Transverse plane

About: Transverse plane is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 17069 publications have been published within this topic receiving 194059 citations. The topic is also known as: axial plane.

Orientational imaging of single molecules by annular illumination

Abstract: The absorption dipole orientation of single fluorescent molecules is determined by mapping the spatial distribution of the squared electric field components in a high-numerical-aperture laser focus. Annular illumination geometry and the vicinity of a plane dielectric/air interface strongly enhance the longitudinal field component and the transverse fields perpendicular to the polarization direction. As a result, all three excitation field components in the focus are of comparable magnitude. The scheme holds promise to monitor rotational diffusion of single molecules in complex environments.

Theory of the Prism–Film Coupler by Plane-Wave Analysis

Abstract: A laser beam can be coupled with high efficiency into a light-guiding thin film by means of a prism–film coupler. Basically this device is a totally reflecting prism, the light-guiding film being separated from the reflecting prism face by a narrow gap of reduced refractive index. This coupling scheme is analyzed in detail by the method of plane-wave expansion. It is shown how the coupling efficiency is determined by the competition between the desired coupling effect and the reverse effect of leakage. A general condition is derived under which the transverse profile of the input beam continues undistorted into the guide. The theory is illustrated for a gaussian beam, which allows a maximum coupling efficiency of 0.80.

Articular facets of the human spine. Quantitative three-dimensional anatomy.

Abstract: This study provides the quantitative three-dimensional surface anatomy of the articular facets for the entire human vertebral column based on a study of 276 vertebrae. Means and standard errors of the means for linear, angular, and area dimensions of the superior and inferior articular facets were measured for all vertebrae from C2 to L5. Facet orientations were described as angles with respect to the sagittal and transverse planes and also as card angles. The plane angles are similar to the angles seen on traditional radiographic views--radiographs and computed tomographic scans. The card angles, a new concept, are better at helping visualize the three-dimensional orientations of the facets. Excluding the superior C2 facet, the following minimum and maximum dimensions were found for the facets from C3 to L5: width = 9.6-16.3 mm; height = 10.2-18.4; surface area = 72.3-211.9 mm2; interfacet width = 20.8-40.6; interfacet height = 12.2-33.0 mm; transverse plane angle = 41.0-86.0; sagittal plane angle = 67.4-154.8; X-card angle = 41.0-86.0; and Y-card angle = 5.8-66.1. The quantitative anatomy of the facets may improve the understanding of the spinal anatomy, help improve the clinical diagnosis and treatment, and provide the necessary data for constructing more realistic mathematical models of the spine.

A stable finite element solution for two-dimensional magnetotelluric modelling

Abstract: Summary. We report herein on a finite element algorithm for 2-D magnetotelluric modelling which solves directly for secondary variations in the field parallel to strike, plus the subsequent vertical and transverse auxiliary fields, for both transverse electric and transverse magnetic modes. The governing Helmholtz equations for the secondary fields along strike are the same as those for total field algorithms with the addition of source terms involving the primary fields and the conductivity difference between the body and the host. Our approach has overcome a difficulty with numerical accuracy at low frequencies observed in total field solutions with 32-bit arithmetic far the transverse magnetic mode especially, but also for the transverse electric mode. Matrix ill-conditioning, which affects total field solutions, increases with the number of element rows with the square of the maximum element aspect ratio and with the inverse of frequency. In the secondary formulation, the field along strike and the auxiliary fields do not need to be extracted in the face of an approximately computed primary field which increasingly dominates the total field solution towards low frequencies. In addition to low-frequency stability, the absolute accuracy of our algorithm is verified by comparison with the TM and the TE mode analytic responses of a segmented overburden model.