Showing papers on "Trickling filter published in 2017"

Slow sand filtration for water and wastewater treatment – a review

Abstract: Water pollution is a serious global issue. Various technologically advanced treatment methodologies, for example, activated sludge process, upflow anaerobic sludge blanket, membrane bioreactor, trickling filter, rotating biological contractor, oxidation ditch, are widely studied, well documented and adopted in practice. However, attention to promising low-investment-cost technologies, such as slow sand filtration (SSF) techniques, is surprisingly miniscule. SSF (at a flow rate of 0.1–0.2 m3/h) is quite effective water treatment technology. It is also efficient in removing coliform microorganisms such as Giardia, Cryptosporidium, Salmonella, Escherichia coli, total coliform (TC) and fecal coliform, fecal streptococci, bacteriophage, MS2 virus from water/wastewater. Apart from reduction of pathogenic load, which is ascribed to the biological processes, SSF can efficiently remove turbidity, suspended solids and toxic metals in treated water. The SSF treated effluent conforms to the discharge standard...

Treatment of table olive washing water using trickling filters, constructed wetlands and electrooxidation

Abstract: The production of table olives is a significant economic activity in Mediterranean countries. Table olive processing generates large volumes of rinsing water that are characterized by high organic matter and phenol contents. Due to these characteristics, a combination of more than one technology is imperative to ensure efficient treatment with low operational cost. Previously, biological filters were combined with electrooxidation to treat table olive washing water. Although this combination was successful in reducing pollutant loads, its cost could be further reduced. Constructed wetlands could be an eligible treatment method for integrated table olive washing water treatment as they have proved tolerant to high organic matter and phenol loads. Two pilot-scale horizontal subsurface constructed wetlands, one planted and one unplanted, were combined with a biological filter and electrooxidation over a boron-doped diamond anode to treat table olive washing water. In the biological filter inlet, chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentrations ranged from 5500 to 15,000 mg/L, while mean COD influent concentration in the constructed wetlands was 2800 mg/L. The wetlands proved to be an efficient intermediate treatment stage, since COD removal levels for the planted unit reached 99 % (mean 70 %), while the unplanted unit presented removal rates of around 65 %. Moreover, the concentration of phenols in the effluent was typically below 100 mg/L. The integrated trickling filter-constructed wetland-electrooxidation treatment system examined here could mineralize and decolorize table olive washing water and fully remove its phenolic content.

Wastewater Treatment Technologies

Abstract: In this chapter, the term wastewater includes liquids and waterborne solids from domestic or commercial uses as well as other waters that have been used in man's activities, whose quality has been degraded, and which are discharged to a sewage system. Domestic wastewaters are usually of a predictable quality and quantity. Preliminary, primary, secondary, and final treatment methods for wastewater generated from domestic sources are well documented and designed. For the most important biological processes like trickling filters, an activated sludge process apart from the normal treatment designs is discussed in this chapter. In addition a few designed for aerated lagoons and USABs sludge treatment methods are elaborated.

Identification and Elucidation of the Designing and Operational Issues of Trickling Filter Systems for Wastewater Treatment

Abstract: Water pollution has become a major environmental concern for public and environmental health in developing countries. Water resources are being contaminated mainly due to mixing of domestic, municipal, and industrial wastewaters. The wastewater management and treatment situation is deplorable mainly because of financial constraints, the unavailability of technically trained human resources, and electricity shortages. Moreover, there is a challenge for the scientific community and wastewater management experts to explore cost-effective, simple, reliable, and efficient wastewater treatment systems. Therefore, the present review highlights the option of trickling filter (TF) systems for wastewater treatment in developing countries like Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, and African regions, etc. In addition, the solutions to the operational/performance issues of the TF system are explored and discussed in greater detail for designing/construction of new TF systems and retrofitting the existing TFs.

