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Showing papers on "Triterpene published in 2020"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Enhancement of endogenous HMG-CoA reductase removed pathway bottlenecks and improved squalene titer in an engineered Y. lipolytica to improveSqualene accumulation.

56 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Findings indicate that pseudoginsenoside RT8 has a pharmaceutical potential as an antiinflammatory agent and that P. ginseng seeds are a good natural source for discovering novel bioactive molecules.

40 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors focused on the optimization of the processing conditions for a microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) to obtain a maximal yield of prominent pentacyclic triterpenes from Centella asiatica.

35 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The phylogenies of the main enzymes involved in triterpene synthesis are revisited, performing gene neighborhood analysis and phylogenetic profiling and suggest that the HpnCDE enzymes are derived from carotenoid biosynthesis ones and that they assembled in an ancestral squalene pathway in bacteria, while remaining metabolically versatile.
Abstract: Polycyclic triterpenes are members of the terpene family produced by the cyclization of squalene. The most representative polycyclic triterpenes are hopanoids and sterols, the former are mostly found in bacteria, whereas the latter are largely limited to eukaryotes, albeit with a growing number of bacterial exceptions. Given their important role and omnipresence in most eukaryotes, contrasting with their scant representation in bacteria, sterol biosynthesis was long thought to be a eukaryotic innovation. Thus, their presence in some bacteria was deemed to be the result of lateral gene transfer from eukaryotes. Elucidating the origin and evolution of the polycyclic triterpene synthetic pathways is important to understand the role of these compounds in eukaryogenesis and their geobiological value as biomarkers in fossil records. Here, we have revisited the phylogenies of the main enzymes involved in triterpene synthesis, performing gene neighborhood analysis and phylogenetic profiling. Squalene can be biosynthesized by two different pathways containing the HpnCDE or Sqs proteins. Our results suggest that the HpnCDE enzymes are derived from carotenoid biosynthesis ones and that they assembled in an ancestral squalene pathway in bacteria, while remaining metabolically versatile. Conversely, the Sqs enzyme is prone to be involved in lateral gene transfer, and its emergence is possibly related to the specialization of squalene biosynthesis. The biosynthesis of hopanoids seems to be ancestral in the Bacteria domain. Moreover, no triterpene cyclases are found in Archaea, invoking a potential scenario in which eukaryotic genes for sterol biosynthesis assembled from ancestral bacterial contributions in early eukaryotic lineages.

29 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Results indicate that precursor- and elicitor-treated C. asiatica hairy root cultures rapidly accumulate biomass and could be used to enhance the production of triterpenoids for industrial purposes.
Abstract: Centella asiatica contains various triterpenoids, including madecassoside, asiaticoside, madecassic acid, and asiatic acid. Among them, they are mainly contained in leaf, and among them asiaticoside is known as tissue-specific compound that are mainly accumulated in the leaves. Therefore, in the present study, C. asiatica hairy root cultures were established from petiole and leaf explants using Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated transformation. To promote the biosynthesis of these triterpenoids, hairy root cultures were treated with precursors (squalene and pyruvic acid) and elicitors [methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and salicylic acid (SA)] at various concentrations. No significant difference was detected in the growth index of hairy root cultures between precursor feeding and elicitation, except pyruvic acid feeding, suggesting that elicitors do not affect the growth of hairy roots. Treatment with 2.5 mM squalene and 5 mM pyruvic acid enhanced the biosynthesis of target triterpenoids (57.53 and 29.13 mg g−1 DW, respectively) compared with other treatments. However, compared to squalene, MeJA showed a greater effect on the triterpene saponin content in C. asiatica. The highest quantity of triterpenoids (60.25 mg g−1 DW) was produced in hairy root cultures treated with 400 μM MeJA. These results indicate that precursor- and elicitor-treated C. asiatica hairy root cultures rapidly accumulate biomass and could be used to enhance the production of triterpenoids for industrial purposes.

