large initial shift in the equilibrium position and investigate additional observational signatures related to the loop environment and oscillation driver. Methods. We model the motion of coronal loops as a kink oscillation damped by mode coupling, accounting for any change in loop length and the possible presence of parallel harmonics in addition to the fundamental mode. We apply our model to a loop which rapidly contracts due to a post-flare implosion (SOL2012-03-09) and a loop with a large lateral displacement (SOL2012-10-20). Results. The seismological method is used to calculate plasma parameters of the oscillating loops including the transverse density profile, magnetic field strength, and phase mixing timescale. For SOL2012-03-09 the period of oscillation has a linear correlation with the contracting motion and suggests the kink speed remains constant during the oscillation. The implosion excitation mechanism is found to be associated with an absence of additional parallel harmonics. Conclusions. The improved Bayesian analysis of the coronal loop motion allows for accurate seismology of plasma parameters, and the evolution of the period of oscillation compared with the background trend can be used to distinguish between loop motions in the plane of the loop and those perpendicular to it. The seismologically inferred kink speed and density contrast imply sub-Alfvenic ( M A = 0.16 ± 0.03) propagation of the magnetic reconfiguration associated with the implosion, as opposed to triggering by a wave propagating at the Alfven speed.
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of a transverse flow on the mixing layer and coherent structures that form at the main channel and adjacent floodplains interfaces was investigated, where a wide range of initial velocity ratio or dimensionless shear between MC and FP was tested.
Abstract: Turbulent mixing layers associated with streamwise uniform and non-uniform flows in compound channels (main channel with adjacent floodplains) are experimentally investigated. The experiments start with uniform flow conditions. The streamwise non-uniformity is then generated by imposing an imbalance in the upstream discharge distribution between main channel (MC) and floodplains (FPs), keeping the total discharge constant, which results in a transverse depth-averaged mean flow. This study firstly aims at assessing the effect of a transverse flow on the mixing layer and coherent structures that form at the MC/FP interfaces. A wide range of initial velocity ratio or dimensionless shear between MC and FP is tested. The study secondly aims at assessing the effect of this velocity ratio on the mixing layer, for a fixed vertical confinement of flow. The total discharge was then varied to quantify the confinement effect. The results show that, far from the inlet section, Reynolds-stresses increase with local velocity ratio for a fixed confinement, and decrease with confinement for a fixed velocity ratio. It is also shown that, irrespective of confinement, the existence of quasi-two-dimensional coherent structures is driven by velocity ratio and the direction and magnitude of transverse flow. These structures cannot develop if velocity ratio is lower than 0.3 and if a strong transverse flow towards the MC occurs. In the latter case, the transverse flow is the predominant contribution to momentum exchange (compared with turbulent mixing and secondary currents), convex mean velocity profiles are observed, preventing the formation of quasi-two-dimensional structures.
TL;DR: In this article, the axial and transverse dynamic response of a functionally graded nanobeam under a moving constant load was analyzed using the Hamilton principle and non-local Euler-Bernoulli beam theory.
Abstract: This paper aims to analyze the axial and transverse dynamic response of a functionally graded nanobeam under a moving constant load. The governing equations are obtained using the Hamilton principle and nonlocal Euler–Bernoulli beam theory. The mechanical properties vary in the thickness direction. The simply supported boundary condition is assumed and using the Laplace transform, the exact solution for the transverse and axial dynamic response is presented. Some examples were used to analyze nonlocal parameters such as power law index of FG materials, aspect ratio and the velocity of a moving constant load and also their influence on axial and transverse dynamic and maximum deflections. By obtaining a good agreement between the presented natural frequencies in this study and previous works, the results of this study are validated.
TL;DR: In this paper, a generic swirl-stabilized premixed flame was subjected to transverse acoustic pressure fluctuations by generating controlled standing acoustic modes in this combustor, and the results revealed that flame response to these pressure fluctuations is quantitatively different when compared to axial forcing for low frequencies.
TL;DR: In this article, a deepwater riser with combined axial and transverse excitations is considered and the nonlinear coupled equations of a riser's dynamic motion are formulated and then solved by the central difference method in the time domain.
Abstract: In offshore engineering long slender risers are simultaneously subjected to both axial and transverse excitations. The axial load is the fluctuating top tension which is induced by the floater’s heave motion, while the transverse excitation comes from environmental loads such as waves. As the time-varying axial load may trigger classical parametric resonance, dynamic analysis of a deepwater riser with combined axial and transverse excitations becomes more complex. In this study, to fully capture the coupling effect between the planar axial and transverse vibrations, the nonlinear coupled equations of a riser’s dynamic motion are formulated and then solved by the central difference method in the time domain. For comparison, numerical simulations are carried out for both linear and nonlinear models. The results show that the transverse displacements predicted by both models are similar to each other when only the random transverse excitation is applied. However, when the combined axial dynamic tension and transverse wave forces are both considered, the linear model underestimates the response because it ignores the coupling effect. Thus the coupled model is more appropriate for deep water. It is also found that the axial excitation can significantly increase the riser’s transverse response and hence the bending stress, especially for cases when the time-varying tension is located at the classical parametric resonance region. Such time-varying effects should be taken into account in fatigue safety assessment.
