Showing papers on "Trichoderma longibrachiatum published in 2016"

Application of Plant-Growth-Promoting Fungi Trichoderma longibrachiatum T6 Enhances Tolerance of Wheat to Salt Stress through Improvement of Antioxidative Defense System and Gene Expression.

Abstract: Soil salinity is a serious problem worldwide that reduces agricultural productivity. Trichoderma longibrachiatum T6 (T6) has been shown to promote wheat growth and induce plant resistance to parasitic nematodes, but whether the plant-growth-promoting fungi T6 can enhance plant tolerance to salt stress is unknown. Here we determined the effect of plant-growth-promoting fungi T6 on wheat seedlings’ growth and development under salt stress, and investigated the role of T6 in inducing the resistance to NaCl stress at physiological, biochemical, and molecular levels. Wheat seedlings were inoculated with the strain of T6 and then compared with non-inoculated controls. Shoot height, root length, and shoot and root weights were measured on 15 days old wheat seedlings grown either under 150 mM NaCl or in a controlled setting without any NaCl. A number of colonies were re-isolated from the roots of wheat seedlings under salt stress. The relative water content in the leaves and roots, chlorophyll content, and root activity were significantly increased, and the accumulation of proline content in leaves was markedly accelerated with the plant growth parameters, but the content of leaf malondialdehyde (MDA) under saline condition was significantly decreased. The antioxidant enzymes-superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT) in wheat seedlings were increased by 29%, 39% and 19%, respectively, with the application of the strain of T6 under salt stress; the relative expression of SOD, POD and CAT genes in these wheat seedlings were significantly up-regulated. Our results indicated that the strain of T6 ameliorated the adverse effects significantly, protecting the seedlings from salt stress during their growth period. The possible mechanisms by which T6 suppresses the negative effect of NaCl stress on wheat seedling growth may be due to the improvement of the antioxidative defense system and gene expression in the stressed wheat plants.

Comparative analysis of the secretomes of Schizophyllum commune and other wood-decay basidiomycetes during solid-state fermentation reveals its unique lignocellulose-degrading enzyme system

Abstract: The genome of Schizophyllum commune encodes a diverse repertoire of degradative enzymes for plant cell wall breakdown. Recent comparative genomics study suggests that this wood decayer likely has a mode of biodegradation distinct from the well-established white-rot/brown-rot models. However, much about the extracellular enzyme system secreted by S. commune during lignocellulose deconstruction remains unknown and the underlying mechanism is poorly understood. In this study, extracellular proteins of S. commune colonizing Jerusalem artichoke stalk were analyzed and compared with those of two white-rot fungi Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Ceriporiopsis subvermispora and a brown-rot fungus Gloeophyllum trabeum. Under solid-state fermentation (SSF) conditions, S. commune displayed considerably higher levels of hydrolytic enzyme activities in comparison with those of P. chrysosporium, C. subvermispora and G. trabeum. During biodegradation process, this fungus modified the lignin polymer in a way which was consistent with a hydroxyl radical attack, similar to that of G. trabeum. The crude enzyme cocktail derived from S. commune demonstrated superior performance over a commercial enzyme preparation from Trichoderma longibrachiatum in the hydrolysis of pretreated lignocellulosic biomass at low enzyme loadings. Secretomic analysis revealed that compared with three other fungi, this species produced a higher diversity of carbohydrate-degrading enzymes, especially hemicellulases and pectinases acting on polysaccharide backbones and side chains, and a larger set of enzymes potentially supporting the generation of hydroxyl radicals. In addition, multiple non-hydrolytic proteins implicated in enhancing polysaccharide accessibility were identified in the S. commune secretome, including lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) and expansin-like proteins. Plant lignocellulose degradation by S. commune involves a hydroxyl radical-mediated mechanism for lignocellulose modification in parallel with the synergistic system of various polysaccharide-degrading enzymes. Furthermore, the complex enzyme system of S. commune holds significant potential for application in biomass saccharification. These discoveries will help unveil the diversity of natural lignocellulose-degrading mechanisms, and advance the design of more efficient enzyme mixtures for the deconstruction of lignocellulosic feedstocks.

