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Showing papers on "Typing published in 1984"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In outbreaks of antibiotic-associated colitis in oncology and orthopaedic wards the same strains, group X and group E, respectively, were isolated from patients and their environment, providing strong evidence of cross-infection between patients and of hospital acquisition of C difficile.

132 citations




Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Nine cell culture-adapted, as well as 30 clinical, human rotavirus strains from fecal extracts of children with primary HRV infection were typed by rapid solid-phase immune electron microscopy with protein A and absorbed DS-1, Wa, and VA70 rabbit immune sera, finding results in complete agreement with those obtained by the neutralization assay.
Abstract: Nine cell culture-adapted, as well as 30 clinical, human rotavirus (HRV) strains from fecal extracts of children with primary HRV infection were typed by rapid solid-phase immune electron microscopy with protein A and absorbed DS-1 (HRV serotype 2), Wa (serotype 1), and VA70 (assumed serotype 3) rabbit immune sera. As a reference typing test for cell culture-adapted strains, the neutralization assay was used, whereas for noncultivatable strains typing was done for comparison, indirectly, based upon the differential neutralization reactivity of convalescent-phase serum samples from patients with primary HRV infection versus the three reference HRV serotypes. Typing results by solid-phase immune electron microscopy for all strains examined were in complete agreement with those obtained by the neutralization assay, both on cell culture-adapted strains with the three reference rabbit antisera and on three reference HRV strains with human convalescent-phase serum samples. Since adaptation to growth in cell cultures of clinical HRV strains from stool specimens is a time-consuming procedure and is often unsuccessful, solid-phase immune electron microscopy is preferred over the neutralization assay, giving results in about 16 h and also allowing typing of HRV strains from stool specimens low in virus particles. In addition, HRV strains reacting differently from the three reference serotypes may be easily selected by solid-phase immune electron microscopy for further characterization, as was the case for one strain in this study.

57 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The value of phage typing for tracking the transmission of tuberculosis in the community is explored as well as documenting congenital transmission of infection and distinguishing exogenous reinfection from endogenous reactivation.
Abstract: Mycobacteriophage typing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates was used as an epidemiologic aid in investigating the transmission of tuberculosis in community, industrial, and institutional outbreaks. The technique was also useful in other situations, e.g., documenting congenital transmission of infection and distinguishing exogenous reinfection from endogenous reactivation. Additional studies are indicated to further explore the value of phage typing for tracking the transmission of tuberculosis in the community.

50 citations


Book ChapterDOI
TL;DR: The results obtained from the typing of many routine isolates suggest that either H-antigen serotyping by immobilization or phage typing are the best alternatives as secondary methods to divide the strains of the same O-antigens group.
Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter describes the serological typing of Serratia marcescens (S. marcescens). S. marcescens has emerged as an important cause of hospital-acquired infection in many countries. It has been reported as a pathogen in urinary tract infection, septicaemia, and as an opportunist organism colonizing the upper respiratory tract. It is simple to prepare specific O-agglutinating sera of adequate titre and most strains of S. marcescens are typable by conventional tests. H-antisera prepared against whole bacterial cells exhibit many heterologous agglutination reactions among the type strains, but not all of the reactions are due to flagella-specific antibody. Bacteriophage and bacteriocin typing have also been used to subdivide the species. The results obtained from the typing of many routine isolates suggest that either H-antigen serotyping by immobilization or phage typing are the best alternatives as secondary methods to divide the strains of the same O-antigen group.

27 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A double-antibody enzyme immunoassay was developed by employing a polyclonal rabbit capture antiserum together with type-common and type 2-specific monoclonal antibodies as detectors to identify HSV isolates.
Abstract: A double-antibody enzyme immunoassay was developed for the identification and typing of herpes simplex virus (HSV) by employing a polyclonal rabbit capture antiserum together with type-common and type 2-specific monoclonal antibodies as detectors. The test successfully identified 45 type I isolates and 30 type 2 isolates as HSVs. Compared with immunofluorescent staining and restriction endonuclease analysis, enzyme immunoassay correctly typed 45 type 1 and 30 type 2 HSV isolates. Enzyme immunoassay was 100% sensitive for identification of HSV as compared with cell culture and 100% specific for typing as compared with immunofluorescence and restriction endonuclease analysis. Electron microscopy analysis suggested that approximately 10(6) virus particles were required for the identification and typing of HSV by enzyme immunoassay.

