Showing papers on "Trickling filter published in 2009"
TL;DR: Treated wastewater effluents were the main contributors to PPCPs concentrations in the rivers studied, and the effect of WWTP effluent on the quality of river water is significant and cannot be underestimated.
1,436 citations
TL;DR: Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis of PCR-amplified 16S rRNA gene fragments of bacteria, archaea and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria was used to characterize the microbial populations in raw groundwater and trickling filters of an active nitrifying surface aeration system and an inactive non-surface aerated system.
92 citations
TL;DR: Results suggest that the new type of ion exchange media investigated has high potential for the removal and recovery of phosphate from wastewater streams, and the small volume of regenerant required translates to a very small operational footprint.
81 citations
TL;DR: In situ aerobic activity showed a significant decrease through the filter, while the distribution of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) was highly skewed toward the filter outlet, which could explain why this type of filter tends to emit air with a rather constant NH3 concentration irrespective of variations in inlet concentration and airflow.
Abstract: The in situ activity and distribution of heterotrophic and nitrifying bacteria and their potential interactions were investigated in a full-scale, two-section, trickling filter designed for biological degradation of volatile organics and NH3 in ventilation air from pig farms. The filter biofilm was investigated by microsensor analysis, fluorescence in situ hybridization, quantitative PCR, and batch incubation activity measurements. In situ aerobic activity showed a significant decrease through the filter, while the distribution of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) was highly skewed toward the filter outlet. Nitrite oxidation was not detected during most of the experimental period, and the AOB activity therefore resulted in NO2−, accumulation, with concentrations often exceeding 100 mM at the filter inlet. The restriction of AOB to the outlet section of the filter was explained by both competition with heterotrophic bacteria for O2 and inhibition by the protonated form of NO2−, HNO2. Product inhibition of AOB growth could explain why this type of filter tends to emit air with a rather constant NH3 concentration irrespective of variations in inlet concentration and airflow.
48 citations
TL;DR: There is a move toward the renovation of wastewater treatment by the municipalities in the Mpumalanga Province with the adoption of biological treatment, and all the STPs reduced the turbidity of wastewater as well as the different microbial indicators counts; however, several pathogenic bacterial organisms could still be detected in the final effluent.
Abstract: In order to identify the treatment methods used in different sewage treatment plants (STPs) in the Mpumalanga Province and to determine the efficiency of wastewater treatment by these plants, municipal STPs were surveyed, and raw and treated wastewater samples collected. A total of 14 STPs were visited and the collected samples were analysed for physicochemical and microbiological parameters using standard methods. The treatment methods identified included ponds, activated sludge and trickling filters. The reduction of turbidity by the plants varied between 6.2 and 99.6% while conductivity, pH and temperature varied slightly between the influent and the effluent wastewater. Thirteen (92.8%) of the plants used chlorine for disinfection of the final effluent, however only 2 (14.2%) of the plants managed to produce effluent with 0 (zero) faecal coliforms per 100 m. Common pathogenic bacteria isolated from the final effluent included Salmonella, Shigella, Escherichia coli, Vibrio spp. and Enterococcus spp. The final effluent was used for irrigation and recycling purposes in 4 plants, all the other treatment plants discharged the effluent into the river or to the environment. The present study indicated that there is a move toward the renovation of wastewater treatment by the municipalities in the Mpumalanga Province with the adoption of biological treatment. All the STPs reduced the turbidity of wastewater as well as the different microbial indicators counts; however, several pathogenic bacterial organisms could still be detected in the final effluent. Further studies are needed to confirm the role of the treatment procedures on nutrient reduction and elimination of other viral and parasitic pathogens by the sewage treatment plants.
45 citations
TL;DR: A staged rotating biological contactor (RBC), packed tower (PT, trickling filter) and fluidized bed reactor (FBR) were tested simultaneously using common water from a fish culture tank to provide nitrification efficiencies similar to those expected under intensive culture practices.
Abstract: A staged rotating biological contactor (RBC), packed tower (PT, trickling filter) and fluidized bed reactor (FBR) were tested simultaneously using common water from a fish culture tank. The culture tank was stocked with channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) at three different densities (approximately 227, 113 and 57 kg/m3) to provide solute concentrations in the filter influent similar to those expected under intensive culture practices.
