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Transverse plane

About: Transverse plane is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 17069 publications have been published within this topic receiving 194059 citations. The topic is also known as: axial plane.


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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: To clarify whether the ‘plane of minimal dimensions’ of the levator hiatus on three‐dimensional ultrasound accurately represents the minimal anatomical transverse hiatal dimension during a Valsalva maneuver, a 3D ultrasound study is conducted.
Abstract: Objective To clarify whether the ‘plane of minimal dimensions’ of the levator hiatus on three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound accurately represents the minimal anatomical transverse hiatal dimension during a Valsalva maneuver. Methods In this retrospective study of 3D transperineal ultrasound and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, datasets from 19 female participants were used to measure the transverse diameter of the levator hiatus using the plane of minimal dimensions on maximum Valsalva maneuver. The term ‘apparent minimal transverse diameter’ (aMTD) was used to define the transverse diameter measured using axial ultrasound and comparable axial or coronal MR images. Coronal MR images, using the plane of the vagina as a reference, were also obtained on maximum Valsalva. The transverse diameter measured between the caudal margin of the pubococcygeus/puborectalis on the MR coronal image is denoted by the term ‘true minimal transverse diameter’ (tMTD). Statistical comparisons between the aMTD and tMTD were made using Student's t-test. Results No significant difference was demonstrated between the aMTD as measured by ultrasonography and MRI. However, there were significant differences found between the aMTD measured by both ultrasound and MRI and the tMTD measured on coronal MR images (both P < 0.01), with mean ( ± SD) values of 4.36 ± 0.85, 4.13 ± 1.09 and 3.23 ± 0.49 cm, respectively. Conclusion This study highlights the complexity and 3D nature of the levator hiatus and pelvic floor muscles. Investigators have previously assumed that the plane of minimal dimensions of the hiatus can be measured in a flat plane, however, the 3D nature of the hiatus means that the true levator hiatus occupies a warped (non-Euclidean) plane. Hiatal measurements on Valsalva may be subject to systematic error if performed in a single section, i.e. using a flat (Euclidean) plane. Copyright © 2010 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

49 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a general form of the dispersion tensor is derived for axisymmetric porous media involving four dispersivity coefficients corresponding to longitudinal and transverse dispersion in horizontal and vertical directions, defined as perpendicular and parallel to the axis of symmetry, respectively.
Abstract: [1] A general form of the dispersion tensor is derived for axisymmetric porous media involving four dispersivity coefficients corresponding to longitudinal and transverse dispersion in horizontal and vertical directions, defined as perpendicular and parallel to the axis of symmetry, respectively. The general form of the dispersion tensor provides for distinct vertical and horizontal longitudinal dispersivity values. Transverse dispersion is isotropic for flow parallel to the symmetry axis and anisotropic for flow perpendicular to the symmetry axis with distinct horizontal and vertical transverse dispersivities. The new form of the dispersion tensor is applied to several examples involving axisymmetric media utilizing particle tracking techniques and compared to the tensor proposed by Burnett and Frind [1987]. It is demonstrated that for the case of spatially variable flow the drift term ∇ · (ϕD)/ϕ must generally be included in the particle tracking algorithm to obtain accurate results.

49 citations

Patent
07 May 1982
TL;DR: In this paper, a high-speed tire for use during both wet and drying road surface conditions is disclosed, where the tread groove depth increases from a minimum depth near each tread edge to a maximum depth near the mid-circumferential plane.
Abstract: A high-speed tire (10) for use during both wet and drying road surface conditions is disclosed. The tread groove depth increases from a minimum depth near each tread edge to a maximum depth near the mid-circumferential plane (28). Each of an outer group of tread elements (32) has a ground-contacting surface area equal to at least about two square inches (12.90 cm²) and the net-to-gross ratio of the tread central zone is not geater than about 65 percent. Transverse grooves (42) extend from the mid-circumferential plane (28) to a tread edge at an angle relative to the mid-circumferential plane which is greater than about 75 degrees at the respective tread edge (as shown at 44) and which is less than about 40 degrees at the mid-­ circumferential plane (as shown at 46). The widths of circumferential grooves (34) progressively decrease as their respective distances from the mid-circumferential plane (28) increase.

49 citations

Patent
19 Oct 1993
TL;DR: A windscreen wiper includes an elongate curved backbone which is of a resiliently flexible material and which has a connecting formation at a position intermediate its length for connection to a displacing and force applying member as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: A windscreen wiper includes an elongate curved backbone which is of a resiliently flexible material and which has a connecting formation at a position intermediate its length for connection to a displacing and force applying member. The backbone has a free-form curved profile in a plane, thereby to define a transverse axis perpendicular to the plane. The backbone further has a suitably varying transverse cross-sectional profile along its length such that if it is clamped at its connecting formation and a test force of 1N applied at a tip in a direction that is parallel to the transverse axis, the tip is displaced less than 1.0 mm.

49 citations


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Performance
Metrics
No. of papers in the topic in previous years
YearPapers
20231,178
20222,308
2021385
2020597
2019709
2018654