TL;DR: The design and implementation of a compact fiber-optics-based heterodyne combined normal and transverse displacement interferometer is discussed, using a 1550 nm wavelength 2 W fiber-coupled laser and single mode fibers to transport light to and from the target.
Abstract: While Photonic Doppler Velocimetry (PDV) has become a common diagnostic tool for the measurement of normal component of particle motion in shock wave experiments, this technique has not yet been modified for the measurement of combined normal and transverse motion, as needed in oblique plate impact experiments. In this paper, we discuss the design and implementation of a compact fiber-optics-based heterodyne combined normal and transverse displacement interferometer. Like the standard PDV, this diagnostic tool is assembled using commercially available telecommunications hardware and uses a 1550 nm wavelength 2 W fiber-coupled laser, an optical focuser, and single mode fibers to transport light to and from the target. Two additional optical probes capture first-order beams diffracted from a reflective grating at the target free-surface and deliver the beams past circulators and a coupler where the signal is combined to form a beat frequency. The combined signal is then digitized and analyzed to determine the transverse component of the particle motion. The maximum normal velocity that can be measured by this system is limited by the equivalent transmission bandwidth (3.795 GHz) of the combined detector, amplifier, and digitizer and is estimated to be ∼2.9 km/s. Sample symmetric oblique plate-impact experiments are performed to demonstrate the capability of this diagnostic tool in the measurement of the combined normal and transverse displacement particle motion.
TL;DR: In this paper, the Wigner distributions for u and d quarks in a light-front quark-diquark model of a proton were investigated to unravel the spatial and spin structure.
Abstract: We investigate the Wigner distributions for u and d quarks in a light-front quark-diquark model of a proton to unravel the spatial and spin structure. The light-front wave functions are modeled from the soft-wall AdS/QCD prediction. We consider the contributions from both the scalar and the axial vector diquarks. The Wigner distributions for unpolarized, longitudinally polarized, and transversely polarized protons are presented in the transverse momentum plane as well as in the transverse impact parameter plane. The Wigner distributions satisfy a Soffer-bound-type inequality. We also evaluate all the leading-twist GTMDs and show their scale evolution. The spin-spin correlations between the quark and the proton are investigated.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors measured in vivo skeletal muscle elasticity in the transverse and longitudinal planes using shear wave elastography and then compared the image stability, measurement values and measurement repeatability between these imaging planes.
Abstract: The aim of the present study was to measure in vivo skeletal muscle elasticity in the transverse and longitudinal planes using shear wave elastography and then to compare the image stability, measurement values and measurement repeatability between these imaging planes. Thirty-one healthy males participated in this study. Tissue elasticity (shear wave velocity) of the medial gastrocnemius, rectus femoris, biceps brachii and rectus abdominis was measured in both the transverse and longitudinal planes using shear wave elastography. Image stability was evaluated by the standard deviation of the colour distribution in the shear wave elastography image. Measurement repeatability was assessed by the coefficient of variance obtained from three measurement values. Image stability of all tested muscles was significantly higher in the longitudinal plane (P 0·05), except in the biceps brachii (P = 0·001). Measurement values of the medial gastrocnemius, rectus femoris and biceps brachii were significantly different between the imaging planes (P<0·001). Image stability and measurement values of shear wave elastography images varied with imaging plane, which indicates that imaging plane should be considered when measuring skeletal muscle tissue elasticity by shear wave elastography.
TL;DR: In this paper, a modified SST turbulence model is applied for the numerical simulations based on OpenFOAM to get more accurate results, and the influence of the magnitude of inflow acceleration in numerical simulation is also investigated.
TL;DR: At lower lumbar levels the exiting nerve root is at risks of injury and it is advised to enlarge the foramen for safe passage of endoscopic instruments and to minimize the possibility of nerve injury.
