scispace - formally typeset
Search or ask a question

Showing papers on "Undergrowth published in 2017"


Journal ArticleDOI
01 Feb 2017-Catena
TL;DR: In this article, the influence of the litter layer and undergrowth intercrops on surface runoff and soil erosion was investigated over one rainy season in a rubber monoculture and a rubber/tea agroforestry system.
Abstract: In order to investigate the influence of the litter layer and undergrowth intercrops on surface runoff and soil erosion, experimental field plots were monitored over one rainy season in a rubber monoculture and a rubber/tea agroforestry system. Results indicated that the cumulative runoff from plots with bare soil was 1.7 and 2.3 times higher than plots with a litter layer, and with a litter layer plus undergrowth, respectively. Overall, soil erosion from plots with bare soil, plots with a litter layer, and plots with a litter layer plus undergrowth was 4.73, 1.92 and 0.91 t ha− 1, respectively. This suggests that rubber/tea agroforestry was more effective in runoff and erosion control than rubber monoculture. In contrast to runoff, soil erosion was found to be highly correlated with rainfall intensity, but weakly correlated with rainfall volumes. In the early rainy season when litterfall was considerably abundant (litter coverage > 70%), runoff and soil erosion in both the litter plots and litter plus undergrowth plots were significantly lower compared to the bare soil plots, or plots with only undergrowth. In the late rainy season when litter coverage

72 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The need for adequate ground control schemes to accompany any forest-based airborne LiDAR survey which require highly accurate DTMs is highlighted, particularly in relation to analysis of pre- and post-burn surface height maps used to quantify the combustion of organic soils.
Abstract: Airborne Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) is a survey tool with many applications in forestry and forest research. It can capture the 3D structure of vegetation and topography quickly and accurately over thousands of hectares of forest. However, very few studies have assessed how accurately LiDAR can measure surface topography under forest canopies, which may be important, for example, in relation to analysis of pre- and post-burn surface height maps used to quantify the combustion of organic soils. Here, we use ground survey equipment to assess digital terrain model (DTM) accuracy in a deciduous broadleaf forest, during both leaf-on and leaf-off conditions. Using the leaf-on LiDAR dataset we quantitatively assess vertical vegetation structure, and use this as a categorical explanatory variable for DTM accuracy. In the presence of leaf-on vegetation, DTM accuracy is severely reduced, with low-stature undergrowth vegetation (such as ferns) causing the greatest errors (RMSE > 1 m). Errors are lower under leaf-off conditions (RMSE = 0.22 m), but still of a magnitude similar to that reported for mean depths of burn in fires involving organic soils. We highlight the need for adequate ground control schemes to accompany any forest-based airborne LiDAR survey which require highly accurate DTMs.

32 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results suggest that those compounds are able to work as allelopathic agents and may prevent from the invasion of herbaceous plants into the forests by inhibiting their growth.

28 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present evidence complementary to pollen analysis or be the main source on past vegetation change in areas where no pollen preservation is available, using wood charcoal (anthracological) remains accumulated in archaeological deposits for reconstruction of past local vegetation and its use.

27 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors studied the effects of pollution disturbance in the mountains of the Sudetes system in the 1980s, but also by the understanding of autonomous development of vegetation differing in human interventions.

27 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
01 Sep 2017
TL;DR: A study on the undergrowth vegetation within the pine woods (Pinus merkusii ) stands conducted in RPH Kalirajut and RPH Baturraden as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: A study on the undergrowth vegetation within the pine woods ( Pinus merkusii ) stands conducted in RPH Kalirajut and RPH Baturraden. This study aimed to find out the composition of the shrubs of the pine woods stands on those two sites with different altitude and to figure out the similarity of the herbs of the pine woods stands on those two locations with the different height. This study applied quadrat sampling technique, using 30 units of 2 x 2 m quadrats divided into ten sub–transects along the main transect. We measured environmental factors including elevation, temperature, light intensity, and pH of the soil. We found undergrowth vegetation in RPH Kalirajut comprised of 32 species belonging to 20 families, dominated by Ottochloa nodosa , Oplismenus compositus , and Cynodon dactylon . On the other site, we found undergrowth vegetation in RPH Baturraden composed of 19 species belonging to 20 families and dominated by Wedelia trilobata , Paspalum conjugatum , and Clidemia hirta . The similarity of the herbs vegetation measured of those two sites was 30.85% or 69.15% different.

