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Showing papers on "Turbine published in 2019"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The LSTM method is shown to have higher accuracy and faster convergence than the other methods, however, the GMM method has better performance and evaluation than other methods and thus has practical application value for wind turbine power dispatching.

208 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
20 May 2019
TL;DR: In this paper, the first phase of a study of wake steering at a commercial wind farm, two turbines implement a schedule of offsets to affect wakes in order to yield an increase in total energy production.
Abstract: . Wake steering is a form of wind farm control in which turbines use yaw offsets to affect wakes in order to yield an increase in total energy production. In this first phase of a study of wake steering at a commercial wind farm, two turbines implement a schedule of offsets. Results exploring the observed performance of wake steering are presented and some first lessons learned. For two closely spaced turbines, an approximate 14 % increase in energy was measured on the downstream turbine over a 10 ∘ sector, with a 4 % increase in energy production of the combined upstream–downstream turbine pair. Finally, the influence of atmospheric stability over the results is explored.

145 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors proposed a tuned parallel inerter mass system (TPIMS) for wind turbine tower seismic response mitigation, which consists of a tuned mass, a spring, and a parallel in-erter subsystem, of which the spring is used for tuning the mass and the inerters subsystem is set for vibration energy absorbing and dissipation.

141 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
01 Apr 2019-Energy
TL;DR: In this article, a flowrate-based iteration method is proposed to determine the best efficiency point (BEP) under turbine mode, and the predicted results by theoretical model are compared with experimental measurements and numerical simulations.

134 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the capability and viability of hydrogen production from the wind energy resources of South Africa using the actual wind speed obtained at 60m anemometer height was investigated and sensitivity analyses were also conducted to gain insight into the possible influences of wind turbine operating parameters on the cost of hydrogen synthesis.

132 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A novel adaptive fuzzy logic control strategy for performance improvement of a grid-tied wind generator system that is compared to that achieved using particle swarm optimization algorithm based an optimal proportional-integral controller, considering severe grid disturbances.
Abstract: Wind power installations are rapidly increasing worldwide, leading to a huge level of permeation into electricity supply networks. Enormous efforts are spent to improve the performance of the wind turbine generator systems. This paper proposes a novel adaptive fuzzy logic control strategy for performance improvement of a grid-tied wind generator system. The variable-speed wind turbine driven permanent-magnet synchronous generator is tied to the electricity network by a full-capacity power converter. A cascaded adaptive fuzzy logic control strategy is proposed as the control methodology for the generator- and the grid-side converter/inverter. The adaptive technique depends on a continuous mixed $p$ -norm algorithm, which on-line updates the scaling factors of the fuzzy logic controllers (FLCs) at a high convergence speed. For the sake of preciseness, real wind speed data measured in the Zaafarana wind farm, Egypt, are considered in the analyses. The effectiveness of the proposed adaptive FLC is compared to that achieved using particle swarm optimization algorithm based an optimal proportional-integral controller, considering severe grid disturbances. Extensive simulation analyses, which are done using MATLAB/Simulink software, are presented to validate the efficiency of the adaptive fuzzy logic control strategy.

132 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
20 Feb 2019-Energies
TL;DR: A deep learning-based automated damage suggestion system for subsequent analysis of drone inspection images and it is demonstrated that for relatively small training sets, advanced data augmentation during deep learning training can better generalize the trained model, providing a significant gain in precision.
Abstract: Timely detection of surface damages on wind turbine blades is imperative for minimizing downtime and avoiding possible catastrophic structural failures. With recent advances in drone technology, a large number of high-resolution images of wind turbines are routinely acquired and subsequently analyzed by experts to identify imminent damages. Automated analysis of these inspection images with the help of machine learning algorithms can reduce the inspection cost. In this work, we develop a deep learning-based automated damage suggestion system for subsequent analysis of drone inspection images. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed approach can achieve almost human-level precision in terms of suggested damage location and types on wind turbine blades. We further demonstrate that for relatively small training sets, advanced data augmentation during deep learning training can better generalize the trained model, providing a significant gain in precision.

115 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A comprehensive review of the most-recent model-based fault detection and fault tolerant control schemes for wind turbine power generation is presented, focusing on the advantages, capabilities and limitations.