Reliability of removal of selected pollutants in different technological solutions of household wastewater treatment plants

Abstract: The reliability of removal of selected contaminants in three technological solutions of the household sewage treatment plants was analysed in this paper. The reliability of the sewage treatment plant with activated sludge, sprinkled biological deposit and hybrid reactor (activated sludge and immersed trickling filter) was analyzed. The analysis was performed using the Weibull method for basic indicators of impurities, BOD₅, COD and total suspended solids. The technological reliability of the active sludge treatment plant was 70% for BOD₅, 87% for COD and 66% for total suspended solids. In the sewage treatment plant with a biological deposit, the reliability values determined were: 30% (BOD₅), 60% (COD) and 67% (total suspended solids). In a treatment plant with a hybrid reactor, 30% of the BOD₅ and COD limit values were exceeded, while 30% of the total suspended solids were exceeded. The reliability levels are significantly lower than the acceptable levels proposed in the literature, which means that the wastewater discharged from the analysed wastewater treatment plants often exceeds the limit values of indicators specified in currently valid in Poland Regulation of the Minister of Environment for object to 2000 population equivalent.

Performance evaluation of trickling filter-based wastewater treatment system utilizing cotton sticks as filter media.

Abstract: The need of wastewater (WW) treatment is increasing along with the production of WW and its disposal without treatment. With a smaller footprint, ease of operation, and relatively less cost, trickling filter (TF) wastewater treatment systems have been considered to be more adoptable for domestic and industrial WW treatment in underdeveloped and/or developing countries – particularly for Asia and Africa. A relatively lowcost and operationally effective TF wastewater treatment system was developed using farm waste cotton sticks as biofilm support media. During the operation of the TF system, flow rates vary from 1.7 to 4.6 m3/hr. The attained removal efficiency for BOD (biological oxygen demand) was 69-78% and for chemical oxygen demand (COD) was 65-80%. The solids removal in TF system was 38-56% for total suspended solids (TSS) and 20-36% for total dissolved solids (TDS). Other aggregates such as turbidity and color removal were 32-54% and 25-42%, respectively. Four to five months of trouble-free operation of the developed TF system indicated the robustness and reliability of the system. Cotton sticks appeared to be a degradation-resistant alternative filter media for the TF system. Moreover, it is useful for reducing potential impacts of WW re-use at the farm level. Treated effluents through the TF system can be re-used as an irrigation water supplement in under-developed and/or developing countries.

Treatment of high strength acidic wastewater using passive pH control

Abstract: A passive pH control system to process high strength (COD ∼ 20,000 mg l−1) acidic wastewater without alkali addition was developed. The low-energy wastewater treatment system consisted of a packed bed up-flow anaerobic reactor followed by an aerobic trickling filter, both of which used biochar as the biofilm support media. The passive pH control process relied on controlled recycle of the effluent leaving the anaerobic stage to adjust the pH of the acidic feedstock. The anaerobic reactor was able to achieve steady state reductions in total chemical oxygen demand (TCODred) above 91% and the combined system (anaerobic-aerobic) achieved COD reductions above 97% without alkali addition. Methane production was 0.311 m3 per kg COD reduced. The system was also able to produce an effluent that met EPA regulations in terms of BOD5 and TSS, possessed a near neutral pH, and was highly nitrified.

Influence of temperature and COD loading on biological nitrification–denitrification process using a trickling filter: an empirical modeling approach

Abstract: To cut down aeration power for nitrification, we constructed a biological nitrification–denitrification process with a trickling filter for nitrification and an anaerobic biological filter for denitrification. The influences of temperature and chemical oxygen demand (COD) loading on the nitrification and denitrification performance of the process are discussed in this paper through experimental and empirical modeling approaches. The model constants were determined by the experimental data of the process using municipal wastewater in Ryukoku University. Then, the influences of temperature and COD loading were estimated by the model. The COD levels required for NO3–N removal depended on both, the temperature and influent COD/NO3–N ratio. A lower temperature and higher influent COD/NO3–N ratio increased the COD requirement, because of the different responses between denitrifying bacteria and heterotrophic bacteria against temperature, COD, and NO3–N concentrations. In addition, our experimental system could satisfy the Japanese effluent standard at temperatures higher than 12 °C. The dissolved nitrogen (DN) concentration in the final effluent was more strongly affected by the NH4–N discharged from the trickling filter than it was by the residual NO3–N in the effluent from the denitrification tank. Therefore, the enhancement of the nitrification efficiency in the trickling filter was inferred to enhance the nitrogen removal efficiency. To prevent a low nitrogen removal efficiency at temperatures lower than 15 °C, it was necessary to set the low hydraulic loading.