22 citations


Journal Article
TL;DR: The authors propose that the method of the "cross analysis" of pyocins produced by P. aeruginosa strains be used simultaneously, based on the following phenomenon: if the cultures to be compared are different, the pyocin produced by one strain suppresses the growth of the other one.
Abstract: The possibility of using the typing of P. aeruginosa strains by their pyocins as one of the epidemiological markers in the study of P. aeruginosa hospital infections has been established. As this method of typing is characterized by certain variability, the authors propose that the method of the "cross analysis" of pyocins produced by P. aeruginosa strains be used simultaneously. This method is based on the following phenomenon: if the cultures to be compared are different, the pyocin produced by one strain suppresses the growth of the other one, and if the cultures are identical, no suppression of their growth by pyocins is observed.

18 citations


Journal Article
TL;DR: This work applied DR antigen typing to the aspirin sensitive subgroup to look for similar correlations, and found a non-statistically significant increase in the number of subjects with blank typing at the DR locus, raising the question of whether a correlation may exist with an as yet undefined antigen.
Abstract: Previous studies have suggested associations of HLA, A, B and C loci antigens with specific subgroups of asthma. We applied DR antigen typing to the aspirin sensitive subgroup to look for similar correlations. Our results show no statistically significant increase in any known DR antigen nor any correlation with A or B locus typing. We did find a non-statistically significant increase in the number of subjects with blank typing at the DR locus, (i.e., a presently unidentified antigen), raising the question of whether a correlation may exist with an as yet undefined antigen.

13 citations


Patent
19 Apr 1984
TL;DR: In this article, an assay for HLA D phenotype where antigen-pulsed monocytes are contacted with antigen-specific T lymphocytes or T cell hybridomas was proposed.
Abstract: An assay for HLA D phenotype wherein antigen-pulsed monocytes are contacted with antigen-specific T lymphocytes or T cell hybridomas and the extent of selective binding between the pulsed monocytes and the T lymphocytes or T cell hybridomas determines HLA D phenotype of the monocyte. The assay is particularly useful for quickly typing donortissue prior to transplantation.

13 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: An immunoblotting method for C6 typing was developed using isoelectric focusing in thin-layer polyacrylamide gel and then detected by a two-step enzyme immunoassay, which could be applicable to many other protein systems.
Abstract: An immunoblotting method for C6 typing was developed. After isoelectric focusing in thin-layer polyacrylamide gel, C6 proteins were transferred passively to nitrocellulose and then detected by a two-step enzyme immunoassay. A population sample of northeastern Japanese was investigated using this method. Three common and four rare allotypes were observed. The allele frequencies estimated from 495 blood donors were as follows:C6*A0.423, C6*B0.510, C6*B20.062, and rare alleles (91,M11, B4, andB5) 0.005. Three variants, 91,M11, andB5, were considered to be newly found. This method could be applicable to many other protein systems.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Isolates of herpes simplex virus which had previously been typed by restriction enzyme analysis were typed again with a commercial ELISA system using polyclonal antibodies, showing complete correlation between the two techniques.
Abstract: Isolates of herpes simplex virus which had previously been typed by restriction enzyme analysis were typed again with a commercial ELISA system using polyclonal antibodies. There was complete correlation between the two techniques. Although restriction is more precise and definitive, when typing only is required the simplicity of ELISA makes it the preferred technique.