28 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This study potentiates the capability of E. coli for squalene production and provides an effective strategy for the enhanced production of such compounds.
Abstract: Squalene is a lipophilic and non-volatile triterpene with many industrial applications for food, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics. Metabolic engineering focused on optimization of the production pathway suffer from little success in improving titers because of a limited space of the cell membrane accommodating the lipophilic product. Extension of cell membrane would be a promising approach to overcome the storage limitation for successful production of squalene. In this study, Escherichia coli was engineered for squalene production by overexpression of some membrane proteins. The highest production of 612 mg/L was observed in the engineered E. coli with overexpression of Tsr, a serine chemoreceptor protein, which induced invagination of inner membrane to form multilayered structure. It was also observed an increase in unsaturated fatty acid in membrane lipids composition, suggesting cellular response to maintain membrane fluidity against squalene accumulation in the engineered strain. This study potentiates the capability of E. coli for squalene production and provides an effective strategy for the enhanced production of such compounds.

25 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jan 2020-Yeast
TL;DR: The results support the hypothesis that plasma membrane malfunction is involved in the mechanisms of squalene lipotoxicity in yeast cells with defective lipid storage and support the causal relationship betweenSqualene accumulation, loss of viability and impaired plasma membrane functions.
Abstract: Squalene is a naturally occurring triterpene with wide industrial applications. Due to limited natural resources, production of this valuable lipid in yeast is of high commercial relevance. Typically low levels of squalene in yeast can be significantly increased by specific cultivation conditions or genetic modifications. Under normal conditions, excess squalene is stored in lipid droplets (LD), while in a Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutant unable to form LD it is distributed to cellular membranes. We present here the evidence that squalene accumulation in this LD-less mutant treated with squalene monooxygenase inhibitor terbinafine induces growth defects and loss of viability. We show that plasma membrane malfunction is involved in squalene toxicity. We have found that subinhibitory concentrations of terbinafine increased the sensitivity of LD-less mutant to several membrane-active substances. Furthermore, squalene accumulation in terbinafine-treated LD-less cells disturbed the maintenance of membrane potential and increased plasma membrane permeability to rhodamine 6G. LD-less cells treated with terbinafine showed also high sensitivity to osmotic stress. To confirm the causal relationship between squalene accumulation, loss of viability and impaired plasma membrane functions we treated LD-less cells simultaneously with terbinafine and squalene synthase inhibitor zaragozic acid. Reduction of squalene levels by zaragozic acid improved cell growth and viability and decreased plasma membrane permeability to rhodamine 6G in terbinafine-treated LD-less cells. Our results support the hypothesis that plasma membrane malfunction is involved in the mechanisms of squalene lipotoxicity in yeast cells with defective lipid storage.

23 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Six new pentacyclic triterpenoid saponins from C. asiatica were separated from the 80% MeOH extract of the whole plant and suggested to be worthy of further biological research to develop new neuroprotective agents.
Abstract: Six new pentacyclic triterpenoid saponins, centelloside F (1), centelloside G (2), 11-oxo-asiaticoside B (3), 11-oxo-madecassoside (4), 11(β)-methoxy asiaticoside B (5), and 11(β)-methoxy madecassoside (6), along with seven known ones, asiaticoside (7), asiaticoside B (8), madecassoside (9), centellasaponin A (10), isoasiaticoside (11), scheffoleoside A (12), and centelloside E (13), were separated from the 80% MeOH extract of the whole plant of Centella asiatica, which has been used as a medicinal plant and is now commercially available as a diatery supplement in many countries. Compounds 1 and 2, 3 and 4, and 5 and 6 are three pairs of isomers with oleanane- or ursane-type triterpenes as aglycones. The chemical structures of the new triterpene saponins were fully characterized by extensive analysis of their nuclear magnetic resonance and high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry data. The protective effects of compounds 1-13 on PC12 cells induced by 6-OHDA were screened, and compound 3 displayed the best neuroprotective effect, with 91.75% cell viability at the concentration of 100 μM. Moreover, compound 3 also attenuated cell apoptosis and increased the mRNA expression of antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase and catalase. Additionally, compound 3 activated the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt pathway, including PDK1, Akt, and GSK-3β. These findings suggested that triterpene saponins from C. asiatica were worthy of further biological research to develop new neuroprotective agents.