26 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of rubber tree plantations on fruit-feeding butterflies of the endangered Brazilian Atlantic Forest in Brazil was evaluated by trap-baiting the butterflies for a year.

13 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors studied the blackcap Sylvia atricapilla, a common frugivorous bird species, in an olive-dominated agroecosystem of southern Spain to assess the effects of the abandonment of olive groves and undergrowth structure on habitat selection in this species.
Abstract: The European Common Agricultural Policy has promoted the intensification of productive olive orchards and the abandonment of the unproductive ones. This strategy has resulted in a significant loss of biodiversity and ecosystem functionality of this type of agroecosystem. Here, we studied the blackcap Sylvia atricapilla, a common frugivorous bird species, in an olive-dominated agroecosystem of southern Spain to assess the effects of the abandonment of olive groves and undergrowth structure on habitat selection in this species. By means of radiotelemetry, we determined habitat selection of blackcaps during both the breeding (N = 30) and the non-breeding (N = 27) seasons of 2011 and 2012. We found that outside the breeding season, olive groves were widely used by blackcaps, which invariably preferred abandoned olive groves over intensively managed ones. Additionally, deciduous woods and poplar plantation were positively selected, whereas open habitats and Pinus forests were avoided. Generally, woody habitats without undergrowth or with herbaceous undergrowth were avoided. During the breeding season, the species selected mainly riverine habitats and poplar plantations, favoring habitats with well-developed undergrowth. Our results suggest that the blackcap could benefit from maintaining patches of abandoned olive groves freely left to natural succession within intensive olive groves. In such a landscape, ecological services (i.e., seed dispersal provided by frugivorous birds) and functioning could also improve as a consequence of these measures.

13 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results showed that within the fenced ungulate exclosures, the composition of trees shifted towards fir (Abies alba) and various deciduous trees, whereas outside the fences, spruce became the dominant species and the diversity decreased as an increase in the Diversity of the tree and shrub layer was overcompensated by a significant decrease in the diversity of the undergrowth vegetation.
Abstract: The often highly elevated stocks of ungulates (red and roe deer and chamois) in the Alps shape the composition of the woody vegetation. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of ungulates on the mixed deciduous and coniferous mountain forest in the district of Reutte, which boasts the highest density of ungulates in Tyrol (Austria), with a special focus on the effect of browsing by ungulates on plant diversity of the herb layer, different shrub layers. and the tree layer. Our results showed that within the fenced ungulate exclosures, (1) the composition of trees shifted towards fir (Abies alba) and various deciduous trees, whereas outside the fences, spruce became the dominant species; (2) the cover of dwarf shrubs and upper and lower shrub layers (1.3–5.0 and 0.5–1.3 m, respectively) increased significantly; (3) the cover of grasses decreased significantly and (4) the diversity decreased as an increase in the diversity of the tree and shrub layer was overcompensated by a significant decrease in the diversity of the undergrowth vegetation. Browsing by ungulates benefited grass species in the understory and altered the relative abundance of tree species in the lower layer which could, over time, result in compositional shifts in the canopy.

11 citations


Patent
10 May 2017
TL;DR: In this article, a ganoderma undergrowth bionics wild cultivation method is described, which mainly aims at undergrowth planting of ganderma fungus sticks in the South China area, according to the method, no facilities and manual watering are needed, continuous harvest for many years can be achieved, and the ganaderma is high in yield and good in quality.
Abstract: The invention discloses a ganoderma undergrowth bionics wild cultivation method. The method comprises the steps of A, choosing a wild ganoderma variety in the South China area and separating a mother culture; B, choosing a cut-log; C, cutting the cut-log into wood sections with the length of 20-30 cm; D, putting the cut-log into fungus bags; E, putting the bagged fungus material into a sterilization room; F, putting strains on an inoculation shelf and conducting space sterilization; G, when inoculation is conducted, pinching the strains into small blocks of 2-4 cm with hands; H, choosing a room with good thermal insulation performance as a cultivation room, wherein the room temperature is at 25-28 DEG C; I, choosing a Chinese fir forest, a weed tree forest or a bamboo forest with the canopy density of 0.6-0.8, good ventilation and drainage performance and loose and fertile soil texture as a ganoderma cultivation plot; J, choosing Spring Festival to the end of the second month in lunar calendar as cultivation time; K, removing the bags and burying fungus sticks, wherein the burying density is 1500-3000 sticks/mu (a Chinese area unit and is equal to 666.67 m ). The ganoderma undergrowth bionics wild cultivation method mainly aims at undergrowth planting of ganoderma fungus sticks in the South China area, according to the method, no facilities and manual watering are needed, continuous harvest for many years can be achieved, and the ganoderma is high in yield and good in quality.