Book ChapterDOI
TL;DR: This chapter discusses the development of a phage-typing system for Group B streptococci, one of the major pathogenic groups for man, which has been studied much less intensively than staphylococcal bacteriophages and Gram-negative bacilli.
Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the development of a phage-typing system for Group B streptococci. The application of Lancefield's serological method to the haemolytic streptococci has led to the recognition of some major pathogenic groups for man, including Groups A, B, C, D, and G. Groups A, B, and C can be equated with species described on the basis of biochemical characteristics: Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A), S. agalactiae (Group B), and S. equisimilis (Group C). Group D streptococci can be subdivided into three main species: S. bovis , S. faecalis, and S. faecium , which all possess the same group antigen. To trace the spread of these organisms or relate strains to particular diseases, further identification of the organisms beyond the species is required. An ideal typing system should reproducibly identify related strains as being the same and unrelated strains as being different. However, factors such as genetic variation and experimental conditions influence the reproducibility of any typing method. Phage typing has been used in the construction of discriminatory systems for some common pathogens—notably, S. aureus —but streptococcal bacteriophages have been studied much less intensively than staphylococcal bacteriophages and Gram-negative bacilli. Phage sensitivity has been used as an additional means of subdividing certain types of Group A streptococci and lysotyping schemes have been proposed for Groups A, C, and D.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A phage typing set composed of 32 phages is described for differentiating Escherichia coli from bovine mastitis, and successfully characterized successfully and 178 phage types were observed.

Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 1984
TL;DR: There is no general method for typing C. difficile, but a number of typing methods of use to single centres have been described, and several attempts have been made to develop a universal typing scheme.
Abstract: As yet there is no general method for typing C. difficile. However, a number of typing methods of use to single centres have been described, and a number of attempts have been made to develop a universal typing scheme.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: One hundred and eighteen herpes simplex virus isolates were typed in a diagnostic virology laboratory using their standard procedure by pock size on the chorioallantoic membranes (CAMs) of fertile hen's eggs, and it was established that typing by pocking size on CAMs was correct in about 98% of cases.
Abstract: One hundred and eighteen herpes simplex virus isolates were typed in a diagnostic virology laboratory using their standard procedure by pock size on the chorioallantoic membranes (CAMs) of fertile hen's eggs. Forty-three were typed as type 1 and 75 as type 2. The isolates were then sent to a research laboratory in which they were typed blind, with or without subsequent passage in tissue culture, by neutralization with type-specific antisera. Discrepant results were found with only two isolates. The isolates were then typed by the more time-consuming but unambiguous method of restriction endonuclease analysis of their DNAs. Typing by this method confirmed the typing by neutralization and established that typing by pock size on CAMs was correct in about 98% of cases.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The Dwl specificity was highly correlated with the serologically determined HLA-DR1 antigen in the Eighth International Histocompatibility Workshop 1980 and a specific typing pattern for this HTC could be shown to segregate with HLA, but within some of these responses a contribution of the HLA haplotype in the trans position must be assumed.
Abstract: The Dwl specificity was highly correlated with the serologically determined HLA-DR1 antigen in the Eighth International Histocompatibility Workshop 1980. By testing a large number of HLA-Dwl, DR1 defined homozygous typing cells (HTC) in a checkerboard primary mixed lymphocyte reaction, on a panel of about 30 HLA-DR1 heterozygous individuals, and in family segregation, three Dwl “subtypes” could be defined in association with certain HLA-A, -B, and -C-antigens. HTC TA, FRI, and FRA carrying the HLA haplotypes A11, B35, Cw4 or A3, B35, Cw4 in the homozygous state gave positive typing results with most HLA-DR1 positive panel members and stimulated only four other Dw1 HTCs (SRR≦35%). In contrast to this operationally “broad” specificity, Dw1-HTC-HEN (HLA-A2, B44, C-, homozygous) was non-stimulatory to all HTCs except one, but gave high responses against these, leading to the definition of a “narrow” specificity included in the “broad” one. Another such “narrow” specificity was represented by HTC FEE (HLA-A2, B27, Cw2 homozygous). Typing patterns with FEE were mostly different from those defined with other HTC. In family studies a specific typing pattern for this HTC could be shown to segregate with HLA. However, within some of these responses a contribution of the HLA haplotype in the trans position must be assumed.



Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 1984
TL;DR: It is now evident that a determinant primarily described by one technique, e.g., serology, may be detected similarly by the other, viz cellular typing (MLC, PLT, or CML).
Abstract: The polymorphic gene products of the human HLA region can be identified both by serological and cellular typing techniques. Although the definition of the system, its loci, and their antigenic determinants is in essence based on serological studies and analyses, it is now evident that a determinant primarily described by one technique, e.g., serology, may be detected similarly by the other, viz cellular typing (MLC, PLT, or CML). Thus, serological and cellular typing studies are equally precise with regard to specificity and must supplement each other.