21 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Heterologous overexpression of genes upstream in the MEP pathway further enhanced the production of squalene, to a level three times higher than the Δshc background strain.

19 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Phytochemical investigation of the roots of Solanum melongena L resulted in the isolation of ten terpenes and sixteen lignans, including a new triterpene saponin, officinoterpenoside E and twenty-five known compounds, which seemed to be of great chemotaxonomic value for S.melongena.

19 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: NTF are potential anti-cancer agents against colon cancer and the active constituents may be ganoderic alcohols whose inhibitory mechanism of anti- cancer action may be related to the activation of a mitochondrial-dependent pathway.
Abstract: Background Ganoderma lucidum (Leyss. ex Fr.) Karst. (G. lucidum, GL) belongs to the family of Ganodermataceae (Basidiomycetes), and possesses activities including antitumor, antimicrobial, antiviral, and antiaging activities. Triterpenoids are typical chemical constituents in G. lucidum, and play an important role in the anti-cancer effects. According to the substituent group at the carbon 26 position, GL total triterpenes fraction can be divided into two types, Neutral Triterpene Fraction (NTF) and an Acidic Triterpene Fraction (ATF). The anti-cancer effects of total triterpenes fraction and total acidic triterpene fraction extracted from G. lucidum have been widely known in vivo and in vitro, whereas few have focused on total neutral triterpene fraction. Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-cancer effects of NTF extracted from G. lucidum in vitro and in vivo and explore its anti-cancer active constituents on SW620 human colorectal cancer cells. Methods NTF and ATF were extracted from the dry fruiting body of G. lucidum by impregnation method with 90% ethanol, and further isolated by using alkaline extraction and acid precipitation method. The total triterpenoid content of NTF and ATF was determined by using ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry. The cytotoxic effects on human colon cancer cells SW480, SW620, SW1116, and mouse embryonic fibroblast cell line NIH3T3 were evaluated by using the MTT method. The anti-cancer activity of NTF in vivo was evaluated in Athymic nude mice against SW620 cells. An activity-guided separation and purification process were used to identify the anti-cancer active constituents of NTF by column and preparative high-performance liquid chromatography. Structures of the constituents were confirmed by 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and MS. Protein expression was performed by Western blotting. Results The percentage of total triterpenoids was 46.7% and 57.6% in ATF and NTF, respectively. Both fractions could reduce the viability of SW480, SW620, and SW1116 cells in vitro, whereby NTF exhibited a stronger effect than ATF. NTF markedly inhibited the growth of SW620 cell xenografts in mice at doses (250, 500mg/kg) during the treatment. Furthermore, a new garnoderic alcohol, named as ethyl ganoderate A and eight known ganoderic alcohols were isolated and identified from NTF by a bioassay-guided separation process. All of these compounds possessed anti-cancer activities against SW620 cells in vitro. As a representative ganoderma alcohol, ganodermanondiol significantly reduced the viability of SW620 cells through the induction of apoptosis, which was associated with the upregulated the levels of cleaved-poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), cleaved-caspase-3, and -9. In addition, ganodermanondiol showed low cytotoxic activity against normal NIH3T3 cells. Conclusion NTF are potential anti-cancer agents against colon cancer and the active constituents may be ganoderic alcohols whose inhibitory mechanism of anti-cancer action may be related to the activation of a mitochondrial- dependent pathway.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a comparative analysis of Hedera helix leaf samples collected from different climatic and environmental regions of Europe was performed to determine the composition of flavonoids, phenolic acids, triterpene saponins, amino acids, and individual fast-acting antioxidants.