Mean concentrations of total ammonia nitrogen (NH4+-N + NH3-N) in the culture tank were 1.46 (3.50-0.42), 1.26 (1.78-0.95) and 0.36 (0.48- 0.28) mg N/liter at the respective stocking densities. The RBC provided the best nitrification efficiencies (74%, 82% and 76%, respectively). The efficiency of the PT (23%, 42% and 51%) was somewhat better than the FBR (8%, 28% and 32%). The rate of ammonia removal across the entire RBC was 0.79, 0.63 and 0.19 g N/m2d-1, with removal across the first two stages of 1.31, 1.15 and 0.31 g N/m2d-1. The PT provided arranonia removal of only 0.25, 0.32 and 0.14 g N/m2d-1.
Dissolved oxygen, nitrite, nitrate, pH, alkalinity and chemical oxygen demand analysis was also performed.
35 citations
TL;DR: The results showed that the inclusion of a post-treatment step, be it either aerobic, anaerobic or physical-chemical, can provide a substantial improvement of the effluent quality from UASB reactors in terms of BOD and TSS.
28 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the application of dual-media drinking water trickling filters, in combination with filter backwash with media expansion, minimizes the irreversible accumulation of iron deposits in the filter.
Abstract: In the production of drinking water from groundwater, iron removal in filters may interfere with nitrification. Microbial nitrification might decline because of irreversible accumulation of iron deposits in pores and on filter material. This paper shows the successful application of two experimental techniques applied at a full-scale water treatment plant in the Netherlands to maintain sustainable nitrification. Filter performances were evaluated by measurements of ammonium in the filter effluent, accumulation of deposits and their removal during backwash, development of the mainly inorganic filter coating and media expansion curves. The application of dual-media drinking water trickling filters, in combination with filter backwash with media expansion, minimizes the irreversible accumulation of iron deposits in the filter. Subsurface aeration results in a lower iron content of the filter coating.
28 citations
TL;DR: The paper analyses the concept and performance of compact UASB/TF systems in relation to configuration, use of innovative packing media and operational conditions, and finds the conditions to promote nitrification in shallow TF seem to be compatible with the proposed simplification in the flowsheet.
18 citations
TL;DR: There may be the potential to optimise existing, conventional treatment processes (primary or biological treatment) to enhance dissolved copper removal, possibly reducing the requirement for installing any tertiary processes specifically for the removal of copper.
14 citations
TL;DR: A bio-trickling filter packed with polyhedral spheres was used to remove nitrogen oxides from the flue gas of a coal-fired power plant and analyses showed that the naturally-selected mixed cultures in the biofilm under a flueGas environment were mainly Klebsiella sp.
Abstract: A bio-trickling filter (BTF) packed with polyhedral spheres was used to remove nitrogen oxides (NOx) from the flue gas of a coal-fired power plant. The BTF system consistently removed 64-95% of the NOx after start-up and acclimation under dynamic conditions (e.g., 120-240 m(3)/h flue gas flow rate and inlet 300-900 mg NOx/m(3)). Scanning electron microscopy of the biofilms that were formed showed a shift in the predominating bacteria. Analyses by PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis showed that the naturally-selected mixed cultures in the biofilm under a flue gas environment were mainly Klebsiella sp. and Pseudomonas sp.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors identified the treatment methods used in different sewage treatment plants (STPs) in the Mpumalanga Province and to determine the efficiency of wastewater treatment by these plants, municipal STPs were surveyed, and raw and treated wastewater samples collected.
Abstract: In order to identify the treatment methods used in different sewage treatment plants (STPs) in the Mpumalanga Province and to determine the efficiency of wastewater treatment by these plants, municipal STPs were surveyed, and raw and treated wastewater samples collected. A total of 14 STPs were visited and the collected samples were analysed for physicochemical and microbiological parameters using standard methods. The treatment methods identified included ponds, activated sludge and trickling filters. The reduction of turbidity by the plants varied between 6.2 and 99.6% while conductivity, pH and temperature varied slightly between the influent and the effluent wastewater. Thirteen (92.8%) of the plants used chlorine for disinfection of the final effluent, however only 2 (14.2%) of the plants managed to produce effluent with 0 (zero) faecal coliforms per 100 mâ„“. Common pathogenic bacteria isolated from the final effluent included Salmonella, Shigella, Escherichia coli, Vibrio spp. and Enterococcus spp. The final effluent was used for irrigation and recycling purposes in 4 plants, all the other treatment plants discharged the effluent into the river or to the environment. The present study indicated that there is a move toward the renovation of wastewater treatment by the municipalities in the Mpumalanga Province with the adoption of biological treatment. All the STPs reduced the turbidity of wastewater as well as the different microbial indicators counts; however, several pathogenic bacterial organisms could still be detected in the final effluent. Further studies are needed to confirm the role of the treatment procedures on nutrient reduction and elimination of other viral and parasitic pathogens by the sewage treatment plants.
Key words: Public health, diarrhoea, environment, microbial indicators, bacteria, sanitation, sewage treatment plants, water contamination, wastewater
TL;DR: In this paper, the fate of endocrine disrupting compounds in three small communities' wastewater treatment plants (WWTP), including stabilization ponds, trickling filters and activated sludge, was examined.
Abstract: The current study examined the fate of endocrine disrupting compounds in three small communities' wastewater treatment plants (WWTP), including stabilization ponds, trickling filters and activated sludge. The results showed that WWTP of small communities were affected by estrogenic and dioxin-like compound contamination ranging from 1.6 to 50 ng.L-1 estradiol equivalents and 5.3 to 73 ng.L-1 dioxin equivalents. The stabilization pond system seemed to be the most effective for estrogenicity removal, with 96% efficiency, compared to 51% for a trickling filter alone. Total removal of estrogenic compounds was increased when a stabilization pond system was used as a finishing treatment or when an additional physical treatment was conducted. Activated sludge treatment removed 75% of dioxin-like activity. Additional physical treatment had no impact on dioxin-like compound removal. Although the large contact area with air in maturation ponds represents a risk for air contamination of the water, maturation ponds s...
Patent•
08 Jul 2009
TL;DR: The retractable biochemical ceramic can automatically fix bacteria so as to prevent the biomass from being flushed away without artificial fixation, and can immobilize the heavy metal elements in the sludge and release no heavy metal element in the application process.
Abstract: The invention relates to biochemical ceramic and a preparation method and application thereof The biochemical ceramic adopts wastewater sludge as a main raw material and is prepared through the supplementary materials of calcium carbonate or gypsum, clay, dehydrate calcium hydroxide, liquid wax, iron dust or brown iron oxide via anoxic burning The biochemical ceramic can be used as a biological medium of a granular sludge bed in a biological filter or a trickling filter or during the anaerobic treatment, and can also be used for reducing the water body eutrophication or build a filtration dam to reduce the pollution caused by the wastewater The retractable biochemical ceramic can automatically fix bacteria so as to prevent the biomass from being flushed away without artificial fixation, and can immobilize the heavy metal elements in the sludge and release no heavy metal elements in the application process The biochemical ceramic can be used for preparing cogs with different shapes and sizes; therefore, the biochemical ceramic has a wider application prospect
TL;DR: The principal advantage is to convert toxic effluents from biomass gasifiers into a non-toxic, nitrogen-rich fertiliser water, enabling subsequent use in plant production and thus income generation, however, the questions of long-term performance and possible accumulation of phenols and heavy metals in the produce still have to be studied.
TL;DR: In this paper, a full-scale ENBNRAS prototype was implemented at the Daspoort Wastewater Treatment Works (DWWTW) in Tshwane, South Africa.
Abstract: In the external nitrification (EN) biological nutrient removal (BNR) activated sludge (AS) system, the nitrification process is removed from the BNR activated sludge system and performed eexternallyf on an integrated nitrifying trickling filter (NTF). As such, optimum design and operation of the NTF is essential for reliable performance of the ENBNRAS system. Although information on the design and operation of NTFs is available in the literature, this experience is not directly applicable to the NTF in the ENBNRAS system. To address this deficiency, a full-scale ENBNRAS prototype was implemented at the Daspoort Wastewater Treatment Works (DWWTW) in Tshwane, South Africa. In this investigation an average apparent nitrification capacity of approximately 1.25 to 1.29 gN per m2 of media surface area per day [gN/(ms2Ed)] ammonia removal was determined for 2 existing rock media TFs retrofitted as NTFs in the prototype ENBNRAS system (nominal surface area of 45 ms2/m3 for the rock media). This nitrification capacity corresponded to a removal efficiency of about 14 mgN/. (96%), or 149 kgN/d, of the influent ammonia load applied to the NTFs (average influent flow rate of 10 M./d). General concordance was found with corresponding nitrate and nitrite production and alkalinity usage measurements, which substantiated the observed removal performance. This paper details determination of the nitrification capacity of the 2 rock media NTFs used in the prototype ENBNRAS system.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of interior structure of agro and non-agro materials for industrial wastewater treatment in the effluents quality occurring before and after Industrial wastewater treatment as a filter media was investigated.
Abstract: 3 Abstract: This investigation aims at studying the effect of interior structure of agro and non-agro materials for industrial wastewater treatment in the effluents quality occurring before and after industrial wastewater treatment as a filter media. Removing of oil and grease and wastewater impurities are the main target of this experimental work to reuse the effluent for irrigation purpose. In this study different fibers such as rice straw, luffa, sawdust, palm hemp, mixture of rice straw and luffa, LECA and clay were used in trickling filter systems as a filter media. The overall objective of this study is the evaluation of the capability of tested agro and non-agro filters in decreasing wastewater impurities. The results shows that the highest reduction in BOD (95.33%), COD(89.79%), TSS (96.6%), TDS (98.1%) and Oil/grease (99%) were recorded using the mixture of rice straw & luffa beds. The BOD, COD, TSS, TDS and oil/grease in the final effluent were 21, 84.8, 17, 0.15 and 0.31 mg/l respectively. Also the conductivity of the effluent decreased during stages of the treatment.
TL;DR: In this paper, a trickling filter system was developed by using polypropylene media and polyethylene nylon media that has recently been developed, and the experiment analyzed an ability of water purification of the two plastic media and the effects of biomass on the final effluence.
Abstract: In this study a trickling filter system was developed by using polypropylene media and polypropylene nylon media that has recently been developed. The experiment analyzed an ability of water purification of the two plastic media and the effects of biomass on the final effluence. As recycling ratio increased, polypropylene nylon suspender showed higher efficiency by 20%; and when media height was lengthened two times, the efficiency increased by about 10%. Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and biomass increased in proportion to the increase of recycling ratio, and bound-TOC showed a similar trend with bound-EPS concentration.
Patent•
03 Jun 2009
TL;DR: In this paper, a method for improving purification of insoluble organic waste gas of a biological trickling filter tower, belonging to the technical field of biological purification, is presented.
Abstract: The invention provides a method for improving purification of insoluble organic waste gas of a biological trickling filter tower, belonging to the technical field of biological purification of the organic waste gas The method is characterized in that spray liquid of the biological trickling filter tower is prepared by adopting commercial industrial non-ionic surfactant-polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80), the biological trickling filter tower is the original traditional commonly used device, and the method can be operated by utilizing the device The process parameters during the operation process are as follows: the concentration of the Tween 80 is 50-80mg/L, the residence time of the gas in the biological trickling filter tower is 30-60s, and the spray density of the spray liquid is 02m /m d The method can effectively improve the purification effect of the insoluble organic waste gas of the biological trickling filter tower, shorten the startup time of a trickling filter bed, facilitate the operation and reduce the cost
DOI•
01 Jan 2009
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a Table of Table of contents of the paper "Acknowledgement and Acknowledgement" for the work of this paper... ].
Abstract: _________________________________________________________ i Acknowledgement ________________________________________________ iii Table of
TL;DR: In this article, a deodorization experiment was carried out for four months at pharmaceutical wastewater treatment plant in winter by the bio-trickling filter packed with ZX01 stuffing.
Abstract: In order to check the removal efficiency of odour containing Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S) from Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR) process at lower temperature, deodorisation experiment was carried out for four months at pharmaceutical wastewater treatment plant in winter by the bio-trickling filter packed with ZX01 stuffing. The results suggested that the removal efficiency of H2S was higher than 98% and the corresponding volumetric loading achieved 180 g m−3 h−1, and the optimum spray water flow rate was 9.5 L h−1. The bio-trickling filter can be operated steadily for a long time at lower temperature.
17 Nov 2009
TL;DR: In this article, the authors assess the influence of a secondary clarifier in the characteristics of an effluent generated by a treatment system that consisted of a UASB reactor followed by a trickling filter.
Abstract: This paper intends to assess the influence of a secondary clarifier in the characteristics of an effluent generated by a treatment system that consisted of a UASB reactor followed by a trickling filter. A pilot‐scale treatment system fed with sanitary sewage was used to perform the test. The results obtained in this work indicate that the treatment system operating with the secondary clarifier achieved a better performance and a higher compliance with the discharge parameters. It was found, however, that the trickling filter effluent showed very satisfactory levels of TSS, BOD and COD even before it flowed to the secondary clarifier. The results showed a very promising trend concerning the possible use of a UASB reactor/ trickling filter system without a secondary clarifier. In this particular operational configuration, the trickling filter effluent showed BOD, COD and TSS average values of 43, 115 and 54 mg/L, respectively. The percentages of compliance with the discharge parameters for BOD and TSS (equal to 60 mg/l) were 85% and 75%, respectively
TL;DR: The top part of the 1st stage trickling filter had the highest nitrification activity and the maximum activity was 0.002 g -N/g MLVSSh, it is thought that higher substrate (ammonia) concentration yields more nitrifying bacteria in the biofilms.
Abstract: Trickling filter has been extensively studied for the domestic wastewater treatment especially for the small scale plants in rural area. The performance of the trickling filter depends on the microbial community and their activity in the biofilms on the media. Nitrification. denitrification, and phosphorus removal of the trickling filter from the wastewater depend on the activity and the amount of the specific microorganisms responsible for the metabolism. For the estimation of the performance of a trickling filter, batch nitrification experiment and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) were carried out to measure the microbial activity and its distribution on the media of the trickling filter. Batch nitrification activity measurement showed that the top part of the 1st stage trickling filter had the highest nitrification activity and the maximum activity was 0.002 g -N/g MLVSSh. It is thought that higher substrate (ammonia) concentration yields more nitrifying bacteria in the biofilms. The dominant ammonia oxidizer and nitrite oxidizer in the biofilm were Nitrosomonas species and genus Nitrospira, respectively, by FISH analysis. Less denitrifiers were found than nitrifiers in the biofilm by the probe Rrp1088 which specifically binds to Rhodobacter, Rhodovulum, Roseobacter, and Paracoccus. Phosphorus accumulating bacteria were mostly found at the surface of the biofilm by probe Rc988 and PAO651 which specifically binds to Rhodocyclus group and their biomass was less than that of nitrifiers.
01 Jan 2009
TL;DR: Control experiments show that biodegradation is the dominant removal mechanism although adsorption onto biofilm solids prior toBiodegradation would be part of the overall mechanisms of estrogen removal.
Abstract: The discharge of steroid estroens from sewage treatment works (STW) is to be regulated by Environmental Quality Standard in the UK,thus requiring the understanding of removal characteristics of steroid estroens in trickling filters to benefit UK water industry with trickling filters used in 75% STWs. Two pilot-scale trickling filters were operated in parallel to treat synthetic sewage spiked with oestrone (E1),oestradiol (E2) and 17α-ethinyl oestradiol (EE2) at environmentally related concentrations. Control experiments show that biodegradation is the dominant removal mechanism although adsorption onto biofilm solids prior to biodegradation would be part of the overall mechanisms of estrogen removal. Approximately 44.7%-58.9% is removed by the pilot trickling filter normally operated,whilst the 1:1 recirculation increases 29.0%-32.2% estrogen removals by improved wetting rate and hydraulic retention time supported by tracer experiment with lithium chloride. Extra feed solids with 32.0% higher suspended solids levels inhibited estrogen removals by 10.8%-34.4% rather than helping bridge adsorption to the biofilm,and the change of particle characteristics with higher adsorption potency would benefit the removal.
Patent•
08 Jan 2009
TL;DR: In this article, a biofilm reactor is used for treating waste water, which comprises an airtight closed roof construction, which has a device for controlling air supply and by which the amount of oxygen necessary for the nitrification or the anoxic condition needed for the denitrification is adjusted.
Abstract: Waste water treatment involves using simultaneous nitrification and denitrification, where the amount of oxygen for the nitrification or the anoxic condition for the denitrification is adjusted by a controlled air draft. The regularization of the orifice size takes place by opening and closing of lamellae (32), where an opening surface is adjusted between 0-2% of the trickling filter surface. The amount of air for air temperature inside the reactor and air temperature and air humidity outside of the reactor, is calculated by a control system for the simultaneous denitrification. An independent claim is also included for a biofilm reactor, e.g. trickling filter or biological contactor for treating waste water, which comprises an airtight closed roof construction, which has a device for controlling air supply and by which the amount of oxygen necessary for the nitrification or the anoxic condition needed for the denitrification is adjusted.