Trichoderma species occurring on wood with decay symptoms in mountain forests in Central Europe: genetic and enzymatic characterization

Abstract: The aim of this study was to explore the species diversity of Trichoderma obtained from samples of wood collected in the forests of the Gorce Mountains (location A), Karkonosze Mountains (location B) and Tatra Mountains (location C) in Central Europe and to examine the cellulolytic and xylanolytic activity of these species as an expression of their probable role in wood decay processes. The present study has led to the identification of the following species and species complex: Trichoderma atroviride P. Karst., Trichoderma citrinoviride Bissett, Trichoderma cremeum P. Chaverri & Samuels, Trichoderma gamsii Samuels & Druzhin., Trichoderma harzianum complex, Trichoderma koningii Oudem., Trichoderma koningiopsis Samuels, C. Suarez & H.C. Evans, Trichoderma longibrachiatum Rifai, Trichoderma longipile Bissett, Trichoderma sp. (Hypocrea parapilulifera B.S. Lu, Druzhin. & Samuels), Trichoderma viride Schumach. and Trichoderma viridescens complex. Among them, T. viride was observed as the most abundant species (53 % of all isolates) in all the investigated locations. The Shannon's biodiversity index (H), evenness (E), and the Simpson's biodiversity index (D) calculations for each location showed that the highest species diversity and evenness were recorded for location A-Gorce Mountains (H' = 1.71, E = 0.82, D = 0.79). The preliminary screening of 119 Trichoderma strains for cellulolytic and xylanolytic activity showed the real potential of all Trichoderma species originating from wood with decay symptoms to produce cellulases and xylanases-the key enzymes in plant cell wall degradation.

Cellular and molecular insight into the inhibition of primary root growth of Arabidopsis induced by peptaibols, a class of linear peptide antibiotics mainly produced by Trichoderma spp.

Abstract: Trichoderma spp. are well known biocontrol agents that produce a variety of antibiotics. Peptaibols are a class of linear peptide antibiotics mainly produced by Trichoderma Alamethicin, the most studied peptaibol, is reported as toxic to plants at certain concentrations, while the mechanisms involved are unclear. We illustrated the toxic mechanisms of peptaibols by studying the growth-inhibitory effect of Trichokonin VI (TK VI), a peptaibol from Trichoderma longibrachiatum SMF2, on Arabidopsis primary roots. TK VI inhibited root growth by suppressing cell division and cell elongation, and disrupting root stem cell niche maintenance. TK VI increased auxin content and disrupted auxin response gradients in root tips. Further, we screened the Arabidopsis TK VI-resistant mutant tkr1. tkr1 harbors a point mutation in GORK, which encodes gated outwardly rectifying K(+)channel proteins. This mutation alleviated TK VI-induced suppression of K(+)efflux in roots, thereby stabilizing the auxin gradient. The tkr1 mutant also resisted the phytotoxicity of alamethicin. Our results indicate that GORK channels play a key role in peptaibol-plant interaction and that there is an inter-relationship between GORK channels and maintenance of auxin homeostasis. The cellular and molecular insight into the peptaibol-induced inhibition of plant root growth advances our understanding of Trichoderma-plant interactions.

Concomitant production of xylanases and cellulases from Trichoderma longibrachiatum MDU-6 selected for the deinking of paper waste.

Abstract: Sixty fungal cultures were isolated from agricultural soil, industrial soil, forest canopy soil having decomposed leaf litter and compost samples collected from different regions of India. Fifteen fungal cultures were selected qualitatively for the production of xylanase and cellulases and were identified employing ITS, NS and MNS primers. The enzyme cocktail consisting of 3811 IU g−1 of xylanase and 9.9 IU g−1 of cellulase from Trichoderma longibrachiatum MDU-6 was selected quantitatively for the deinking of diverse paper wastes. The enzyme production increased two fold when produced at tray level in comparison with flasks. The enzyme cocktail was effective in the deinking of old newspaper samples with significant removal of chromophores, phenolics and hydrophobic compounds and less sugar loss. While in case of examination papers and laser printed papers, ink removal was not very significant. Moreover, the sugar loss was significantly high in case of examination papers. The deinking results were further confirmed with FTIR analysis. Deinked newspaper pulp sample shows brightness of 52 %, which was 9.6 % high than its control sample. The ERIC value for deinked newspaper pulp was found to be 655.9 ppm. Thereafter, the deinked newspaper pulp was examined under light microscope after differential staining with safranin and malachite green and also examined under scanning and transmission electron microscope, which revealed fibrillation and perforation.