7 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a study was done for estimation of forest fire frequency from 2001-2016 of Nainital district of Uttarakhand state, which was categorized into four classes: No fire areas contain 55% of total geographical area (TGA), Low fire area contain 25%, Medium fire areas contained 18% and High fire area contains only 2% of TGA.
Abstract: A forest may consist either of closed forest formations where trees of various storeys and undergrowth cover a high proportion of the ground or open forest. Forests take many forms, depending on their latitude, local soil, rainfall and prevailing temperatures. A forest fire is any uncontrolled fire in combustible vegetation that occurs in the countryside or a wilderness area. A Forest fire frequency is an average time interval between successive fires. Fires in forested areas can be regarded as an environmental disaster caused by either natural forces or anthropogenic activities. Nainital district of Uttarakhand state experiences forest fires frequently every year with a peak during the months of April to July. The present study was done for Estimation of forest fire frequency from 2001-2016 of Nainital district of Uttarakhand state. Results were made by using the highest frequency of Nainital district was 9 and is categorized into 4 classes. The No fire areas contain 55% of total geographical area(TGA), Low fire areas contain 25%, Medium fire areas contain 18% and High fire area contains only 2% of TGA.

DOI
08 Jun 2017
TL;DR: The study on effects of environmental and spatial factors on the structure of microbial community in boreal coniferous forest soil will provide theoretical basis for making management measures in local forest ecosystem.
Abstract: Soil microorganisms drive the biogeochemical process of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur, and play a key role in maintaining soil carbon sink and ecosystem function. The study on effects of environmental and spatial factors on the structure of microbial community in boreal coniferous forest soil will provide theoretical basis for making management measures in local forest ecosystem. Our research analyzed five soil fungi communities (LpMC1, LpMC2, PwMC, PtMC, and BMC) in four forest types, including Larix principis-rupprechtii forest, Picea wilsonii forest, Pinus tabulaeformis forest and Betula spp. forest, respectively, in Pangquangou Nature Reserve in Guandi Mountains with Illumina high-throughput sequencing technology. Meanwhile, soil environmental factors and diversity of undergrowth plants were determined to analyze the relationship between fungi community structure and vegetation as well as soil environmental factors. The results showed that:①There were seven eumycota and thirty-three advantageous fungal genera in the five sample sites; ②Redundancy analysis results showed that soil pH, temperature, moisture, total nitrogen, the content of NH4+, total carbon, invertase activity, urease activity, undergrowth dominance and evenness were significantly associated with soil fungi community structure; ③Cluster analysis and principal component analysis showed that forest vegetation type, soil environmental factors and undergrowth had significant effects on soil fungi community structure; ④The results of PCNM analysis showed that at a local scale, dispersal limitation had no significant influence on fungi community structure in the study area. The forest soil fungi community structure in the study area was significantly affected by environmental selection (soil pH, temperature, moisture, total nitrogen, the content of NH4+, total carbon, invertase activity, urease activity, undergrowth dominance and evenness, forest type).