114 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
05 Mar 2019
TL;DR: In this article, a control-oriented model for the curled wake based on approximation to the Navier-Stokes equations is proposed. But the model is not suitable for wind farms.
Abstract: . When a wind turbine is yawed, the shape of the wake changes and a curled wake profile is generated. The curled wake has drawn a lot of interest because of its aerodynamic complexity and applicability to wind farm controls. The main mechanism for the creation of the curled wake has been identified in the literature as a collection of vortices that are shed from the rotor plane when the turbine is yawed. This work extends that idea by using aerodynamic concepts to develop a control-oriented model for the curled wake based on approximations to the Navier–Stokes equations. The model is tested and compared to time-averaged results from large-eddy simulations using actuator disk and line models. The model is able to capture the curling mechanism for a turbine under uniform inflow and in the case of a neutral atmospheric boundary layer. The model is then incorporated to the FLOw Redirection and Induction in Steady State (FLORIS) framework and provides good agreement with power predictions for cases with two and three turbines in a row.

110 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper proposed a training-based method for wind turbine signal forecasting that employs a convolutional network, a long short-term memory network as well as a multi-task learning ideas within a signal frame, which is the deep neural-network.

101 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used the Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) method for both qualitative and quantitative evaluation of semi-submersible floating offshore wind turbine failure characteristics, indicating that most of the failures are caused by several basic factors.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present an exploratory statistical analysis of the comprehensive field data provided by the project partners, which covers converter failures recorded from 2003-2017 during almost 7400 operating years of variable-speed wind turbines of different manufacturers and types, operating at onshore and offshore sites in 23 countries.
Abstract: In view of the frequent and costly failures of power converters in wind turbines, a large consortium of research institutes and companies has joined forces to investigate the underlying causes and key driving factors of the failures. This paper presents an exploratory statistical analysis of the comprehensive field data provided by the project partners. The evaluated dataset covers converter failures recorded from 2003–2017 during almost 7400 operating years of variable-speed wind turbines of different manufacturers and types, operating at onshore and offshore sites in 23 countries. The results include the distribution of failures within the converter system and the comparison of converter failure rates among turbines with different generator-converter concepts, from different manufacturers as well as from different turbine generations. By means of combined analyses of converter-failure data with operating and climate data, conditions promoting failure are identified. In line with the results of a previous, much smaller study of the authors, the present analysis provides further indications against the wide-spread assumption that thermal-cycling induced fatigue is the lifetime-limiting mechanism in the power converters of wind turbines. Instead, the results suggest that humidity and condensation play an important role in the emergence of converter failures in this application.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors reviewed the structural integrity concerns in the use of XL steel plates in the design of XL-WT support structures and critically assessed the material factors in the structural degradation concerns.
Abstract: At present, the UK government is driving the survival of the wind energy industry by using interventions that encourage investment in the sector. The use of a Contract for Difference (CfD)/Strike price model by the UK government supports the wind industry and guarantees that wind energy generators have a stable premium over a period of 15–20 years; however, this may not last forever. The growth and stability of the wind industry will depend essentially on continued reductions in wind energy cost, even below that of fossil-fuel based energy sources. Huge cost reduction beyond the present strike price of £ 57.50/MWh for some projects to be delivered in 2022/2023 may be achieved quickly through efficient and optimized turbine support structure. Consequently, the offshore wind industry is currently making enormous efforts to upscale wind turbines (WTs) from 8 MW to 9.5MW,10MW and then 12 MW HAWT (Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine). This level of upscaling no doubt creates tough challenges because the mass of the turbine increases linearly with the cube of the rotor radius. Monopiles having diameters larger than 7 m have been proposed, with a wall thickness section in the range of 70–110 mm. It is generally thought that Thermo-Mechanical Controlled Process (TMCP) steels are well suited for extra-large (XL-WTs). This paper reviews the present status of WTs and critically assesses the material factors in the structural integrity concerns that may confront the use of XL steel plates in the design of XL-WT support structures.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors proposed an optimal shape of the concave and convex sides of a hydraulic Savonius turbine to maximize the output power of the turbine by modifying the blade profile.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the performance of a model wind farm with five turbine rows under a wide variety of yaw angle distributions was investigated, where electrical servo controllers were used to monitor and control the operating conditions of each model wind turbine.
Abstract: Yaw angle control is known nowadays as a promising and effective technique to mitigate wake effects in wind farms. In this paper, we perform wind tunnel experiments to study the performance of a model wind farm with five turbine rows under a wide variety of yaw angle distributions. Electrical servo controllers are used to monitor and control the operating conditions of each model wind turbine, which consists of a recently developed, highly efficient rotor with a diameter of 15 cm. Each turbine is used as a sensor to detect its own inflow conditions. Using this method ensures us that all the turbines within the wind farm always operate with an optimal rotational velocity, regardless of their yaw angles or inflow conditions. Wind farm power measurements are carried out for more than 200 cases with different yaw angle distributions. Our results show that yaw angle control can increase the overall wind farm efficiency as much as 17% with respect to fully non-yawed conditions. Special emphasis is placed on studying yaw angle distributions with different levels of simplicity and power improvement. Among different yaw angle distributions, the most successful ones are those with a relatively large yaw angle value for the first turbine row, and then, the yaw angle decreases progressively for downwind rows until it eventually becomes zero for the last one. In addition, power measurements show that yaw angle control can improve the wind farm efficiency more noticeably for a larger number of turbine rows although this improvement is expected to reach a plateau after several rows.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A new APC strategy integrating the rotor speed and pitch angle regulation is proposed that can effectively avoid frequent action of pitch actuator while sustaining dispatched active power.