Entomopathogenic potential of Trichoderma longibrachiatum and its comparative evaluation with malathion against the insect pest Leucinodes orbonalis

Abstract: The widespread use of chemical pesticides in agriculture has led to the pollution of environmental systems and has caused various health disorders in animals and humans. Biological pest control is one of the most environmentally friendly methods in modern agriscience. Such methods protect crops from pests and do not pollute the environment. A strain of Trichoderma longibrachiatum was isolated and identified from the soil environment of the North 24 Parganas District, eastern India. A spore suspension of this fungus was used to treat Leucinodes orbonalis, one of the major pests of brinjal (eggplant, Solanum melongena). In an in vitro system, fungal antagonism was determined by median lethal dose (LD50) and median lethal time (LT50) tests against insect larvae. The LD50 and LT50 of T. longibrachiatum were 2.87 × 10(7) spores ml(-1) and 11.7 days, respectively. T. longibrachiatum was formulated into a biopesticide, and its performance was evaluated in brinjal field trials in 2012 and 2013. In the field trials, brinjal treated with three spray applications of T. longibrachiatum (10(8) spores/ml) at 15-day intervals showed a 56.02 % higher crop yield than that of the control. This treatment showed similar efficacy to that of the pesticide malathion in the field trials. The results of this study indicate that this formulation may replace malathion to control the insect pest L. orbonalis in brinjal crops. This is the first report of the entomopathogenic property of T. longibrachiatum and its evaluation against an insect pest in field trials.

Identification and Biological Activities of Long-Chain Peptaibols Produced by a Marine-Derived Strain of Trichoderma longibrachiatum.

Abstract: Six long-chain peptaibols, 1 - 6, were identified from agar cultures of a marine-derived Trichoderma longibrachiatum Rifai strain (MMS151) isolated from blue mussels. The structure elucidation was carried out using electrospray ionization ion trap mass spectrometry (ESI-IT-MS) and GC/EI-MS. The long-chain peptaibols exhibited the general building scheme Ac-Aib-Ala-Aib-Ala-Aib-XXX-Gln-Aib-Vxx-Aib-Gly-XXX-Aib-Pro-Vxx-Aib-XXX-Gln-Gln-Pheol and were similar or identical to recurrent 20-residue peptaibols produced by Trichoderma spp. Three new sequences were identified and were called longibrachins A-0, A-II-a, and A-IV-b. The isolated peptaibols were assayed for cytotoxic, antibacterial, and antifungal activities, and acute toxicity on Dipteran larvae.

Trichoderma longibrachiatum Evx1 is a fungal biocatalyst suitable for the remediation of soils contaminated with diesel fuel and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Abstract: Trichoderma sp. strain Evx1 was isolated from a semi-deciduous forest soil in Southern Italy. It decolorizes polynuclear organic dyes and tolerates high concentrations of phenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthene, and pyrene. The ability of this ascomycete fungus to degrade polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons was verified in vitro and confirmed by its strong phenoloxidase activity in the presence of gallic acid. Phylogenetic characterization of Trichoderma sp. Evx1 positioned this strain within the species Trichoderma longibrachiatum. The potential use of this species for the bioremediation of contaminated environmental matrices was tested by inoculating diesel-spiked soil with a dense mycelial suspension. The biodegradation percentage of the C12-40 hydrocarbon fraction in the inoculated soil rose to 54.2 ± 1.6 %, much higher than that in non-inoculated soil or soil managed solely by a combination of watering and aeration. The survival and persistence of T. longibrachiatum Evx1 throughout the bioremediation trial was monitored by PCR-DGGE analysis. The fungal strain was still present in the soil 30 days after bioaugmentation. These findings indicate that T. longibrachiatum Evx1 may be a suitable inoculum in bioremediation protocols for the reclamation of soils contaminated by complex mixtures of hydrocarbons.

