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Showing papers on "Trickling filter published in 2021"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a semi-pilot biological trickling filter reactor (BTF) inoculated by domesticated activated sludge is used to remove Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S) and Ammonia (NH3).

31 citations


Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 2021
TL;DR: In this article, the authors provided an insight into the removal of micropollutants from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) by biological, chemical, and hybrid technologies.
Abstract: Over the last few decades, the occurrence of micropollutants (MPs) in wastewater has emerged as a challenging task for the scientific community. Biological treatment technologies (BTTs) are most widely used for MPs removal, including activated sludge, constructed wetland, membrane bioreactor (MBR), aerobic bioreactor, anaerobic bioreactor, microalgae bioreactor, fungal bioreactor, trickling filter, rotating biological reactor, nitrification, and biosorption. Results showed that during biological treatment some of the non-biodegradable MPs are not efficiently removed. Chemical treatment technologies (CTTs) including Fenton, ozonation, photolysis, photo-Fenton, photocatalysis, and electro-Fenton process have been widely used. However, the complete mineralization of MPs by CTTs is usually expensive. Therefore, a cost and resource-efficient alternative are to direct biological treatment in combination with a chemical treatment to convert the hazardous pollutants into more biodegradable compounds. This chapter provides an insight into the removal of micropollutants from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) by biological, chemical, and hybrid technologies. Further studies are needed for optimizing these processes, especially in terms of technical and economic perspectives.

25 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, pine bark, coal cinder, straw and mobile bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) fillers were used as packing materials in a biological trickling filter (BTF) to simultaneously treat high-concentration H2S and NH3.

15 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Microbial community analysis of the STF-retained sludge indicated that both autotrophic and heterotrophic nitrogen removal occurred in the reactor, indicating a cost-effective solution for nitrogen removal after an anaerobic pre-treatment process.
Abstract: Anaerobic ammonia oxidation to nitrogen gas using nitrite as the electron acceptor (anammox process) is considered a cost-effective solution for nitrogen removal after an anaerobic pre-treatment pr...

13 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors developed, validated, and analyzed a conceptually correct mathematical model for biogas upgrading biological trickling filter (BTF) reactors, which considers convective transport and dispersion of gases through the fixed bed and mass transfer and reaction of absorbed gases in immobilized biofilms.

10 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated feasibility of simultaneous thermal post-treatment of digestate and in-situ biogas upgrading in the trickling filter bed (TFB) reactor.
Abstract: Digestate, residual organic matter produced as byproducts during the anaerobic digestion process, needs to be utilized because of its potential greenhouse gas emissions. An alternative solution is to valorize digestate for biogas production. The current study investigates feasibility of simultaneous thermal post-treatment of digestate and in-situ biogas upgrading in the trickling filter bed (TFB) reactor. Thermal post-treatment improved the solubilization of food waste-based digestate for biogas production. It was reported that the TFB reactor are efficient to facilitate gas-liquid mass transfer during production of methane (CH4) from carbon dioxide (CO2) and hydrogen (H2). The exogenous H2 injection in in-situ biogas upgrading decreased CO2 content from 51.35 to 16.72% and upgrade CH4 content from 48.65 to 81% in the output gas. The reactor CH4 production rate reached 0.89 L/LR•d and the H2 utilization efficiency of 98% was accomplished. Furthermore, the results showed that chemical oxygen demand removal efficiency of digestate reached to a maximum of 64% in 10 days hydraulic retention time. The microbial analysis indicated hydrogenotrophic Methanobacterium ferruginis was highly abundant in the liquid and biofilm phase, while acetoclastic Methanosarcina flavescens localized in the biofilm phase. The findings from this work showed that digestate can be simultaneously exploited for improving effluent quality and biogas upgrading.

9 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the factors that control the performance of SBTFs following anaerobic (i.e., UASB) reactors for sewage treatment, showing a median nitrification efficiency of 79% and a median total nitrogen removal efficiency of 26%.

8 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, an ultra-low energy consumption continuous flow (UECF) process was used for enhanced nitrogen removal from rural sewage, where the ammonia in sewage was first oxidized to nitrite in a bio trickling filter (BTFPN) supplemented with natural oxygen.