Abstract: With increased wind power penetration in modern power systems, wind turbine generators (WTG) are expected to provide the active power control (APC) for tracking a desired power reference from system or wind farm operators. In practice, the pitch angle control (PAC) and the rotor speed control (RSC) methods can be used for APC in variable-speed variable-pitch WTGs, but the latter using turbine inertia as energy buffer is more attractive due to less pitch activation and higher wind energy production. For existing RSC methods, when the rotor speed reaches the upper speed limit at high wind speed or low power reference, they will actually become PAC to follow active power command, which also results in frequent pitch angle manipulation and considerable fatigue on the pitch servo system. To overcome this drawback, this paper proposes a new APC strategy integrating the rotor speed and pitch angle regulation. By utilizing the kinetic energy of rotor inertia at any pitch position (zero as well as non-zero pitch angle), this strategy can effectively avoid frequent action of pitch actuator while sustaining dispatched active power. The proposed method is verified by the fatigue, aerodynamics, structures, and turbulence-based simulations and wind turbine simulator-based experiments.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a gas turbine stator blade made of ZrB2 ceramic is compared with M152 (UNS S64152) alloy, and the results showed that Zb2 has more uniform temperature distribution than M152, which corresponded to its lower thermal gradient.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: An adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system is designed to learn the state transition function in the fault degradation model using the fault indicator extracted from the monitoring data; a particle modification method and an improved multinomial resampling method are proposed to improve the particle diversity in the resamplings process to solve the particle impoverishment problem.
Abstract: Bearing is the major contributor to wind turbine gearbox failures. Accurate remaining useful life prediction for drivetrain gearboxes of wind turbines is of great importance to achieve condition-based maintenance to improve the wind turbine reliability and reduce the cost of wind power. However, remaining useful life prediction is a challenging work due to the limited monitoring data and the lack of an accurate physical fault degradation model. The particle filtering method has been used for the remaining useful life prediction of wind turbine drivetrain gearboxes, but suffers from the particle impoverishment problem due to a low particle diversity, which may lead to unsatisfactory prediction results. To solve this problem, this paper proposes an enhanced particle filtering algorithm in which an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system is designed to learn the state transition function in the fault degradation model using the fault indicator extracted from the monitoring data; a particle modification method and an improved multinomial resampling method are proposed to improve the particle diversity in the resampling process to solve the particle impoverishment problem. The enhanced particle filtering algorithm is applied successfully to predict the remaining useful life of a bearing in the drivetrain gearbox of a 2.5 MW wind turbine equipped with a doubly-fed induction generator.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors analyzed the development and relationship of the technical characteristics of wind turbines and provided insight into future innovations for multi-megawatt wind turbines, which has resulted in a doubling of tower height and rotor diameters as well as eight times greater nameplate capacities.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Aiming at the diagnosis of the above compound faults in an industrial wind turbine gearbox, empirical wavelet transform is utilized to adaptively find weak fault frequency in planetary stage as well as evident fault characteristics in other ordinary stages.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the vibrational performance and its physical origins of a prototype reversible pump turbine in the pumped hydro energy storage power station is experimentally investigated, where the vibrations of the unit in the X, Y and Z directions of the top cover, the upper and lower brackets were all measured for three water heads (from 48% to 90% in terms of non-dimensional values) and nine load conditions together with the pressure measurement at several typical monitoring points.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the failure rate of an offshore wind turbine gearbox based on the data available for similar, known onshore wind turbine systems is estimated and a reliability prediction method is illustrated stepwise to estimate the total failure rate.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The main contribution is to establish an adaptive empirical wavelet transform framework for fault-related mode extraction, which incorporates a novel meshing frequency modulation phenomenon to enhance the planetary gear related vibration components in wind turbine gearbox.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper proposes two novel control strategies that utilize the self-capability of permanent magnet synchronous generator-based wind turbine to realize power smoothing through simultaneous utilization of dc-link voltage control, rotor speed control, and pitch angle control.
Abstract: High penetration of wind energy in the modern power system exposes the need of smoothing the fluctuating output power in an effective and conducive way In this context, this paper proposes two novel control strategies that utilize the self-capability of permanent magnet synchronous generator-based wind turbine to realize power smoothing The first strategy pursues to offer power smoothing support via simultaneous utilization of dc-link voltage control, rotor speed control, and pitch angle control The second control strategy seeks to coordinate the three concerned individual control schemes in a hierarchical manner, where the power smoothing tasks are allocated to individual control modules or their combinations dynamically in line with WT's operation status Both two strategies are able to provide power smoothing support by fully exploiting wind turbine's self-capability, whereas the second strategy has the merits on 1) reducing the activation frequency of pitch angle control, and 2) enhancing wind energy harvesting Case studies of the proposed control strategies are carried out to compare and verify their effectiveness in achieving power smoothing