Journal Article
TL;DR: In this article, the authors studied species composition, species diversity and potency of undergrowth vegetation to be used as cover crop in ex-limestone mining land and ex-silica mining land.
Abstract: Open pit mining causes damage on ground cover vegetation, increase of erosion rate, decrease of land productivity, and decrease of soil fertility. Revegetation activity needs long period of time, so there is a need for planting of cover crops . The objective of cover crop planting is protecting soil from erosion. The objectives of this research were learning species composition, species diversity and potency of undergrowth vegetation to be utilized as cover crop . Composition of undergrowth vegetation in ex-limestone mining land was higher as compared with that in ex-silica mining land. Species diversity (H’) in each research location was categorized as moderate. Species evenness (E) in the two research locations were categorized as high. Species richness (R 1 ) in the two research locations were categorized as high. Dominance index (C) in the two research locations were categorized as low. Soil properties in each location were categorized as not so fertile. Nutrient elements occurring in the two research locations were categorized as low.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, transect lines were set out to collect data on bed sites used by sika deer during the autumn, and the results showed that sika Deer displayed a preference for bed sites with a moderate height of grass fallow and brush fallow, lower shrub density, higher herb density, lower canopy coverage, and higher undergrowth coverage.
Abstract: To better understand the habitat requirements of sika deer in the Taohongling National Nature Reserve, transect lines were set out to collect data on bed sites used by sika deer during the autumn. The results showed that sika deer displayed a preference for bed sites with a moderate height of grass fallow and brush fallow, lower shrub density, higher herb density, lower canopy coverage, and higher undergrowth coverage. The bed sites were also characterized as being located on sunny slopes, gentle slopes, and upper slopes, with high elevation. In addition, most bed sites were located far away from human disturbance (more than 1000 m). A logistic regression analysis model indicated that undergrowth coverage, slope location, canopy coverage, and height of undergrowth were important factors that contributed to the difference between used and non-used plots. The habitat–animal relationship is one of the most important types of information, which could provide important references for the conservation and management of sika deer and their habitats in the Taohongling reserve.

Patent
14 Jul 2017
TL;DR: In this article, an undergrowth wild planting simulation method for rhizoma polygonati is presented, which is based on making an annular soil surface layer by layer in the forest of the planting field from the slope top to the slope base.
Abstract: The invention discloses an undergrowth wild planting simulation method for rhizoma polygonati The undergrowth wild planting simulation method for rhizoma polygonati comprises the following steps: (1) selection of a forest land: selecting the forest land with evergreen broad-leaf forest and mossy dwarf forest on the ground as a planting field; (2) land preparation: after deep tillage, base fertilizer application, re-digging, comminution, and leveling, making an annular soil surface layer by layer in the forest of the planting field from the slope top to the slope base of the planting field; (3) cultivation of rhizoma polygonati: ditching the made annular soil surface and planting rhizoma polygonati seedlings; (4) field management: performing weeding and ridging, irrigation and drainage, light transmittance adjustment, topdressing, topping and overwinter management; and (6) harvesting: after planting for five years or more, harvesting the rootstock of rhizoma polygonati The undergrowth wild planting simulation method for rhizoma polygonati creates a favorable environment for the growth of rhizoma polygonati, and not only guarantees that rhizoma polygonati in the whole forest is uniform and favorable in growth vigor, but also greatly improves the survival rate, pests and diseases are reduced, residues of both pesticides and fertilizers are avoided, and the quality of rhizoma polygonati is effectively guaranteed