First Case of Trichoderma longibrachiatum CIED (Cardiac Implantable Electronic Device)-Associated Endocarditis in a Non-immunocompromised Host: Biofilm Removal and Diagnostic Problems in the Light of the Current Literature.

Abstract: Trichoderma species are saprophytic filamentous fungi producing localized and invasive infections that are cause of morbidity and mortality, especially in immunocompromised patients, causing up to 53 % mortality. Non-immunocompromised patients, undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis, are other targets of this fungus. Current molecular diagnostic tools, based on the barcode marker ITS, fail to discriminate these fungi at the species level, further increasing the difficulty associated with these infections and their generally poor prognosis. We report on the first case of endocarditis infection caused by Trichoderma longibrachiatum in a 30-year-old man. This patient underwent the implantation of an implantable cardioverter defibrillator in 2006, replaced in 2012. Two years later, the patient developed fever, treated successfully with amoxicillin followed by ciprofloxacin, but an echocardiogram showed large vegetation onto the ventricular lead. After CIED extraction, the patient had high-grade fever. The culturing of the catheter tip was positive only in samples deriving from sonication according to the 2014 ESCMID guidelines, whereas the simple washing failed to remove the biofilm cells from the plastic surface. Subsequent molecular (ITS sequencing) and microbiological (macromorphology) analyses showed that the vegetation was due to T. longibrachiatum. This report showed that T. longibrachiatum is an effective threat and that sonication is necessary for the culturing of vegetations from plastic surfaces. Limitations of the current barcode marker ITS, and the long procedures required by a multistep approach, call for the development of rapid monophasic tests.

Optimum Concentrations of Trichoderma longibrachiatum and Cadusafos for Controlling Meloidogyne javanica on Zucchini Plants

Abstract: A factorial experiment was established in a completely randomized design to verify the effect of different inoculum levels of an Iranian isolate of Trichoderma longibrachiatum separately and in combination with various concentrations of cadusafos against Meloidogyne javanica in the greenhouse Zucchini seeds were soaked for 12 hr in five densities (0, 10(5), 10(6), 10(7), and 10(8) spores/ml suspension) of the fungus prior to planting in pots containing four concentrations of cadusafos (0, 05, 1, and 2 mg ai/kg soil) The data were analyzed using a custom response surface regression model and the response surface curve and contour plots were drawn Reliability of the model was examined by comparing the result of new experimental treatments with the predicted results The optimal levels of these two variables also were calculated The interactive effects of concentrations of Trichoderma and cadusafos were insignificant for several responses such as the total number of eggs per gram soil, the number of intact eggs per gram soil, nematode reproduction factor, and control percent Closeness of experimental mean values with the expected values proved the validity of the model The optimal levels of the cadusafos concentration and Trichoderma concentration that caused the best plant growth and lowest nematode reproduction were 17 mg ai/kg soil and 10(8) conidia/ml suspension, respectively

Transformation of Panax notoginseng saponins by steaming and Trichoderma longibrachiatum

Abstract: Panax notoginseng has been used for medicinal purposes in China for many years. Saponins are believed to be the major bioactive ingredients in P. notoginseng. Two different processes, steaming and biotransformation, were used to study the transformations of saponins in P. notoginseng. During an 8-h steaming process, the ginsenosides Rb1, Rd, Rg1, Re and notoginsenoside R1, decreased to 1.07 mg/g dry weight (DW), 0.91, 0.64, 0 and 0 mg/g DW, respectively. Meanwhile, ginsenoside 20(S)-Rg3, 20(S)-Rh1, F2 and compound K significantly increased to 5.85, 6.10, 0.81 and 6.62 mg/g DW, respectively. On the other hand, one fungus was isolated from the root of P. notoginseng, which could transform ginsenoside Rb1 to ginsenoside Rd specifically. The fungus was identified as Trichoderma longibrachiatum species based on sequence analysis of the rRNA internal transcribed spacers region. The results implied a prospective feasibility for setting up different processing techniques to improve the quality of P. notog...