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jun 2020-Vegetos
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of elicitors with methyl jasmonate (MeJA), salicylic acid (SA), precursors like squalene and mevalonic acid as abiotic elicitors was investigated.
Abstract: Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schard (Cucurbitaceae) is an endangered medicinal herb. It contains glycosides, cucurbitacins (colocynthin and colocynthetin), cucurbitacins A, B, C, D, E, I, J, K and L which are having medicinal values in various parts of the plant. Cucurbitacin E, a highly oxidated steroid consisting of a tetracyclic triterpene which is more potential triterpenoid for anti-cancer. In this study, we made an attempt to investigate the effect of elicitors with methyl jasmonate (MeJA), salicylic acid (SA), precursors like squalene and mevalonic acid as abiotic elicitors. Precursors were used for enhancement production of cucurbitacin E through cell suspension culture and in vitro plant cultures of Citrullus colocynthis. Based on HPLC results, MeJA is better elicitor than SA and in precursors squalene is better than mevalonic acid for cucurbitacin E production from Citrullus colocynthis cell suspension and in vitro plant cultures. Among all the concentration of elicitors MeJA, SA and precursors squalene, mevalonic acid, 75 µM concentrations have shown best results and MeJA showed highest peak area of 17.97 with 8.63 fold in cell suspension culture. Whereas, the effect of elicitor and precursor feeding studies in in vitro plant culture have produced high amount of cucurbitacin E at 100 µM concentration. Hence, the protocol established in the present study provides an opportunity for enhancement of biological active (anticancer) compound cucurbitacin E.

Journal ArticleDOI
17 Jul 2020-Steroids
TL;DR: In this paper, 1,3-cycloaddition reactions of azole-derived azides with alkyne esters connected to positions C-3 and C-28 of triterpene core were tested for cytotoxicity.

Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 2020
TL;DR: Triterpenoids are the most numerous and structurally diverse natural products, which are widely distributed in bacteria, fungi, plants, and animals as discussed by the authors and possess a wide range of biological functions involved in cell membrane construction, signal transduction, protection against pathogens, and so on.
Abstract: Triterpenoids are the most numerous and structurally diverse natural products, which are widely distributed in bacteria, fungi, plants, and animals. They possess a wide range of biological functions involved in cell membrane construction, signal transduction, protection against pathogens, and so on. Despite the large chemical diversity of triterpenes, they are formed from two linear isoprenoid precursors squalene and oxidosqualene. The huge diversity of triterpenes is attributed to the variety of triterpene synthases and tailoring enzymes. Here, we summarize recent progress in the field of triterpene biosynthesis and give an overview of triterpene biosynthetic pathways, genes and enzymes.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Commafric A possessed anti-proliferative activity against non-small cell lung cancer (A549), which suggests that commafrica A has potential to be further optimized being a lead compound in the search for new drugs against cancer diseases.
Abstract: Myrrh, a resin derived from the damaged bark of Commiphora genus, has traditionally been used for treatment of various human diseases, such as amenorrhea, ache, tumors, fever, and stomach pains. In spite of this widespread use of the myrrh in Ethiopia, the pharmacological activity and chemical composition have not been studied in detail. A new tricyclic triterpene acid (3S,4S,14S,7E,17E,21Z)-3,30-dihydroxypodioda-7,17,21-trien-4-carboxylic acid (commafric A) has been isolated from a crude methanolic extract of Commiphora africana (A. Rich.) Engl. resin along with the known pentacyclic triterpene α-amyrin. The structure of commafric A was characterized using different spectroscopic techniques such as 1D and 2D NMR, IR, and VCD combined with computations. The anti-proliferative activity of both isolated compounds was evaluated using SRB based colorimetric cellular assay against four human cancer cell lines. Etoposide was used as a positive control. Commafric A showed significant anti-proliferative effects against non-small cell lung cancer (A549) with IC50 values of 4.52 μg/ml. The pentacyclic triterpene α-amyrin showed a weak anti-proliferative activity against A2780 (ovarian cancer), MIA-PaCa-2 (pancreatic cancer), and SNU638 (stomach cancer) cell lines tested with IC50 values ranging 9.28 to 28.22 μg/ml. Commafric A possessed anti-proliferative activity against non-small cell lung cancer (A549), which suggests that commafric A has potential to be further optimized being a lead compound in the search for new drugs against cancer diseases.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Structurally diverse free triterpenes and triterpene esters in lettuce plants are identified and five OSC genes are characterized, which are key enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of diverse triter penes in lettuce.