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The vertical distribution of ants in broadleaf forests and red oak stands formed two clusters: the influents occupied the lower (herbage and shrub) vegetation layers, while the subdominants and dominants occupied the upper (shrub and arboreal) ones.
Abstract: Investigations were carried out in June–August 2012 and 2013 in broadleaf forests and planted stands of the northern red oak Quercus rubra in Kiev. The ant visitation rates of 3–6 most abundant plant species within each vegetation layer were analyzed. In all, 16 species of ants were found in the broadleaf forest (Quercus robur + Acer spp. + Carpinus betulus), with the dominance of three species: Formica rufa, Lasius fuliginosus, and L. emarginatus. Eight ant species occurred in Q. rubra stands with the undergrowth of Acer campestre and A. platanoides; the dominant species were Lasius fuliginosus and L. emarginatus. The northern red oak stands with conspecific undergrowth had only four ant species with no dominants among them. Plants with the highest ant visitation rates in the herbage layer of the broadleaf forest were the invasive Impatiens parviflora and the native Aegopodium podagraria. Ants were rare or absent on the remaining herbs: Impatiens noli-tangere, Carex sylvatica, Stellaria holostea, and Galium odoratum. The herbage layer was mostly visited by influents, the dominants being represented only by Lasius emarginatus. Within the shrub layer, ants most frequently visited the undergrowth of the maple Acer platanoides, often harboring colonies of the aphid Periphyllus lyropictus; the highest visitation rates were recorded in the dominants L. emarginatus and L. fuliginosus. The arboreal layer had the highest visitation rate and was most often visited by the dominants Lasius fuliginosus, L. emarginatus, and F. rufa. The common oak Q. robur was the most visited tree in broadleaf forests. In addition to providing ants with food (colonies of the aphids Lachnus roboris and Stomaphis quercus, and also phytophagous insects and other invertebrates), these trees were used for nesting by the dominants L. fuliginosus and L. emarginatus. The presence of aphid colonies was also typical of ripe trees and undergrowth of the maple A. platanoides, the second-visited tree in broadleaf forests. The common hornbeam Carpinus betulus was the least frequently visited, though some ant species, usually L. emarginatus, nested in the trunks and branches of old trees. The vertical distribution of ants in broadleaf forests and red oak stands formed two clusters: the influents occupied the lower (herbage and shrub) vegetation layers, while the subdominants and dominants occupied the upper (shrub and arboreal) ones. The smallest number of ant species (1 or 2) in all the vegetation layers was recorded in the areas with F. rufa; areas with L. fuliginosus had twice as many species; the greatest numbers of ant species were found in the areas with L. emarginatus and in those without dominants. This pattern may result from different territoriality of the dominants: the strongest in F. rufa (defending the whole territory) and the weaker in the other two species (defending only a part of the territory). Plants of all the vegetation layers varied in their attractiveness to ants. As a result, the layers had a mosaic structure in their vertical (between-layer) and horizontal (between different plant species within one layer) arrangement. From 60 to 100% of plants of certain species were visited by ants while plants of other species were not visited at all. The main reason for visiting plants by ants was the presence of aphid colonies.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The Brachiaria reptans, Dichantium coricosum, Thespesia lanpas, Achyrantes aspera, Stachytarpeta indica, Axonopus compressus and Oplismenus burmanii were predominant in study area and the invasion of A. nilotica has decreased the carryng capacity of savanna in Baluran National Park to the banteng.
Abstract: . Djufri, Wardiah. 2017. The diversity of undergrowth plants on Acacia nilotica stands as food resources of banteng (Bos javanicus) in Baluran National Park, East Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 18: 288-294. The objectives of this research were to determine species composition, importance value of species, diversity index and evenness index of the undergrowth plants of Acacia nilotica stands. The quadratic method was used in this study. The similarity indeks and cluster analysis were performed to classify the community structure of undergrowth plants of Acacia nilotica. The results of this study showed that there were 63 species of plant belonging to 18 families. The importance value ranged between 0.97-42.58 and high and medium importance values belonged to Brachiaria reptans, Thespesia lampas, Oplismenus burmannii, Dichanthium coricosum, Axonopus compressus, and Synedrella nodiflora. The diversity index and evenness ranged 1.1504-2.7556 and 1.1067-1.7854, respectivelly. The Brachiaria reptans, Dichantium coricosum, Thespesia lanpas, Achyrantes aspera, Stachytarpeta indica, Axonopus compressus and Oplismenus burmanii were predominant in study area. In addition the invasion of A. nilotica has decreased the carryng capacity of savanna in Baluran National Park to the banteng. Keywords: Acacia nilotica, species composition, banteng, Baluran National Park