Abstract: A radiographic study to analyze the working zone and relationship of the nerve root to their corresponding intervertebral disc for transforaminal percutaneous approaches. 100 MRIs of transverse and sagittal views of 37 males, 63 females (average age 45 years), 50 MRIs of coronal views of 22 males, 28 females (average age 42 years), and 100 X-rays, 46 males, 54 females (average age of 44 years) were used for image analysis. All radiologic measurements were obtained independently by two experienced radiologists. On sagittal plane, foraminal height, foraminal diameter, nerve root-disc distance and nerve root-pedicle distance were measured. On transverse plane, foraminal width, nerve root-disc distance, nerve root-facet distance and target angle (J°) were analyzed at the superior (s) and inferior (i) margin of the disc. On coronal plane, nerve root-disc distance and nerve root-pedicle distance were measured at the medial, middle and lateral borders of the pedicle. Sagittal plane; foraminal height and diameter decreased caudally. Transverse plane; foraminal width was larger at the superior margin of the disc. Nerve root-disc distance decreased caudally. The nerve root lied dorsal to the disc at L2–L3 and L3–L4, whereas at L4–L5 and L5–S1 it lied ventrally. Nerve root-facet distance was shortest at the superior margin. Target angles (Js°, Ji°) at L2–L3 and L3–L4 were wider at their superior margin than at their inferior margin. Coronal plane; nerve root-disc distance increased from L2–L3 to L5–S1 whereas nerve root-pedicle distances decreased, thus coursing more vertically. At lower lumbar levels the exiting nerve root is at risks of injury. Hence, it is advised to enlarge the foramen for safe passage of endoscopic instruments and to minimize the possibility of nerve injury.
TL;DR: In this paper, the transverse density structuring of coronal loops was calculated for the first time using the general damping profile for kink oscillations, and the estimate of the transition layer width using forward modelling is consistent with the seismological estimate.
Abstract: Aims. The transverse density structuring of coronal loops was recently calculated for the first time using the general damping profile for kink oscillations. This seismological method assumes a density profile with a linear transition region. We consider to what extent this density profile accounts for the observed intensity profile of the loop, and how the transverse intensity profile may be used to complement the seismological technique.Methods. We use isothermal and optically transparent approximations for which the intensity of extreme ultraviolet (EUV) emission is proportional to the square of the plasma density integrated along the line of sight. We consider four different models for the transverse density profile; the generalised Epstein profile, the step function, the linear transition region profile, and a Gaussian profile. The effect of the point spread function is included and Bayesian analysis is used for comparison of the models.Results. The two profiles with finite transitions are found to be preferable to the step function profile, which supports the interpretation of kink mode damping as being due to mode coupling. The estimate of the transition layer width using forward modelling is consistent with the seismological estimate.Conclusions. For wide loops, that is those observed with sufficiently high spatial resolution, this method can provide an independent estimate of density profile parameters for comparison with seismological estimates. In the ill-posed case of only one of the Gaussian or exponential damping regimes being observed, it may provide additional information to allow a seismological inversion to be performed. Alternatively, it may be used to obtain structuring information for loops that do not oscillate.
TL;DR: It is shown that the suggested TO-DB method can improve the performance of velocity estimates compared with TO, and with a beamforming load, which is 4.6 times larger than for TO and seven times smaller than for conventional DB.
Abstract: Several techniques can estimate the 2-D velocity vector in ultrasound. Directional beamforming (DB) estimates blood flow velocities with a higher precision and accuracy than transverse oscillation (TO), but at the cost of a high beamforming load when estimating the flow angle. In this paper, it is proposed to use TO to estimate an initial flow angle, which is then refined in a DB step. Velocity magnitude is estimated along the flow direction using cross correlation. It is shown that the suggested TO-DB method can improve the performance of velocity estimates compared with TO, and with a beamforming load, which is 4.6 times larger than for TO and seven times smaller than for conventional DB. Steered plane wave transmissions are employed for high frame rate imaging, and parabolic flow with a peak velocity of 0.5 m/s is simulated in straight vessels at beam-to-flow angles from 45° to 90°. The TO-DB method estimates the angle with a bias and standard deviation (SD) less than 2°, and the SD of the velocity magnitude is less than 2%. When using only TO, the SD of the angle ranges from 2° to 17° and for the velocity magnitude up to 7%. Bias of the velocity magnitude is within 2% for TO and slightly larger but within 4% for TO-DB. The same trends are observed in measurements although with a slightly larger bias. Simulations of realistic flow in a carotid bifurcation model provide visualization of complex flow, and the spread of velocity magnitude estimates is 7.1 cm/s for TO-DB, while it is 11.8 cm/s using only TO. However, velocities for TO-DB are underestimated at peak systole as indicated by a regression value of 0.97 for TO and 0.85 for TO-DB. An in vivo scanning of the carotid bifurcation is used for vector velocity estimations using TO and TO-DB. The SD of the velocity profile over a cardiac cycle is 4.2% for TO and 3.2% for TO-DB.
TL;DR: In this article, the transverse trace space of low-emittance electron beams accelerated in the bubble regime of laser-plasma interaction is reconstructed using a single-shot measurement of both the electron energy spectrum and the betatron radiation spectrum.