Journal ArticleDOI
Chen Feilong1, Liu Dongli1, Wang Wei1, Xiao-Man Lv1, Li Weixi1, Li-Dong Shao1, Wang Wenjing1 
TL;DR: A new triterpene, javablumine A along with six known ones were isolated from the aerial parts of Sambucus javanica Blume and exhibited inhibitory effect against nitric oxide (NO) production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated RAW264.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Biological evaluation of the structure-activity relationship of Citharexylum spinosum L. tree showed that the EtOAc extract of the trunk bark displayed the highest anti-tyrosinase effect and the highest anticholinesterase activity, while the natural compounds that exhibited the significant bioactivities were docked.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A combined transcriptomics, metabolomics and biochemical approach was employed to functionally define a suite of oxidosqualene cyclases (OSCs) that catalyzed key reactions towards triterpene scaffold diversification in arjuna tree bark.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The chemical investigation of the roots of Vernonia guineensis Benth resulted in the isolation of a new ceramide, named vernoguinamide, together with fifteen known compounds, and compounds 6, 7 and 14–16 were extracted for the first time from the species.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Sixteen lanostane-type triterpene glycosides including eight new ones, named lyonicarposides A-H (1-8), were isolated from the flowers of Lyonia ovalifolia var.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The variety of cimigenol derivatives allowed a detailed discussion of their structure–activity relationships, not only for their effect on multiple myeloma cells but also with regard to previous studies on the cytotoxicity of black cohosh triterpenoids.
Abstract: Black cohosh is a well-established medicinal plant and preparations of its rootstock are used for the treatment of mild climacteric complaints. The compounds considered responsible for the therapeutic effect are triterpene glycosides, characterized by a cycloartane scaffold and a pentose moiety. Because some of these triterpenoids were found to exhibit relevant cytotoxic effects against human breast cancer cells, we decided to investigate their activity on multiple myeloma cell lines NCI-H929, OPM-2, and U266. In a systematic approach, we initially tested three known cytotoxic compounds of three different triterpenoid types, revealing the cimigenol-type triterpenoid as the most active constituent. In a second round, seven naturally occurring cimigenol derivatives were compared with respect to their sugar moiety and their substitution pattern at position C-25, leading to 25-O-methylcimigenol-3-O-α-L-arabinopyranoside as the most potent candidate. Interestingly, not only the methyl group at position C-25 increased the cytotoxic effect but also the arabinose moiety at position C-3 had an impact on the activity. The variety of cimigenol derivatives, moreover, allowed a detailed discussion of their structure-activity relationships, not only for their effect on multiple myeloma cells but also with regard to previous studies on the cytotoxicity of black cohosh triterpenoids.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Results imply that saponins from S. hexaphylla leaves have a definite advantage in the development of oral medications for the control of inflammatory responses.
Abstract: Stauntonia hexaphylla (Lardizabalaceae) has been used as a traditional herbal medicine in Korea and China for its anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties. As part of a bioprospecting program aimed at the discovery of new bioactive compounds from Korean medicinal plants, a phytochemical study of S. hexaphylla leaves was carried out leading to isolation of two oleanane-type triterpene saponins, 3-O-[β-d-glucopyranosyl (1→2)-α-l-arabinopyranosyl] oleanolic acid-28-O-[β-d-glucopyranosyl (1→6)-β-d-glucopyranosyl] ester (1) and 3-O-α-l-arabinopyranosyl oleanolic acid-28-O-[β-d-glucopyranosyl (1→6)-β-d-glucopyranosyl] ester (2). Their structures were established unambiguously by spectroscopic methods such as one- and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance and infrared spectroscopies, high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and chemical reactions. Their anti-inflammatory activities were examined for the first time with an animal model for the macrophage-mediated inflammatory response as well as a cell-based assay using an established macrophage cell line (RAW 264.7) in vitro. Together, it was concluded that the saponin constituents, when they were orally administered, exerted much more potent activities in vivo than their sapogenin core even though both the saponins and the sapogenin molecule inhibited the RAW 264.7 cell activation comparably well in vitro. These results imply that saponins from S. hexaphylla leaves have a definite advantage in the development of oral medications for the control of inflammatory responses.