7 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors employed a lab-scale BTF packed with granular activated carbon at a short empty bed residence time of 6-s and pH 1-2 to evaluate different trickling strategies, i.e., continuous trickling (different velocities) and intermittent trickling(different trickling intervals), in terms of the removal of hydrogen sulfide (H2S), bed pressure drop, H2S oxidation products and microbial community.

7 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the variability of N2O emissions from two aerobic treatment systems, activated sludge (AS) and low-rate trickling filter (TF), operated as post-treatments in upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactors (UASB), under different operational conditions: (1) employed aeration system, (2) biomass growth and (3) environmental conditions.
Abstract: Monitoring of nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) correlated to different operational conditions plays an important role in proposing mitigation strategies. However, few full-scale studies are available so far correlating N2O emission factors (EF) from wastewater treatment systems to different structural, operational and environmental configurations. In this context, the aim of this study was to evaluate the variability of N2O emissions from two aerobic treatment systems, activated sludge (AS) and low-rate trickling filter (TF), operated as post-treatments in upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactors (UASB), under different operational conditions: (1) employed aeration system, (2) biomass growth and (3) environmental conditions, with a main focus on the generation of N2O EFs for these types of systems. Both studied systems displayed high temporal variability in N2O emissions associated with different operational and environmental conditions, such as: (1) aeration intermittency and high amplitudes of influent N loads for the AS system, (2) recirculation of treated wastewater and different wastewater temperatures for the TF system. In addition, the temporal variability of methane (CH4) emissions was also significant, with greater amplitudes for the AS system, due to the greater air-stripping effect intensified by the combination of intermittency and excess aeration. Finally, regardless of the employed operational condition, the average EFs (N2O and CH4) determined for the WWTP-1 aeration tank (AT) (0.04 % and 0.054 %) and WWTP-2 TF (0.005 % and 0.015 %) were substantially lower than the N2O and CH4 EFs (1.6 % and 0.75 %) suggested by the IPCC, for centralized WWTPs with aerobic systems.

7 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Results show that a combination of trickling filter with activated sludge systems in one single reactor is feasible, and this technology is promising for treating organic-polluted, intermittent stormwater-runoff.
Abstract: Due to their limited ability for nutrient removal, trickling filter systems (TFS) have almost fallen into oblivion today, even though they are robust and energy-efficient treatment systems. The adv...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The down-flow hanging sponge (DHS) reactor that is sponge-based trickling filter was considered to be an alternative aerobic treatment system for low strength sewage treatment under tropical conditions as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Down-flow hanging sponge (DHS) reactor that is sponge-based trickling filter was considered to be an alternative aerobic treatment system for low strength sewage treatment under tropical conditions...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Maize cob and date palm fibre (TF2) were used as biofilm support media in a trickling filter system as discussed by the authors, which achieved acceptable removal efficiency (61% to 76.3%) for pathogen indicators such as total count, fecal coliforms and Escherichia coli.
Abstract: A pilot scale trickling filter system was designed, developed, and operated using a constant recirculation method for treatment of municipal wastewater. Maize cob (TF1) and date palm fibre (TF2) were used as biofilm support media in a trickling filter system. Both the TF1 and TF2 were compared based on the removal efficiency of pollution indicators such as biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total dissolved solids (TDS), total suspended solids (TSS), electrical conductivity (EC), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP) and sulphates. The hydraulic flow rate and loading were set as 0.432 m3/h and 0.0064 m3/m2.minute, respectively at temperature range of 15–42 °C for 15 operational weeks. Both the TF1 and TF2 showed acceptable removal efficiency (61% to 76.3%) for pathogen indicators such as total count, fecal coliforms and Escherichia coli. However, 8–15% higher removal efficiency was observed for TF1 for all the pollution indicators compared to TF2. The results suggest that both the biofilm support media in trickling filter have potential to treat municipal wastewater in peri-urban small communities to produce environmentally friendly effluent.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a model of integrated system comprised of sedimentation, coagulation-flocculation, Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) and Modified Ludzack-Ettinger (MLE) was developed for fish canning in Bali, Indonesia.
Abstract: Fish canning industry is one of the top priority industries in Indonesia that is competitive in international market and essential to food security It is also an industry with high water consumption due to its water-intensive processes such as thawing and washing that produces large amount of wastewater containing very high load of organic pollutants which must be treated properly before disposal into the environment This study was conducted using wastewater characteristics from one of the fish canning plants in Bali, Indonesia, that already implemented wastewater treatment using a combination of aerobic treatments with trickling filter and activated sludge The treatment system has difficulty to achieve a good and stable effluent quality, especially during high load production season It is necessary to find a better system that can treat the high load of organic content in wastewater and produce a cleaner effluent that can be recycled back into the production process This study is aimed to develop a model of integrated system comprised of sedimentation, coagulation-flocculation, Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) and Modified Ludzack-Ettinger (MLE) that can be used as a base design for further implementation in pilot-scale facility The integrated system was designed to remove 99 % of BOD, 99 % of oil and grease, 98 % of TSS and 878 % of total nitrogen achieving effluent quality of 599 mg/L BOD, 06 mg/L oil and grease, 274 mg/L TSS, and 300 mg/L total nitrogen in nitrates form Compared to the existing treatment system with effluent quality of 3514 mg/L BOD, 337 mg/L TSS and 1111 mg/L ammonia, this system could improve the effluent quality significantly by maintaining a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 553 h Combining constructed wetland with HRT of 288 h as water reclamation system to refine the water quality, the nitrogen content could be reduced to less than 10 mg/L to meet the requirement as raw water for clean water production process The design in this study could be used to replace the existing aerobic treatment system and enable the industry to solve the environmental problems of wastewater disposal and water conservation and expand further the production capacity simultaneously

Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 2021
TL;DR: An overview of advanced biological methods used for treating wastewater and also highlights the various drawbacks associated with these methods can be found in this article, where the authors provide an overview of these methods and their drawbacks.
Abstract: Biological wastewater treatment is a modern technique in which wastewater is treated with microorganisms instead of chemicals In this way, we try to prevent the adverse effects caused by chemical treatment of wastewater such as chemical accumulation in water bodies or algal blooming In biological wastewater treatment, many aerobic as well as anaerobic microorganisms can be used in various methods to reduce different types of pollutants present in water and to reduce biochemical oxygen demand of water Activated sludge is also a very important part of the biological treatment of wastewater as it is used as inoculum to start the microbial reactions in wastewater treatment plants Various techniques of biological wastewater treatment can be used to remove a variety of pollutants from wastewater such as conventional activated sludge process, membrane bioreactors, or trickling filter process Biological wastewater treatment is a slow process and requires a large area to treat and store water, which leads to high capital and operating cost Biological wastewater treatment produces some unwanted microorganisms that produce gases and bad odor This treated effluents containing water cannot be released into water bodies as it can cause a change in physicochemical properties of water, which ultimately leads to a decrease in the aquatic animal population Biological treatment of wastewater eliminates organic pollutants but not all types of pollutants such as detergents, cosmetic wastes, etc This chapter provides an overview of advanced biological methods used for treating wastewater and also highlights the various drawbacks associated with these methods

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the treatment efficiency of conventional trickling filter (CTF) and cascade cum-training filter (CCTF) for treatment of domestic wastewater for a period of four months under temperature range of 21-48°C.
Abstract: Optimization of operational parameters of wastewater treatment system using the modeling technique may lead to enhance the system’s operational and treatment efficiency. The present research was carried out to investigate the treatment efficiency of conventional trickling filter (CTF) and cascade cum trickling filter (CCTF) for treatment of domestic wastewater. Both the systems (CTF and CCTF) were operated for a period of four months under temperature range of 21–48 °C. The maize cob (MC) and date palm fibre (DPF) were used as biofilm support media. Biological oxygen demand (BOD) reaction kinetic model was developed and evaluated for optimization of BOD removing efficiency of CTF and CCTF. The removing efficiency of CTF and CCTF has increased with increasing operational time from 12 to 48 h. The CCTF showed 3–25% higher efficiency in removing organic matter, nutrients and sulphates compared to CTF regardless the supporting media. Similarly, MC showed 3–8% higher removal efficiency of the tested parameters compared to the DPF as supporting media in both CTF and CCTF systems. The BOD reaction kinetic model estimated the optimal volumetric design BOD loading rates (Bvd) of 1.5–2.1 kg BOD/m3 day for designing efficient trickling filter systems. The CCTF with MC media was found efficient than other reactors due to highest BOD removal efficiency (91.8%) and good capacity to treat high BOD load (2.1 kg/m3.day). Hence, the CCTF system has higher potential for efficient removal of organic and inorganic contaminants from the wastewater in developing countries.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, two morphological forms (angel hair and scraps) of xylit as a trickling filter material were verified for the removal of wastewater quality indicators, namely, chemical oxygen demand, biochemical oxygen demand (COD), BOD5, total suspended solids (TSS), ammonium nitrogen (NNH4), and total phosphorus (Ptot), in two types of polluted media: septic tank effluent and seminatural greywater (GW).
Abstract: The aim of the study was to verify two morphological forms (“angel hair” and “scraps”) of xylit as a trickling filter material. The study was carried out on two types of polluted media: septic tank effluent (STE) and seminatural greywater (GW). The basic wastewater quality indicators, namely, chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), total suspended solids (TSS), ammonium nitrogen (NNH4), and total phosphorus (Ptot) were used as the indicators of treatment efficiency. Filtering columns filled with the investigated material acted as conventional trickling filters at a hydraulic load of 376–472 cm3/d during the preliminary stage, 198–245 cm3/d during stage I, and 184–223 cm3/d during stage II. The removal efficiency of the two morphological forms of xylit did not differ significantly. The average efficiencies of treatment were as follows: for COD, over 70, 80, and 85% for preliminary stage, stage I and stage II, respectively; for BOD5, 77–79% (preliminary stage); for TSS, 42% and 70% during the preliminary stage, and 88, 91, and 65% during stage I; for NNH4, 97–99% for stage I and 36–49% for stage II; for Ptot, 51–54% for stage I and 52–56% for stage II. The study demonstrated that xylit was a material highly effective in wastewater quality indicators removal, even during the initial period of its use.

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Nov 2021-Heliyon
TL;DR: In this article, the authors quantified selected pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) (diclofenac, aspirin, paracetamol, and ibuprofen) in wastewater and evaluated its removal efficiency from wastewater treatment plant (WWTP).

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jan 2021-Water
TL;DR: In this paper, the performance and operational parameters of a biological trickling filter based on an anaerobic-anoxic-oxic process (A2O-BTF) were analyzed using Sumo, a commercially available wastewater treatment process simulation software.
Abstract: Biological trickling filters are widely used for sewage treatment. This study models a biological trickling filter based on an anaerobic–anoxic–oxic process (A2O–BTF), established by a combination of aerobic and anaerobic technology. The performance and operational parameters were analyzed using Sumo, a commercially available wastewater treatment process (WWTP) simulation software. The wastewater treatment performance of the anaerobic–anoxic–oxic process biological trickling filter (A2O–BTF), the conventional three-stage biological trickling filter (Three-Stage–BTF), and the single-stage biological trickling filter (Single–BTF) was compared, which indicated the higher performance of A2O–BTF in terms of COD, TN, NH3-N, and TP removal. The operational parameters of A2O–BTF were optimized by Sumo simulation software, and the results showed that the removal efficiency of pollutants was increased by raising the temperature to the range of 13.94–21.60 °C. The dissolved oxygen (DO) in the aerobic reactor enhanced removal efficiency under a saturation concentration of 2.2–2.6 g O2/m3. In addition, the optimization of the reflux ratio promoted the removal efficiency of the pollutants, indicated by the maximum removal efficiency of COD and TN, achieved at the reflux ratio of 2.25, and that of NH3-N and TP, achieved at a reflux ratio of 0.75. This study provides a proof-in-concept demonstration that software modeling can be a useful tool for assisting the optimization of the design and operation of sewage treatment processes.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, experimental data collected from 24-h monitoring campaigns of 29 full-scale VF-TWs, having different configurations and operation time up to 13 years, was analyzed.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the intervention of sulfur oxidizing bacteria (SOB) and denitrifying bacteria (DNB) was employed to avoid the collapse critical points (the dramatically decrease of S/N removal efficiency) under the fluctuated load.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, an environmental life cycle assessment (LCA) of a sewage treatment plant equipped with low-rate trickling filters (TFs) as post-treatment of upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) is performed.
Abstract: This study aimed to undertake an environmental life cycle assessment (LCA) of a sewage treatment plant (STP) equipped with low-rate trickling filters (TFs) as post-treatment of upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB). The STP is located in South Brazil and uses landfill and agriculture as sludge-disposal alternatives. The evaluation was performed using the LCA technique and SimaPro® 9 software. The results revealed that the gases methane (CH 4 ) and sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ), emitted into the atmosphere after the partial burning of the biogas in flares, are mainly responsible for impacts in the categories of global warming (GW) and terrestrial acidification (TA), respectively. Due to the low rate of hydraulic sewage application in TFs, nitrous oxide (N 2 O) emissions stood out due to their high impact in the category of stratospheric ozone depletion (SOD). The use of sludge in agriculture obtained a greater potential for environmental impact compared to landfills in five of the eight categories evaluated. The main impacts of agricultural use were in the category of human toxicity (HT), due to the high concentration of zinc present in the sludge, and in the category TA, due to the emission of ammonia (NH 3 ) during hygienization of the sludge. In turn, the main positive aspects were avoided products, such as urea, phosphate fertilizer and limestone. The results contribute to a greater discussion of sewage-treatment processes, as well as sludge-management alternatives used in developing countries.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The potential of three different kind of reactors and active biomass to be used as inoculum for nitrogen removal was verified in this article, where sludge samples were collected from a Membrane Bioreactor (MBR), a previous tank of a Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor and a Trickling Filter (TF).

Journal ArticleDOI
12 Nov 2021-Water
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors evaluated the wastewater treatment efficiency of a low-cost pilot-scale trickling filter (TF) system under a prevailing temperature range of 12 °C-38 °C.
Abstract: The aim of the present study is to assess the wastewater treatment efficiency of a low-cost pilot-scale trickling filter (TF) system under a prevailing temperature range of 12 °C–38 °C. Operational data (both influent and effluent) for 330 days were collected from the pilot-scale TF for various physicochemical and biological parameters. Average percentage reductions were observed in the ranges of 52–72, 51–73, 61–81, and 74–89% for BOD5, COD, TDS, and TSS, respectively, for the whole year except the winter season, where a 74–88% reduction was observed only for TSS, whilst BOD5, COD, and TDS demonstrated reductions in the ranges of 13–50, 13–49, and 23–61%, respectively. Furthermore, reductions of about 43–55% and 57–86% in fecal coliform count were observed after the 1st and 6th day of treatment, respectively, throughout study period. Moreover, the pilot-scale TF model was based on zero-order kinetics calibrated at 20 °C using experimental BOD5 data obtained in the month of October to calculate the k20 value, which was further validated to determine the kt value for each BOD5 experimental setup. The model resulted in more accurate measurements of the pilot-scale TF and could help to improve its ability to handle different types of wastewater in the future.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors report a detailed life cycle assessment and cost-benefit analysis of a commercially viable Internal Stack-Trickling Bio-Electrochemical Reactor (IS-trickBER), which used wastewater as a feedstock and converted that wastewater through electrochemical methods into low grade fertilizer and produced electricity.
Abstract: The present study reports a detailed life cycle assessment and cost-benefit analysis of a commercially viable Internal-Stack-Trickling Bio-Electrochemical Reactor (IS-TrickBER). IS-TrickBER used wastewater as a feedstock and converted that wastewater through electrochemical methods into low-grade fertilizer and produced electricity. IS-TrickBER was observed for its performance in terms of power output and wastewater treatment. IS-TrickBER exhibited up to 4.2 Wh net energy yield while treating 84.84L wastewater per day along with 92.17% COD removal and 38.23% Columbic efficiency during the operational run with real municipal wastewater. Based on daily net energy yield, up to 1457.6Wh yearly net energy yield can be expected. A comprehensive start-to-end life cycle assessment study associated with the manufacturing, and operational phases of IS-TrickBER was also conducted to ascertain its impact on the environment. The environmental impact through air emissions during the manufacturing stage can be minimized by changing the plastic balls used as packing material in the reactor. A detailed cost-benefit analysis was also conducted to understand its economic viability. Cost-benefit analysis of IS-TrickBER, based on net energy yield, shows that IS-TrickBER could compensate its installation cost within a few years. IS-TrickBER performed well in eliminating the chemical load of wastewater and simultaneous electricity generation. Due to its scalability, compactness, and low maintenance, IS-TrickBER can be a suitable candidate in real-time wastewater treatment.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a bioelectrochemical trickling filter bed reactor (BE-TFBR) was studied as a post-treatment process to upgrade biogas and treat digestate.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, an original CO2enhanced natural treatment system was put forward, which was composed of trickling filter and soil-plant units installed inside an elaborate greenhouse with an elevated CO2 concentration.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a simulated TL (STL, pH =7.18) containing exclusively nitrate nitrogen was reused to condition the moisture of composting in order to increase the nitrogen content.
Abstract: Biotrickling filter (BF) is an effective ammonia-contain odour purification device for organic waste composting. However, proper disposal of nitrogen-rich trickling liquid (TL) discharged from the BF is consider ‘the last-mile problem’ for the application of this coupled system. Although our previous study demonstrated that reusing a TL as moisture conditioning agent for a composting system could promote compost maturity and nitrogen content, the exploration of the intrinsic promotion mechanism was obscured by the complexity (i.e., multiple forms of nitrogen contained) of the TL. Thus, a simulated TL (STL, pH =7.18) containing exclusively nitrate nitrogen was reused to condition the moisture of composting in this study. Effects of STL addition phase [adding STL in mesophilic (days 0–9),​ thermophilic (days 4–13), and cooling period (days 13–22)] on the performance of composting were explored. Results revealed that the organic degradation was partly promoted by adding STL in thermophilic or cooling period, but mightily inhibited in mesophilic period. Furthermore, adding STL in thermophilic period stimulates the denitrification of nitrate-N into dinitrogen at high temperature, whereas most of added nitrate-N was retained in compost product when adding STL in cooling period. Eventually, STL addition effectively increased total nitrogen (TN) by 2%–9%, especially the nitrate nitrogen by 10–11 times. Notably, adding STL rarely affected nitrous oxide and greenhouse gas emission. Therefore, STL can be reused to condition the moisture of compost in a proper composting phase (i.e., thermophilic period) as defined in term of the enhancement of TN and nitrate content of compost product.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a two-stage treatment system consisting of cascade cum trickling filter (CCTF) and multilayer adsorption (MLA) bioreactor was developed to enhance the contaminants removal such as chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP).
Abstract: The novel two-stage treatment system consisting of cascade cum trickling filter (CCTF) and multilayer adsorption (MLA) bioreactor was developed to enhance the contaminants removal such as chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP). The maize cob and date palm fiber were used as biofilm support media in trickling filter. The MLA bioreactor was operated using the composite adsorbent (refused crushed brick + rice husk + steel slags). The maximum adsorption uptake of composite adsorbent was observed as 0.6 mg/g for ammonium and 3.5 mg/g for phosphorus. Kinetic analysis showed that the composite adsorbent had a faster removal rate for phosphate than ammonium. The maximum desorption of ammonium and phosphate was found to be 14.6% and 6.5%, respectively. The performance of both cascade cum trickling filter and multilayer adsorption (CCTF-MLA) systems was also evaluated using the various COD-TN ratios and flow rates. The removal efficiencies of COD, TN and TP were found 93%, 87% and 86%, respectively, and their corresponding mean effluent concentrations were noted 18 mg/L, 5.5 mg/L and 2.3 mg/L. The developed CCTF-MLA system removed the 3log of the total count and total coliform and 2log of Escherichia coli and salmonella. So, the CCTF-MLA system could be efficient for wastewater treatment due to the steady removal rate of COD, TN and TP.

Journal ArticleDOI
12 Jul 2021
TL;DR: In this paper, a pilot facility for the recycling of laundry effluent was developed and tested, which is powered by a photovoltaic plant with second-life batteries, treated the wastewater within the unit and constantly reuses the treated wastewater for washing in a closed cycle.
Abstract: In the scope of this study, a pilot facility for the recycling of laundry effluent was developed and tested. With the aim to enable nearly complete energy and water self-sufficiency, the system is powered by a photovoltaic plant with second-life batteries, treats the wastewater within the unit and constantly reuses the treated wastewater for washing in a closed cycle. The technology for wastewater treatment is based on a low-tech approach consisting of a physical/mechanical pre-treatment and biological treatment in trickling filter columns. The treatment process is operated in batch mode for a capacity of five washing cycles per day. During five weeks of operation water quality, energy consumption and production, water losses and washing performance were monitored. The system recovered 69% of the used water for the washing machine while treating the wastewater to the necessary water quality levels. The average COD removal rate per cycle was 92%. Energy analysis was based on modelled data of the monitored energy consumption. With the current set-up, an internal consumption rate of 80% and self-sufficiency of 30% were modelled. Future developments aim at increasing water and energy self-sufficiency and optimizing the water treatment efficiency.