First record of Trichoderma longibrachiatum as entomopathogenic fungi against Bemisia tabaci in Pakistan

Abstract: The purpose of this research was to find indeginous insect associated fungi and their virulence against Bemisia tabaci. In present study, Trichoderma longibrachiatum was isolated from cotton mealybug and its pathogenicity test was conducted against Bemisia tabaci under controlled conditions. Entomopathogenic potential of T. longibrachiatum was accessed on nymphal and adult stages of B. tabaci . Entomopathogenic activity of T. longibrachiatum was severe on nymphal stage as compared to adult B. tabaci . Germination of conidia on outer surface of nymphal and adult stage of whitefly was also observed. The Results revealed that T. longibrachiatum is an entomopathogenic fungi against B. tabaci . Trichoderma is previously known as antagonistic organism against broad spectrum fungal as well as bacterial plant pathogens but it is not commonly found as insect pathogen.

Kinetic Study of Immobilized Cellobiase Produced from Immobilized Wild-Type Trichoderma longibrachiatum

Abstract: In recent years, there has been an increasing trend toward more efficient utilization of agro-industrial residues, such as sugarcane bagasse, as raw materials for industrial applications. The present study attempts to find out the effect of immobilization of Trichoderma longibrachiatum on enzyme production and immobilization of cellobiase on its kinetic activity. T. longibrachiatum was immobilized on sodium alginate (1, 1.5, and 2 % w/v) beads. The sugarcane bagasse, after autoclaving, was inoculated with 10 ml of immobilized biocatalyst and free cell culture. Maximum cellulase production was observed in immobilized fermentation system after 120 h of incubation. Cellobiase was purified up to 4.8-folds using DEAE-Sepharose column pre-equilibrated in 50 mM Tris–HCl buffer (pH 7.0) and eluted in same buffer by varying the degree of NaCl concentration. The specific activity before and after purification was 0.038 and 0.181 U/mg, respectively. The percent-entrapped activity of calcium alginate immobilized cellobiase was found maximum at 6.5 % (w/v) sodium alginate. The pH optimum of the native free enzyme was 5.5 and entrapped enzyme was 5.0. Immobilized cellobiase exhibited maximum activity at 40 °C at pH 5.5 (42.143 U). The purified enzyme was found to be highly thermostable and was found active over range of 20–80 °C and pH 4.0–8.0. The K m and V max for immobilized cellobiase from T. longibrachiatum were found 44.74 mg/ml and 79.49 mM/ml/min, respectively.

Xylooligosaccharides production from oil palm frond by Trichoderma longibrachiatum xylanase.

Abstract: Oil palm fronds containing rich hemicellulose are low cost resources that could be potentially converted into valuable products such as xylooligosaccharides. The main objective of this study was to investigate the production of xylooligosaccharides from OPF hemicelluloses using Trichoderma longibrachiatum xylanase. The OPF hemicellulose extracted by alkaline extraction was hydrolysed by xylanase at pH 4.6, temperature 40 °C, hemicellulose substrate concentration 2 % (w/v) and enzyme concentration 2 U/ml for different period of time from 0 to 48 hours to produce xylooligosaccharides. The hydrolysate obtained from enzymatic hydrolysis was further purified through ultrafiltration using 10 kDa molecular weight cut off membranes. The highest total of xylobiose and xylotriose was found to be 21.91 mg/mL and obtained at 8 hours of hydrolysis time. After ultrafiltration step, xylooligosaccharides mixture were obtained in the permeate and retentate. The highest xylobiose (56.64g/100g) and xylotriose (45.80g/100g) were found in retentate and permeate, respectively.

Commercial cellulases from Trichoderma longibrachiatum enable a large-scale production of chito-oligosaccharides

Abstract: Abstract Chito-oligosaccharides (COSs) are a substance class of high interest due to various beneficial bioactive properties. However, detailed mechanistic and application-related investigations are limited due to the poor availability of COSs with defined structural properties. Here, we present the large-scale production of COSs with defined degree of N-acetylation using a commercial cellulase preparation from Trichoderma longibrachiatum. The enzyme preparation was found to exclusively produce COSs lacking of acetyl groups while MS/MS analysis indicated a cellobiohydrolase to be the responsible for hydrolysis with the enzyme preparation. MS and NMR analysis proved the low content of acetyl groups in the COS mix and oligomers with a degree of polymerization (DP) of 2–6 were obtained. The low cost enzyme source was further exploited for large-scale production in a 20 g batch and resulted a COSs yield of 40%. An inexpensive enzyme source for the production of bioactive COSs was successfully implemented and thorough product analysis resulted in well-defined COSs. This strategy could improve the access to this substance class for a more detailed investigation of its various biological activities.