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Allometric models that estimate between 88% and 98% of the aboveground biomass of Pinus oaxacana trees and shrubs and bush associated species use variables with easy measurement to evaluate productivity and silvicultural regime effect.
Abstract: Quantifying forest biomass of the forest is important in order to evaluate productivity and silvicultural regime effect. The objective of this study was to generate allometric models to estimate aboveground biomass of Pinus oaxacana and mixture of associated species as a response to silvicultural regimes. In Ixtlan, Oaxaca, Mexico, during 2014, 12 experimental units of 400 m 2 were established in stands under different silvicultural regimes: 1) without treatment (conservation), 2) seed trees with 10-year regeneration, 3) seed trees with 15-year regeneration, 4) clearcutting with 7-year regeneration. With data obtained through destructive sampling (n = 69 individuals), allometric biomass models from the partial and total compartments of P. oaxacana , shrubby, in the forest floor and undergrowth were adjusted. In experiment under completely randomized design data were solved by analysis of variance, means test (Duncan, 0.05), cluster analysis and regression models. Allometric models that estimate between 88% and 98% of the aboveground biomass of Pinus oaxacana trees and shrubs and bush associated species use variables with easy measurement. The silvicultural regimes applied affected ( p ≤ 0.05 ) aboveground biomass accumulated in specific and whole compartments of P. oaxacana , also the biomass in the forest floor, undergrowth and total aboveground. Likewise, stands under seed trees management (101.3 t ha -1 ) have the same aboveground total biomass than the conservation forest (125.74 t ha -1 ).

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the regularities of the process of regeneration under the canopy of oak and hornbeam forests and log cabins in fresh oak forests in Korsun-Shevchenkivskyi forestry are presented.
Abstract: The reproduction of hornbeam both natural and cultural is an important issue nowadays. Seed propagation for this species is considered to be the best way to reproduce. The regularities of the process of regeneration under the canopy of oak and hornbeam forests and log cabins in fresh oak forests in Korsun-Shevchenkivskyi forestry are the key problems of the research presented. After having conducted the research we have obtained the results stating that in mature stands of the Korsun-Shevchenko forestry fresh oak dominated for fullness of the cover. Furthermore, all log cabins show intense natural seed recovery. However, the composition of the natural seed recovery is not always correlated with the composition of the felled tree stand. The feature of beech seed recovery is that it undergrowth kept under a tent spaces, self-seeding and appears in log cabins after logging parent stand. Thus we shoul summarize that forest recovery process in fresh oak and hornbeam forests of state enterprise "Korsun-Shevchenko forestry" is satisfactory. In normal conditions oak and hornbeam of forestry bloom and bear fruit every year, but abundant crops depend on weather conditions once in 3-5 years. Under a canopy of plantations of populations of the common oak in blocks of Korsun-Shevchenko forestry through intensive expansion of grass cover and shrubs, and with not enough seats of oak and lack of proper care resumes is unsatisfactory. The most successful is a natural renewal of hornbeam populations.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the roles of weeds and undergrowth in the architecture of the garden are considered and a site where human pleasure is ordered and controlled, undergrowth is defined as a site of undergrowth.
Abstract: This article considers the queer roles of weeds and undergrowth in the architecture of the garden. With the garden defined as a site where human pleasure is ordered and controlled, undergrowth is i...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a massif of Common beech (CB) virgin forest was divided into forty (50 × 50 m = 0.25 ǫ) research plots and four inventories on all 40 plots were conducted in 2000, 2005, 2010 and 2015.
Abstract: Current economic conditions and the Carpathian Convention signed by Ukraine are increasingly focusing on natural regeneration of forests, which guarantee saving funds for reforestation and providing sustainable development of forests. The object of our research was a massif (200 × 500 m = 10 hectares) of Common beech (CB) virgin forest, which was divided into forty (50 × 50 m = 0.25 ha) research plots. There were four inventories on all 40 plots in 2000, 2005, 2010 and 2015. Inventory methods were as follows: measuring and mapping of all trees (DBH ≥ 6 cm, living and dead); measuring of lying deadwood volume for degrees of decay; measuring of undergrowth (DBH H H < 130 cm) undergrowth number (v = 0.79).