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the accelerating growth of wind energy in recent years mandates improved understanding of wind turbine, wind farm and atmospheric turbulence interactions, and Fluid turbulence plays a vital role in wind energy.
Abstract: The accelerating growth of wind energy in recent years mandates improved understanding of wind turbine, wind farm and atmospheric turbulence interactions. Fluid turbulence plays a vital rol...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, an ice sensor integrated with an ice mitigation system is required to prevent ice formation on wind turbine blades, which can lead to turbine shutdown, power loss and damage to turbine components.
Abstract: The capacity of installed wind power is growing rapidly in cold climate regions; however, turbine blades are susceptible to ice accumulation. The aerodynamic properties of turbine blades are highly sensitive to ice accretion, which can significantly impair aerodynamic performance. Ice accretion on the blades of a wind turbine can lead to turbine shutdown, power loss and damage to turbine components. To prevent ice formation on wind turbine blades, an ice sensor integrated with an ice mitigation system is required. The ice sensor can be used with a de-icer on the blade surface. However, the current ice sensing and de-icing technologies are inefficient and integrated systems need appreciable improvement. This paper reviews ice sensing and active mitigation techniques for a wind turbine blade surface, which are categorized based on several key parameters. Furthermore, this paper investigates the conceptual design of integrating ice sensing and mitigation systems. The advantages and disadvantages of the integrated systems are presented to provide valuable insights on ice prevention for wind turbines operating in ice prone locations.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A data-driven fault diagnosis and isolation method for wind turbines is proposed, which implements long short-term memory networks for residual generator and applies the random forest algorithm for decision making.
Abstract: In order to improve the reliability of wind turbines, avoid serious accidents, and reduce operation and maintenance costs, it is important to effectively detect early faults of wind turbines operating in harsh environment. This paper proposes a data-driven fault diagnosis and isolation method for wind turbines, which implements long short-term memory networks for residual generator and applies the random forest algorithm for decision making. The method has been evaluated in a wind turbine benchmark Simulink model, in comparison with four model-based algorithms and four data-driven methods, and the results have shown that the proposed method achieves the highest accuracy. Moreover, extensive evaluation has been conducted to analyze the robustness of proposed method, and the experimental results have verified the stability of the proposed method in diagnosis of wind turbine faults.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The paper proposes a fast and accurate method for the calculation of the constantly changing Angle of Attack (AOA) based on the velocity flow field data at two reference points upstream the turbine blades without the need for extensive post-processing for efficient turbine aerodynamic analysis and optimisation.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors analyse and compare end-of-life options for wind turbine blade materials (mainly glass fiber reinforced plastic and carbon fibre reinforced plastic) in terms of environmental impact (focusing on energy consumption), using their own data together with results gathered from the literature.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used LCA to estimate the life-cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of onshore and offshore wind turbines with the nominal capacity of 2.5MW.