XYLOOLIGOSACCHARIDES PRODUCTION FROM OIL PALM FROND BY Trichoderma longibrachiatum XYLANASE (Penghasilan Xilooligosakarida daripada Pelepah Kelapa Sawit Menggunakan Xilanase Trichoderma longibrachiatum)

Abstract: Oil palm fronds containing rich hemicellulose are low cost resources that could be potentially converted into valuable products such as xylooligosaccharides. The main objective of this study was to investigate the production of xylooligosaccharides from OPF hemicelluloses using Trichoderma longibrachiatum xylanase. The OPF hemicellulose extracted by alkaline extraction was hydrolysed by xylanase at pH 4.6, temperature 40 °C, hemicellulose substrate concentration 2 % (w/v) and enzyme concentration 2 U/ml for different period of time from 0 to 48 hours to produce xylooligosaccharides. The hydrolysate obtained from enzymatic hydrolysis was further purified through ultrafiltration using 10 kDa molecular weight cut off membranes. The highest total of xylobiose and xylotriose was found to be 21.91 mg/mL and obtained at 8 hours of hydrolysis time. After ultrafiltration step, xylooligosaccharides mixture were obtained in the permeate and retentate. The highest xylobiose (56.64g/100g) and xylotriose (45.80g/100g) were found in retentate and permeate, respectively.

Virulence and Experimental Treatment of Trichoderma longibrachiatum, a Fungus Refractory to Treatment.

Abstract: Different inocula of Trichoderma longibrachiatum were tested in a murine model, and only the highest one (1 × 10(7) CFU/animal) killed all of the mice at day 15 postinfection, with spleen and liver the most affected organs. The efficacies of amphotericin B deoxycholate, liposomal amphotericin B, voriconazole, and micafungin were evaluated in the same model, with very poor results. Our study demonstrated the low virulence but high resistance to antifungal compounds of this fungus.

Case Report: Trichoderma longibrachiatum infections in a pediatric patient with peritoneal dialysis

Abstract: A case report of an intrahospitalary Trichoderma longibrachiatum peritonitis in a female 13-year-old pediatric patient who had been previously diagnosed a terminal chronic renal insufficiency while being under peritoneal dialysis is presented. Nowasays literature recognizes certain members of the genus Trichoderma to be oportunistic pathogens of increasing occurrence in immunocompromised patients. The above girl recived a satisfactory Amphotericin B treatment yet she died due to an hypertensive emergency appearing secondarily to her basic pathology.

Trichoderma-bean interaction: Defense enzymes activity and endophytism

Abstract: Biotic inducing agents such as Trichoderma spp. are an alternative for the induction of resistance by activating defense mechanisms of plants. This work aimed to study the interaction between bean and Trichoderma spp. evaluating the effects of the induction of resistance in bean through the defense enzymes activity and ability to endofitism. The experimental was design in randomized blocks, with four replications, being 21 isolates of Trichoderma spp. and control. The isolates were inoculated at planting, with adding 0.8 ml of the suspension 1×108 conidia/ml in groove, in sterilized soil. After 30 days, leaf and roots samples were taken to determine the enzyme activity. To verify the endophytic colonization capacity of isolated, bean root fragments were sanitized and placed in Petri dishes containing PDA medium. Data were submitted to analyzes of variance and compared by Scott-Knott test (p<0.05). The enzymatic activity of peroxidase, polyphenoloxidase and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase was not significant, but the β-1-3-glucanase activity in leaf tissue was suppressed by isolates TI1, TM1, TLB15 (Trichoderma virens), TI2, TLB3, TLB4, TLB12, TOD1, TOD3 (Trichoderma harzianum), TLB6 (Trichoderma asperellun), TLB14, TLB17 (Trichoderma koningiopsis) and TOD2B (Trichoderma longibrachiatum). The isolates TM4, TLB9, TLB15 (T. virens), TI2, TI4, TLB2, TOD1 (T. harzianum) and TLB17 (T. koningiopsis), were able to colonize endophytically the bean roots. Trichoderma has endophytic capacity and interfere in β-1-3-glucanase activity. Key words: Induced resistance, Phaseolus vulgaris L., Trichoderma spp.