Journal ArticleDOI
20 Jul 2017
TL;DR: In this article, a study was conducted at a mahogany plantation forest area of Gundih district to determine the effectiveness of a plantation forest during its growth on controlling soil erosion and runoff, and the results indicated that the number and kind (species) of vegetation community of the plantations changed dynamically and tended to decrease as the plantations became older.
Abstract: Ecosystem of forest has been considered the most effective measures in controlling soil erosion and runoff. However, man-made forest or plantation forest is frequently disturbed that causing susceptible to land degradation, especially by erosion. The role of forest to protect soil from erosion forces is not only played by individual forest stand itself but also its community. Composition of vegetation community always change dynamically depending on the forest management system applied and the age of plant. To determine the effectiveness of mahogany forest plantation during its growth on controlling soil erosion and runoff, a study was conducted at mahogany plantation forest area of Gundih district. Three different ages of mahogany (1, 4, and 8 year old) were selected as observation plots. Soil erosion and runoff measurements were carried out on a small plot procedure of 4m x 22.1 m size. Whereas, observations on main tree of mahogany characteristics and its undergrowth vegetation’s were also accomplished within this area. The results indicated that the number and kind (species) of vegetation community of mahogany changed dynamically and tended to decrease as the main forest stand became older. The older mahogany produced less both soil erosion and surface runoff. Soil erosion level on vegetation community of mahogany plantation, during two months observations, decreases as much as 39.3%, 9.8%, and 5.2% respectively for1, 4, and 8 year old of mahogany comparing to bare land (control plot) of 112.6 kg/plot (12.7 ton/ha). Additionally, surface runoff lowered at the mahogany age of 4 and 8 year as high as 33 %and 52% respectively comparing to control one, but surface runoff at the mahogany of 1 year old had no different from the control one. The main role of this condition was played by thick litter at 8 year old of mahogany, and by creeping grass, and other shrub at 4 year old of mahogany.

Journal ArticleDOI
29 Mar 2017
TL;DR: In this article, the results of contemporary post-fire sediments studys may be helpful in paleogeographical and geoarchaeological reconstructions (e.g. O’Connor, Evans 2005).
Abstract: Forest fires are common phenomenon in many countries, including Poland. Forest divisions are the institutions responsible for their monitoring and control. Their task is to detect, fight and counteract the fire forest effects. For a long time forest divisions have maintained the database of forest fires, since 2010 in digital version (Information System of the State Forests – SILP, Llas.2). The information gathered in SILP includes the classification, size and location of fires. The Information for the years 2010–2014 was obtained from the Forest Division Suchedniow (Świetokrzyskie province). Most fires were small, often limited to undergrowth and soil cover (less than 1 ha), two of them were classified as medium-size fires (over 1 ha). In post-fire areas a series of shallow geological borings was made. In most profiles no fire traces (layers of charcoal, individual coals etc.) where found. Such traces were preserved on flood plains, under the edges of terraces, where post-fire layer was covered by colluvial deposits. The study of forest soil pH indicate that fires which occurred many years ago did not leave any significant changes in the pH level, while in fire areas several years old pH level was lower. The results of contemporary post-fire sediments studys may be helpful in paleogeographical and geoarchaeological reconstructions (e.g. O’Connor, Evans 2005). In geological profiles it is common to find single charcoals, rarely layers. Their presence, changing the amount of sediment raises a number of controversies and problems with interpretation. In the Druc River valley (Belarus) the layer (0.2–0.35 cm) of post-fire charcoal (14C dating: younger than 200 years old) is covered with sandy colluvia (thickness 30 cm) with numerous of Neolithic and Iron Age artifacts. In this case the thickness of post-fire sediment many times exceeds sediments observed in Suchedniow Forest District, and suggests the occurrence of a very large forest fire (probably anthropogenic). After the fire, intensive soil erosion began in the burnt area, which in a short time covered fossilized charcoals layer by colluvium containing the artifacts.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The forest community diversity along the altitudinal gradient was analyzed in the Cibagou National Nature Reserve and showed that the forest types could be divided into six types: Castanopsis hystrix forest; camphor and acer mixed forest; blue Japanese oak broad-leaved mixed forest,blue Japanese oak forest, Populus simonii mixed Forest; Quercus aquifolioides forest.
Abstract: The forest community diversity along the altitudinal gradient was analyzed in the Cibagou National Nature Reserve. Results showed that the forest types of Cibagou Gorge could be divided into six types: Castanopsis hystrix forest; camphor and acer mixed forest, blue Japanese oak broad-leaved mixed forest, blue Japanese oak forest, Populus simonii mixed forest; Quercus aquifolioides forest. The total coverage of undergrowth vegetation altitude was the lowest at 1749 m, only 30%, and plant species numbers in the sample was only 5. The total coverage of the plant was the highest at 2327 m altitude, the value was 95%, and the number of species in experiment plot was 14. The species richness of Margalef increased first and then decreased with the increase of altitude gradient at 1749 m to 2880 m, and the Shannon-wiener species diversity index increased, but the difference was not significant, Pielou species evenness and Sheldon species evenness index decreased first and then increased with altitude.