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Seven oleanane-type triterpenoid saponins, tunicosaponins B-D (1-3), F-I (4-7), along with eight known triter penoid sap onins (8-15), were isolated from the roots of Psammosilene tunicoides by comprehensive spectroscopic analysis.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Three new acylated phenylethanoid glycosides, kurroaosides A, B, and C, and a newAcylated cucurbitane-type triterpene glycoside, kURroaoside D, were isolated from a methanol extract of the rhizomes of Picrorhiza kur roa Royle ex Benth, with no cytotoxicity being observed at the effective concentrations.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A triterpenoidal saponin identified as 3-O-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-α-L-rhamnopyrano-samponin]-2β,3β,16α-trihydroxyolean-12-en-23,28-dioic acid-28-O-α,L-Rhamnopsynopyranin]-1]-3-O]-γ-Dglucophyranosyl(1 → 4)-β-d-
Abstract: A new triterpenoidal saponin identified as 3-O-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 4)-β-D-xylopyranosyl]-2β,3β,16α-trihydroxyolean-12-en-23,28-dioic acid-28-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 4)-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-α-L-arabinopyranoside 1 together with a new oleanane triterpene identified as 2β,3β,13α,22α-tetrahydroxy olean-23,28-dioic acid 2 and 6 known compounds (3–8) have been isolated from Gladiolus segetum Ker-Gawl corms. The structural elucidation of the isolated compounds was confirmed using different chemical and spectroscopic methods, including 1D and 2D NMR experiments as well as HR-ESI-MS. Moreover, the in vitro cytotoxic activity of the fractions and that of the isolated compounds 1–8 were investigated against five human cancer cell lines (PC-3, A-549, HePG-2, MCF-7 and HCT-116) using doxorubicin as a reference drug. The results showed that the saponin fraction exhibited potent in vitro cytotoxic activity against the five human cancer cell lines, whereas the maximum activity was exhibited against the PC-3 and A-549 cell lines with the IC50 values of 1.13 and 1.98 μg mL−1, respectively. In addition, compound 1 exhibited potent activity against A-549 and PC-3 with the IC50 values of 2.41 μg mL−1 and 3.45 μg mL−1, respectively. Interestingly, compound 2 showed the maximum activity against PC-3 with an IC50 of 2.01 μg mL−1. These biological results were in harmony with that of the molecular modeling study, which showed that the cytotoxic activity of compound 2 might occur through the inhibition of the HER-2 enzyme.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Results clearly show that betulin bidesmosides have significant clinical potential as anticancer agents.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Injection site morphology and serum cytokine levels did not suggest any reactogenic effects of the yeast-derived squalene or novel triterpenes, suggesting their safety in adjuvant formulations, and support the advantages of yeast produced triterpene oils to include completely controlled growth conditions, just-in-time and scalable production, and the capacity to produce novel tritonepenes beyondSqualene.
Abstract: The triterpene oil squalene is an essential component of nanoemulsion vaccine adjuvants. It is most notably in the MF59 adjuvant, a component in some seasonal influenza vaccines, in stockpiled, emulsion-based adjuvanted pandemic influenza vaccines, and with demonstrated efficacy for vaccines to other pandemic viruses, such as SARS-CoV-2. Squalene has historically been harvested from shark liver oil, which is undesirable for a variety of reasons. In this study, we have demonstrated the use of a Synthetic Biology (yeast) production platform to generate squalene and novel triterpene oils, all of which are equally as efficacious as vaccine adjuvants based on physiochemical properties and immunomodulating activities in a mouse model. These Synthetic Biology adjuvants also elicited similar IgG1, IgG2a, and total IgG levels compared to marine and commercial controls when formulated with common quadrivalent influenza antigens. Injection site morphology and serum cytokine levels did not suggest any reactogenic effects of the yeast-derived squalene or novel triterpenes, suggesting their safety in adjuvant formulations. These results support the advantages of yeast produced triterpene oils to include completely controlled growth conditions, just-in-time and scalable production, and the capacity to produce novel triterpenes beyond squalene.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Six previously undescribed cycloartane triterpenes glycosides, cimimanols A-F (1-6), together with thirteen known analogues (7-19) were isolated from the rhizomes of Cimicifuga foetida and all these compounds were evaluated for their lipid-lowering effect on 3T3-L1 adipocytes.