Microbial preparation for processing industrial fermentation wastewater

Abstract: The invention relates to a microbial preparation for processing industrial fermentation wastewater. The microbial preparation is prepared by mixing nitrosobacterium, Trichoderma longibrachiatum Rifai, aerobic denitrifying bacterium, acinetobacter baumannii, aspergillus niger, alcaligenes faecalis, Streptomyces lateritius, Candida albicans, Paenibacillus polymyxa and an adsorbent carrier. The microbial preparation contains multiple microbes having excellent ability of degrading non-biodegradable pollutants. Through reasonable compatibility between various strains, the microbial preparation has a good degradating effect and has a wide application prospect.

Efficiency of Trichoderma longibrachiatum T6 in the control of Meloidogyne incognita and its rhizosphere colonization in cucumber

Abstract: Efficiency of different concentrations of Trichoderma longibrachiatum T6 against Meloidogyne incognita and its rhizosphere colonization in cucumber were determined in greenhouse experiments. The results of rhizosphere colonization experiments showed that the number of colonies in cucumber soil and root increased significantly ten weeks after inoculation with the second stage juveniles of M. incognita and different concentrations of T. longibrachiatum T6, and there was significant difference in different concentrations of T. longibrachiatum T6, e.g., the maximum numbers of colonies in soil and root were 7.8 x 10⁷ and 6.3 x 10⁵ CFU · mL⁻¹ respectively after treated with the spore suspension of 1.5 x 10⁷ CFU · mL⁻¹. Greenhouse experiments results showed that different concentrations of T. longibrachiatum T6 had significant control effect on different life stages of M. incognita, and the control effect increased with the concentration of T. longibrachiatum T6. T. longibrachiatum T6 significantly increased plant height, root length, above-ground and root fresh mass o cucumber inoculated by M. incognita. T. longibrachiatum T6 could colonize in cucumber rhizosphere, had control effect on M. incognita, and significantly improved the growth of cucumber.

Statistical Optimization for Enhanced Production of Cellulase from Sugarcane Bagasse using Response Surface Methodology

Abstract: The study describes the isolation and identification of fungus Trichoderma longibrachiatum (GENBANK accession number: KM274866) and the optimum solid state fermentation conditions required for cellulase production based on Response Surface Methodology (RSM) using Taguchi model. When different lignocellulosic substrates were used, sugarcane bagasse supported highest (0.169 U/ml) cellulase production. Statistical optimization using Taguchii model revealed culture parameters such as Lactose which was a carbon source and cellulase inducer, CaCl2 and temperature to significantly influence cellulase production. These parameters were further optimized using RSM, and the optimal concentrations for growth of the organism was found to be 0.382 mg/ml for lactose and 1.932 mgs/ml for CaCl2 at an optimal temperature of 30°C. Under optimal media conditions an 8 fold increase in cellulase production was observed.

PURIFICATION, CHARACTERISATION AND CLONING OF -1,3 GLUCANASE GENE FROM Trichoderma harzinum

Abstract: Dual culture technique was used to evaluate the effect of three species of Trichoderma that showed a potential control of Fusarium oxysporium. Trichoderma harzianum showed maximum growth inhibition (79.3%) followed by Trichoderma viridi (68.5%) and Trichoderma longibrachiatum (44.3%). β-1,3-glucanases was purified from Trichoderma harzianum to homogeneity by ion exchange chromatography on DEAE-Sephacel and gel filtration on Sephadex G100. A typical procedure provided 20-fold purification with 11.9% yield. The apparent molecular mass was 30 kD and it was active on a broad pH range, however the maximal activity was detected at pH 7.5. The optimum temperature of the β-1,3-glucanase was 55C. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to amplify a fragment about 600 bp from β-1,3 gluanase gene using specific glu forward and reverse primers. The eluted DNA was ligated into pGEM-T-Easy vector and transformed into competent E. coli JM109. White transformed colony, named T1glu, containing recombinant plasmid was validated by PCR using both glu forward and reverse and M13 forward and reverse primers to confirm the presence of β 1,3 glucanase gene insert in right orientation whereas, the fragment amplified with glu forward and glu reverse primers was 600 bp. Partial sequence of the amplified DNA fragment showed 97% sequence homology with the other published sequences.