Journal ArticleDOI
20 Jul 2017
TL;DR: In this article, the authors analyze the soil use and occupation with a focus on forestry in the municipality of Cândido Sales, Bahia, in different periods using satellite images from the image catalog the National Institute for Space Research (INPE).
Abstract: A review of the soil use and occupation in different years is a way to know the evolution of the impacts of human activities. The present study aims to analyze the soil use and occupation with a focus on forestry in the municipality of Cândido Sales, Bahia, in different periods. The satellite images were obtained from the image catalog the National Institute for Space Research (INPE). Images related to September 2005 and 2015 were selected from the satellite Landsat - 5. For the categorization of the soil use and occupation, we used the classification of maximum verisimilitude and supervised classification the digital images. The processing and analysis were performed using the free software Quantum GIS version 2.6.1. Four classes of the soil use and occupation were defined: Forest planting, Dense vegetation, Altered vegetation and Undergrowth/Exposed soil. After defining the use of classes, the classification automatic monitored image was carried out in order to determine the soil use and occupation. During the studied period, the soil use and occupation in the city has changed, especially in the reduction of forest planting and undergrowth/exposed soil, as well as increasing the dense vegetation and altered vegetation.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the influence of industrial emissions of sulphur (IV) and nitrogen oxides on the percentage of stem anatomical characteristics of the autochthonous woody plant species undergrowth of Acer platanoides L. in the southern industrial zone of the city of Dnipro (Ukraine).
Abstract: The paper examines the influence of industrial emissions of sulphur (IV) and nitrogen (IV) oxides on the percentage of stem anatomical characteristics of the autochthonous woody plant species undergrowth of Acer platanoides L. and Fraxinus excelsior L. in the southern industrial zone of the city of Dnipro (Ukraine). It is ascertained, that the ratio of the primary cortex share to the central cylinder share does not change in the stems of annual shoots of the both studied woody plant species when they are exposed to the influence of the toxic gases. However, there are significant changes in the ratio of shares of histological elements in the undergrowth stems of F. excelsior. The use of both absolute and relevant values of anatomic parameters of the plant vegetative organs is needed to analyse the woody plants resistance to technogenic pollution of the environment.

21 Jul 2017
TL;DR: The habitat of proboscis monkeys in the area of IUPHHK-HT is obtained in the form of tree species, feed trees, sleeping trees, water, temperature and humidity and there are 21 species of trees and undergrowth found as a food source and also used as a sleeping tree.
Abstract: Proboscis monkey (Nasalis larvatus Wurmb) is a primate that included in the family of Cercopithecidae. Proboscis monkeys are rare and endemic animals of Borneo, they are protected species and classified in Appendix I of CITES with the conservation status are endangered by the IUCN. The area of IUPHHK-HT PT. Bina Silva Nusa and its surroundings are the habitat of the proboscis with the mean mangrove forests and peat bogs. The purposes of this research are to obtain data and information of the habitat of proboscis monkeys in the area of IUPHHK-HT in the form of tree species, feed trees, sleeping trees , water, temperature and humidity. The data collecting was limited on the location that discovers the groups of proboscis monkeys and the sleeping place of proboscis. The research method was using terraced path to investigate the species of trees and undergrowth as the habitat and the potential feed source tree and the tree of sleep. The Habitat of proboscis monkeys on the three type of forest relatively had good vegetation structure. There are 21 species of trees and undergrowth was found as a food source and also used as a sleeping tree. The preferred tree species are the white mangrove (rhizophora apiculata), dungun (Heritiera globosa), ubah (Syzygium spp), ketiau (Ganua motleyana) and undergrowth piai lasa (Acrostichum speciosum). Water was known the salinity average of 15,5 o / oo - 22,5 o / oo with mean of pH of 3,75 – 5,5. Results of research on air temperature of habitat of proboscis monkey ranged between 25,8 ° C to 33 °C and the humidity ranged from 71,67% to 81, 33%. Keywords: Feed Trees, