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Ultraviolet light
About: Ultraviolet light is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 49494 publications have been published within this topic receiving 843151 citations.
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TL;DR: It is hypothesize that the invasion by Bythotrephes has significantly altered the crustacean zooplankton community of Harp Lake.
Abstract: 1. Detecting the impacts of invading Bythotrephes cederstrœmi (Crustacea, Onychopoda, Cercopagididae) on zooplankton in North American lakes has been hampered by the brevity of pre-invasion data, and by the difficulty of distinguishing the effects of the invader from other stresses. The data from Harp Lake in Ontario, Canada, circumvent these difficulties. Bythotrephes appeared in the lake in 1993. There is a 15-year pre-invasion data set, and no significant complicating concurrent stresses.
2. The species composition and the size structure of the crustacean zooplankton community of Harp Lake changed after the invasion. Several small species either declined dramatically in abundance (e.g. Bosmina longirostris, Tropocyclops extensus) or disappeared (Chydorus sphaericus, Diaphanosoma birgei, Bosmina (Neobosmina) tubicen). In contrast the abundance of the larger cladocerans Holopedium gibberum and Daphnia galeata mendotae and the hypolimnetic copepod Leptodiaptomus sicilis increased. Several univariate and all multivariate summarizations of zooplankton abundance, biomass and size structure highlighted the uniqueness of the post-invasion community.
3. The alterations in the zooplankton community could not be attributed to changes in lake acidity, thermal regimes, penetration by ultraviolet light, nutrient status, fish stocking or the abundances of native invertebrate predators, but they were correlated with Bythotrephes abundance, both within and among years. Hence, we hypothesize that the invasion by Bythotrephes has significantly altered the crustacean zooplankton community of Harp Lake.
154 citations
TL;DR: The vitamin D story thus started as inert molecule but gained an essential role for calcium and bone homeostasis in terrestrial animals to cope with the challenge of higher gravity and calcium-poor environment.
Abstract: Vitamin D3 is already found early in the evolution of life but essentially as inactive end products of the photochemical reaction of 7-dehydrocholestol with ultraviolet light B. A full vitamin D (refers to vitamin D2 and D3) endocrine system, characterized by a specific VDR (vitamin D receptor, member of the nuclear receptor family), specific vitamin D metabolizing CYP450 enzymes regulated by calciotropic hormones and a dedicated plasma transport-protein is only found in vertebrates. In the earliest vertebrates (lamprey), vitamin D metabolism and VDR may well have originated from a duplication of a common PRX/VDR ancestor gene as part of a xenobiotic detoxification pathway. The vitamin D endocrine system, however, subsequently became an important regulator of calcium supply for an extensive calcified skeleton. Vitamin D is essential for normal calcium and bone homeostasis as shown by rickets in vitamin D-deficient growing amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals. From amphibians onward, bone is gradually more dynamic with regulated bone resorption, mainly by combined action of PTH and 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) on the generation and function of multinucleated osteoclasts. Therefore, bone functions as a large internal calcium reservoir, under the control of osteoclasts. Osteocytes also display a remarkable spectrum of activities, including mechanical sensing and regulating mineral homeostasis, but also have an important role in global nutritional and energy homeostasis. Mineralization from reptiles onward is under the control of well-regulated SIBLING proteins and associated enzymes, nearly all under the control of 1,25(OH)2D3. The vitamin D story thus started as inert molecule but gained an essential role for calcium and bone homeostasis in terrestrial animals to cope with the challenge of higher gravity and calcium-poor environment.
154 citations
TL;DR: The response of pure cultures of Escherichia coli, Candida parapsilosis, and bacterial virus f2 to ultraviolet light radiation was studied in a batch reactor and in a completely mixed, flow-through annular reactor, finding the series-event model to be superior to multi-target kinetics.
154 citations
TL;DR: This review surveys critical factors that determine UV microbial resistance and assess the effects of such factors on the inactivation mechanism and repair pathway efficiency and suggests the combination of UV light with mild heating or oxidant compounds could offer promising treatments to enhance the safety and stability of minimally processed foods.
Abstract: The potential to commercialize nonthermal ultraviolet (UV) light technologies as new methods for preserving food products has caught the attention of a food industry that wishes to fulfill consumers' demands for fresh products. Numerous investigations have demonstrated UV light's ability to inactivate a wide range of microorganisms. However, the lack of UV sensitivity data from pathogenic and spoilage bacteria is evident. In addition, the main factors associated with UV light in terms of microbial lethality remain unclear. This review surveys critical factors (process, microbial, and environmental parameters) that determine UV microbial resistance and assess the effects of such factors on the inactivation mechanism and repair pathway efficiency. The effects of some of these factors, such as prior sublethal stresses and post-recovery conditions of UV treatments, may extensively improve the damage repair capacity and thus microbial survivability. Further research is needed to establish adequate control measures pre- and post-UV treatments. Furthermore, the possibility of combining UV light with conventional preservatives and other nonthermal technologies was assessed. The combination of UV light with mild heating or oxidant compounds could offer promising treatments to enhance the safety and stability of minimally processed foods.
154 citations
TL;DR: In this article, thin strips of Scots pine and lime were irradiated behind filters which transmitted selected regions of the ultraviolet and visible spectrum, and tensile tests on irradiated strips show that ultraviolet light is highly active in degrading wood, but indicate that the visible part of the spectrum also contributes significantly to loss of strength.
Abstract: The photodegradation of wood is essentially a surface phenomenon, and although in practical terms it has no effect on strength properties, it does have serious consequences for the surface technologist. A principal concern is photodegradation of the timber surface underlying clear and lightly-pigmented finishes—a problem which can lead to early failure of the coating and to expensive remedial measures. Recent thinking is directed towards the development of pretreatments which could stabilise the timber surface against photodegradation. However, in the absence of detailed investigations on the wood-degrading capabilities of different regions of the solar spectrum such developments have so far been restricted. In this paper, thin strips of Scots pine and lime were irradiated behind filters which transmitted selected regions of the ultraviolet and visible spectrum. Tensile tests on irradiated strips show that ultraviolet light is highly active in degrading wood, but indicate that the visible part of the spectrum also contributes significantly to loss of strength. Throughout the exposure period, samples were taken for SEM observation. The loss of strip strength is associated with a light-induced depolymerisation of lignin and cell wall constituents, and to the subsequent breakdown of the wood microstructure.
154 citations