Fungi extract in the inhibition of the egg hatching and larval development of the Haemonchus contortus

Abstract: In vitro efficacy of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Paecilomyces lilacinus and Trichoderma longibrachiatum was assessed in the egg hatching inhibition (EHI) and larval development inhibition (LDI) of Haemonchus contortus. For the EHI assessment, after 48 h of incubation with different concentrations of aqueous and ethanolic extracts, it was quantified blastomeres, embryonated eggs, and larvae of first stage. For the LDI assessment, a quantitative coculture adapted method was used. After seven days of feces incubation with different concentrations of aqueous extract of fungi, the infective larvae were collected and quantified, obtaining the number of developed larvae per feces gram. The aqueous extract of P. lilacinus at 1.96 mg mL-1and the ethanolic extract of T. longibrachiatum at 1.90 mg mL-1 completely inhibited the egg hatching. In the LDI, the aqueous extract of T. longibrachiatum at 1.90 mg mL-1 showed efficacy of 92.88%. These fungi extracts showed potential to inhibition of the H. contortus cycle. Key words: Paecilomyces lilacinus, Trichoderma longibrachiatum, alternative control, sheep breeding, gastrointestinal nematodes.

Fermentation inoculum for decomposed crop straw and preparation method thereof

Abstract: The invention provides a fermentation inoculum for decomposed crop straw. The fermentation inoculum comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 10-30 parts of an active composition and 70-90 parts of a carrier. The active composition comprises trichoderma viride, trichoderma longibrachiatum, bacillus subtilis, aspergillus niger and microzyme with the weight ratio of 1:0.8-1.2:1.8-2.5:0.8-1.2:0.8-1.2. The carrier comprises animal dung, bran, rice bran and calcium carbonate with the weight ratio of 1:1.2-1.8:2-3:3-5. The invention also provides a preparation method for the fermentation inoculum for decomposed crop straw. The fermentation inoculum is capable of accelerating softening and decomposing of various straws, efficiently decomposing cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin in crop straws and improving soil fertility.

EDXRF Analysis of Some Fungal Species for the Uptake Capacity of 28Ni, 48Cd, and 82Pb Metal Ions From Aqueous Solution

Abstract: In this paper, Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (EDXRF) analysis of eight fungi species, namely, Aspergillus n iger, Aspergillus terreus, Trichoderma longibrachiatum, Trichoderma fasciculatum, Penicillin Janthinellum, Aspergillus awamori, Phanerochaete chrysosporium, and Rhizopus arrhizus for the uptake capacity of 28 Ni, 48 Cd, and 82 Pb metals ions from aqueous solution have been reported. Fungal samples having superior ion removal capacity through bioaccumulation and biosorption were obtained from sites contaminated with heavy metals. The detection limit in EDXRF set up was improved considerably using selective absorbers in the path of incident photons from the X-ray tube to reduce the background in the desired energy region. It has been observed that all fungi species under present study have greater affinity for 82 Pb ions as compared to 28 Ni and 48 Cd metal ions. The Trichoderma longibrachiatum and Trichoderma fasciculatum fungi species were identified to be more efficient for removal of heavy metal ions from waste water. The measured uptake capacity of Trichoderma longibrachiatum for 28 Ni, 48 Cd, and 82 Pb ions from aqueous solution is 0.52 mg/g, 0.97 mg/g, and 6.4 mg/g, respectively, and for Trichoderma fasciculatum it is 0.43 mg/g, 0.79 mg/g, and 3.5 mg/g, respectively. This indicated the potential of these identified fungi species as biosorbent for removal of high metal ions from waste water and industrial effluents.