Effect of Seasonal Variation on Performance of Conventional Wastewater Treatment System

Abstract: Many studies have focused on wastewater treatment however, little attention has been given to effect of seasonal variation to wastewater treatment. The purpose of this study was to determine the seasonal differences of wastewater treatment that employs screens, trickling filters and oxidation ponds. This was achieved by sampling and analyses of water samples from four different points during the dry and wet seasons of the year 2013. Water samples were taken from influent point, primary pond effluent, trickling filter effluent and final effluent. Gravimetric method was used in determining Total Suspended Solids (TSS) and Total Dissolved Solids (TDS). The BOD5 technique and the COD digestion method were used for determination of Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) respectively while the temperature, pH and conductivity were measured using respective meters. Analysis of Variance showed that there was significant difference (p < 0.05) in all the parameters quantified at all the points of treatment during the two seasons. The results showed that BOD and COD both reduced from one point to the next during the two seasons of study. The TSS levels increased after primary pond effluent undergoing treatment at the trickling filter and the temperature also increased after the trickling filter effluent undergoing treatment at oxidation ponds. The levels of conductivity and TDS decreased from one treatment stage to the next during dry season but during the wet season the levels of these parameters increased from one stage to the next except that the levels reduced after the primary pond effluent underwent treatment at the trickling filter. The various stages of wastewater treatment plant under study were effective during the two seasons however, wet season recorded lower figures for most of the parameters.

Algae to Remove Phosphorous in a Trickling Filter

Abstract: At a waste water treatment facility, secondary treatment process algae species Cladophora glomerata and Vaucheria is growing in a trickling filter. This study investigates the role of the algae and its potential for phosphor removal. Phosphorus removed by algae in the trickling filter reached 52% or 902.5 g per day at a flow rate of 9000,000 l/d.

Evaluation of the process performance of a down-flow hanging sponge reactor for direct treatment of domestic wastewater in Bangkok, Thailand

Abstract: This study assesses the performance of an aerobic trickling filter, down-flow hanging sponge (DHS) reactor, as a decentralized domestic wastewater treatment technology. Also, the characteristic eukaryotic community structure in DHS reactor was investigated. Long-term operation of a DHS reactor for direct treatment of domestic wastewater (COD = 150–170 mg/L and BOD = 60–90 mg/L) was performed under the average ambient temperature ranged from 28°C to 31°C in Bangkok, Thailand. Throughout the evaluation period of 550 days, the DHS reactor at a hydraulic retention time of 3 h showed better performance than the existing oxidation ditch process in the removal of organic carbon (COD removal rate = 80–83% and BOD removal rate = 91%), nitrogen compounds (total nitrogen removal rate = 45–51% and NH4+–N removal rate = 95–98%), and low excess sludge production (0.04 gTS/gCOD removed). The clone library based on the 18S ribosomal ribonucleic acid gene sequence revealed that phylogenetic diversity of 18S rRNA g...

Removing Organic Matter and Nutrients from Swine Wastewater after Anaerobic–Aerobic Treatment

Abstract: Anaerobic digesters generate effluent containing about 3000 mg L−1 of organic matter in terms of chemical oxygen demand (COD). This effluent must be treated before being reused or discharged into the environment. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of a trickling filter packed with red volcanic rock for the treatment of anaerobic digester effluent with COD concentrations of around 3000 mg L−1. The trickling filter consisted of an aluminum cylinder, 2 mm thick, 3 m high, and 1 m in diameter. To evaluate the efficiency of the treatment system, there were three experimental runs, each lasting 20 days (d). The predictor variable was the initial COD concentration, which ranged from 2002 to 3074 mg L−1. The hydraulic retention time was 9 h. The influent flow was 2.2 L min−1, which amounts to a hydraulic load of 4033 m3 m−2 day−1 and an organic load of 0.006342 to 0.009738 kg m−3 day−1 of COD. Independent of the initial concentration, COD removal efficiency was very high, varying from 90 to 96%. Final effluents met all the maximum permissible limits to be used as irrigation water, as well as for its release into natural or artificial water reservoirs, stored for agricultural crop irrigation.

Chapter 7 – Integrated biological treatment of olive mill waste combining aerobic biological treatment, constructed wetlands, and composting

Abstract: The biological treatment of olive mill waste has gained attention over recent years as it can achieve high removal efficiencies at relatively low cost. Several studies have proved that attached growth biological systems are efficient at treating olive mill wastewater as their high biomass concentration can tolerate substantial organic loadings without the appearance of toxic effects. Attached growth systems can remove the majority of the organic load; however, due to the extremely high organic load of olive mill wastewater, a posttreatment stage is imperative. Constructed wetlands are often currently used as a polishing treatment stage for olive mill wastewater. Furthermore, olive mills also produce significant quantities of solid residues that have proved to be excellent materials for composting. This chapter presents an integrated approach for the treatment of olive mill wastewater and solid residue that uses only biological treatments (i.e., trickling filters, constructed wetlands, and composting).

Treatment of Oily Wastewater

Abstract: Large quantities of oily wastewater are produced from the activities and processes in the petroleum industry, and draining of these effluents not only pollutes the environment but also reduces the yield of oil and water. This chapter gives a general introduction to the control and treatment of water emissions in the petroleum industry. It begins with an overview of wastewaters and management, followed by wastewater characterization, selection of oil–water separation and treatment technologies, and wastewater treatment (process wastewater pretreatment, primary treatment, secondary treatment, and tertiary treatment or polishing). Primary wastewater treatment includes separation of oil, water, and solids in two stages. In the first stage, oil–water separators are used to remove large quantities of free oil and heavy suspended solids from wastewater and are usually used when oil concentrations in the raw wastewater exceed approximately 500 mg/L. The second stage of primary treatment is designed to remove small oil droplets and suspended solids, oil emulsions, and oil-wetted solids that have not been separated in the first stage of primary treatment. In secondary treatment, dissolved oil and other organic pollutants are sometimes consumed by microorganisms. Biological-treatment processes can generally be classified as suspended growth processes such as activated sludge (AS) processes, sequencing batch reactors (SBRs), continuous stirred tank bioreactors (CSTBs), membrane bioreactors (MBRs), and aerated lagoons, and attached growth processes such as trickling filters (TFs), fluidized bed bioreactors (FBBs), and rotating biological contactors (RBCs). Tertiary treatment or polishing refers to any treatment that takes place downstream of the secondary treatment plant to obtain a high-quality effluent to meet discharge limits or possibly for reuse. Sand filtration, activated carbon adsorption, chemical oxidation, pressure-driven membrane-separation technologies (e.g., microfiltration (MF), ultrafiltration (UF), nanofiltration (NF), reverse osmosis (RO)), other advanced wastewater-treatment methods such as ion-exchange, electrodialysis (ED) and electrodialysis reversal (EDR), and advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) (e.g., hydrogen-peroxide/ultraviolet (H 2 O 2 /UV), ozonation process, Fenton and photo-Fenton processes, heterogeneous photocatalysis, electrochemical oxidation, wet-air oxidation (WAO), and supercritical water oxidation (SCWO)) are also discussed. Finally, wastewater-treatment plants (WWTPs) in the petroleum industry are summarized.

Biotreatment of Petrochemical Wastewater: A Case Study from Northern Tunisia

Abstract: A full-scale study has been conducted to assess the bioaugmentation efficiency of trickling filter process to treat petrochemical wastewater from a lubricant industry recycling waste oils. During 45 weeks, the organic loading rate (OLR) in the trickling filter was increased stepwise from 0.9 to 4 kg of chemical oxygen demand (COD)/(m3·day) at the end of the upgrading period as the flow rate (FR) reached the value of 30 m3/day. The removal, obtained in terms of percentage, for COD ranged from 60 to 84.5 and greater than 98 for total n-alkane (TNA), while those of total kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) and total phosphor (TP) were about 32 and 55, respectively. The analytical profile index (API) of trickling biofilm has confirmed that 5 strains are closely related to Acinobacter junii, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Vibrio vulnificus, Vibrio metschnikovi, Pseudomona slulzeri and Trichosporon spp2.

Method for reinforcing performance of bio-trickling filter in treatment of toluene waste gas

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for reinforcing the performance of a bio-trickling filter in treatment of toluene waste gas. According to the method, polyurethane foam is used as a filling material, sludge in a secondary se bio-trickling filter dimentation tank of a coking waste water treatment plant is used as an inoculation bacterial strain, the pH value of a nutrient solution is adjusted to 7.0, and the bio-trickling filter is started; low-concentration ethyl acetate waste gas is introduced into toluene waste gas, so the diversity of organisms in the bio-trickling filter is improved, the abundance of functional microbes is enhanced, and the removal of toluene waste gas is improved; and when the concentration of toluene is 1640 mg/m and a concentration ratio of toluene to ethyl acetate is controlled to be 1: 0.5, the removal rate of toluene can reach 95.4 +/-2.2%, and removal load can reach 180.3 g/m /h.

Characterization of municipal and dairy wastewaters with 30 quality parameters and potential wastewater treatment by biological trickling filters

Abstract: This study aimed to characterize raw municipal and dairy wastewaters. The quality of the collected wastewaters was determined by measuring 30 quality parameters, such as phenols, oxidation-reductio...

Treatment of Domestic Wastewater from Small Cities on Vertical Flow Constructed Wetlands (VFCWs)

Abstract: To improve denitrification and phosphorus removal in VFCWs, the French company SCIRPE has developed a patented process called Azoe® which comprises biological pre-treatment on a trickling filter followed by two stages of partially saturated vertical flow filters planted with reeds. Phosphorus removal is carried out by addition of FeCl3 at the outlet of the biological trickling filter. Phosphorus thus precipitated accumulates mainly on the surface of the first filter in the form of a sludge layer. After several years of operation, this surface layer represents a stock of phosphorus potentially mobilizable as a function of the biophysicochemical conditions of the environment. However the fate of organic and mineral micropollutants, (pharmaceutical residues, pesticides, metals, etc.) in the system is poorly known. In the present study, the performance of these systems was studied by monitoring an Azoe® plant in operation. The results confirmed the very good efficiency in carbon and nitrogen treatment, the good stability of phosphorus retention, and a high rate of removal or retention of most micropollutants analyzed.

Powerless sewage purification device

Abstract: The invention discloses a powerless sewage purification device which comprises a shell, a coarse screen, a fine filtering layer, a collecting tank and a biological activated carbon trickling filter. The powerless sewage purification device is characterized in that the coarse screen is arranged at the upper part of the fine filtering layer; the biological activated carbon trickling filter is arranged at the lower part of the fine filtering layer; the coarse screen and the fine filtering layer are inclined to the collecting tank for a certain angle; the collecting tank is arranged at the rear part of the fine filtering layer; the collecting tank comprises a comb and a tank body; the fine filtering layer comprises a water distributor and a fine filtering net; the water distributor is arranged in front of the fine filtering net; a deversoir is arranged at the tail end of the water distributor. In the working process, relatively large dirt impurities in sewage can be baffled by the coarse screen, and relatively small dirt impurities are baffled by the fine filtering net, are fed into the collecting tank under the action of hydraulic scouring and gravity, and can be directly dumped. Filtered water drops into the biological activated carbon trickling filter, and dissoluble pollutants are adsorbed and biologically degraded. The coarse screen and the fine filtering layer do not need power for cleaning of filtering nets, and the biological activated carbon trickling filter does not need power for aeration, either. By adopting the powerless sewage purification device, the purpose of removing suspended pollutants and dissoluble pollutants in sewage without power can be achieved.

Device of waste gas is handled to biological method of multistage

Abstract: The utility model discloses a device of waste gas is handled to biological method of multistage, including scrubbing tower, a bio -trickling filter, the 2nd bio -trickling filter, biofiltration tower and the exhaust apparatus who loops through the pipe connection. The beneficial effect of the utility model: each section technology is made pointed references and is administered to different gas composition and concentration characteristics, through biodegradable effect or combined action alone, makes process gas's effect show, and with low costs, makes follow -up technology intractability reduce after each section processing, can not produce secondary pollution.

Efficacy of a trickling system for ammonia, particulate matter, and odor removal from livestock production buildings

Abstract: ........................................................................................................ 58 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 58 Materials and Methods ........................................................................................ 61 Results and Discussion ....................................................................................... 67 General Discussion ............................................................................................. 70

Autotrophic Nitrogen Removal from Low Concentrated Effluents: Study of System Configurations and Operational Features for Post-treatment of Anaerobic Effluents

Abstract: On a global scale, sewage represents the main point-source of water pollution and is also the predominant source of nitrogen contamination in urban regions. The present research is focused on the study of the main challenges that need to be addressed in order to achieve a successful inorganic nitrogen post-treatment of anaerobic effluents in the mainstream. The post-treatment is based on autotrophic nitrogen removal. The challenges are classified in terms of operational features and system configuration, namely: (i) the short-term effects of organic carbon source, the COD/N ratio and the temperature on the autotrophic nitrogen removal; the results from this study confirms that the Anammox activity is strongly influenced by temperature, in spite of the COD source and COD/N ratios applied. (ii) The long-term performance of the Anammox process under low nitrogen sludge loading rate (NSLR) and moderate to low temperatures; it demonstrates that NSLR affects nitrogen removal efficiency, granular size and biomass concentration of the bioreactor. (iii) The Anammox cultivation in a closed sponge-bed trickling filter (CSTF) and (iv) the autotrophic nitrogen removal over nitrite in a sponge-bed trickling filter (STF). Both types of Anammox sponge-bed trickling filters offer a plane technology with good nitrogen removal efficiency.

Research of wastewater tertiary treatment

Abstract: The article analyzes tertiary wastewater treatment in semi-industrial conditions. During the study, experimental equipment containing three trickling filters was installed in Nemencinė WWTP. The filters were filled with three different media. The biologically treated wastewater was continuously supplied to the filters maintaining the same surface load – 0.07 m 3 /m 2 /min. According to the results, the highest removal efficiency of COD, BOD 7 and SS was reached in filter 1 that contained the stone wool Growcube media. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3846/enviro.2017.075

Distributed sewage treatment device and method suitable for country

Abstract: The invention provides a distributed sewage treatment device and method suitable for the country. The distributed sewage treatment device comprises a grille water collecting well unit, an anaerobic pool unit, a combined biological filter unit and an active biological filter bed unit. The grille water collecting well unit is used for balancing the water quality and water amount of sewage to be treated and includes a water collecting well, a grille hopper and a sewage pump. The anaerobic pool unit is used for conducting hydrolytic acidificationon on the sewage to be treated and includes an anaerobic pool, a water passing weir and anaerobic filler. The active biological filter bed unit comprises a settling pond, a water collecting pipe, a holed screen, coarse filler, fine filler, a screen hopper, an active biological filter bed and an inspection well. The sewage pump, the active biological trickling filter and the active biological filter bed are integrated, a sewage pipeline is directly guided into the device without additional building construction, and the device is more suitable for a rural area in construction and usage.