Abstract: A new methodology able to model and reconstruct the transverse trace space of low-emittance electron beams accelerated in the bubble regime of laser-plasma interaction is presented. The single-shot measurement of both the electron energy spectrum and the betatron radiation spectrum is shown to allow a complete measurement of the transverse emittance, including the correlation term. A novel technique to directly measure the betatron oscillation amplitude distribution is described and tested at the SPARC-LAB test facility through the interaction of the ultrashort ultraintense Ti:Sa laser FLAME with a He gas-jet target. Via the exposed technique the beam transverse profile is also retrieved. From the study of the electron transverse dynamics inside the plasma bubble, the nonlinear correlation between the betatron amplitude and the divergence, i.e. the angle with respect the acceleration axis, is found. The angular distribution of the electron beam inside the bubble is retrieved. The knowledge of the trace-space density allows a more accurate measurement of the transverse emittance with respect to previous paradigms.
TL;DR: In this paper, a modified loop array with compact unit cell is used to implement the nonuniformly or uniformly sampled phase gradient of the metasurface for backscattering enhancement of elliptic and circular cylinders.
Abstract: The electromagnetic backscattering enhancement of both elliptic and circular conducting cylinders is investigated in this paper through the design of conformal and polarization-independent gradient metasurfaces. The presented metasurface designs employ varying phase gradient along the circumferential direction of the involved cylinder so that effective retroreflection can be achieved through redirecting the scattering dispersed by the conducting cylinder back to the direction from which the plane electromagnetic wave is coming. Supported by a grounded thin substrate with a relatively high dielectric constant, a modified loop array with compact unit cell is used to implement the nonuniformly or uniformly sampled phase gradient of the metasurface. It is observed that the metasurface-coated elliptic and circular cylinders can generate backscattering very close to that by corresponding flat conducting plates with their main planes perpendicular to the incident wave vector, for both transverse magnetic (TM) and transverse electric (TE) polarizations. Compared with the conducting cylinders without coating, the backscattering is thus effectively enhanced by the conformal gradient metasurfaces. Good agreement between simulated and measured backscattering results validates the observations.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors studied a plane system with three component bars and determined the properties of the eigenvalues and eigenmodes for transverse and torsional vibrations of a mechanical system where two of the components are identical.
Abstract: The paper aims to study a plane system with bars, with certain symmetries. Such problems can be encountered frequently in industry and civil engineering. Considerations related to the economy of the design process, constructive simplicity, cost and logistics make the use of identical parts a frequent procedure. The paper aims to determine the properties of the eigenvalues and eigenmodes for transverse and torsional vibrations of a mechanical system where two of the three component bars are identical. The determination of these properties allows the calculus effort and the computation time and thus increases the accuracy of the results in such matters.
TL;DR: The electric fields within the focal region are calculated to evaluate the intensities and polarization distributions of the tightly focused beams corresponding to both the theoretical and experimentally generated pupil fields and the results clearly demonstrate the validity of the proposed technique.
Abstract: We demonstrate a method to generate complex optical fields at the pupil plane of a high numerical aperture (NA) objective lens for the creation of diffraction limited optical focus with purely transverse spin angular momentum. The complex optical fields are analytically deduced through reversing the radiated patterns from two electric dipoles, which are located at the focal point of the high NA lens and oscillate respectively in x- and z- directions with phase difference of π/2. The derived fields can be experimentally created with a vectorial optical field generator. Using the Richard-Wolf vectorial diffraction theory, the electric fields within the focal region are calculated to evaluate the intensities and polarization distributions of the tightly focused beams corresponding to both the theoretical and experimentally generated pupil fields and the results clearly demonstrate the validity of the proposed technique.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the ionization dynamics of atoms irradiated by an intense laser field using a semiclassical model that includes magnetic Lorentz force in the rescattering process.
Abstract: We investigate the ionization dynamics of atoms irradiated by an intense laser field using a semiclassical model that includes magnetic Lorentz force in the rescattering process. We find that the electrons tunneled with different initial transverse momenta (i.e., perpendicular to the instantaneous electric field direction) distributed on a specific circle in the momentum plane can finally converge to the same transverse momentum after experiencing Coulomb forward scattering. These electron trajectories lead to a bright spot structure in the two-dimensional transverse momentum distribution, and particularly in the long-wavelength limit, a nonzero momentum peak in the direction antiparallel to the laser propagation (or radiation pressure) direction. By analyzing the subcycle dynamics of rescattering trajectories, we unveil the underlying mechanism of the anti-intuitive peak. Beyond the strong-field approximation and the dipole approximation, we quantitatively predict the spot center and the peak position. Our results are compared with a recent experiment and some theoretical predictions are given.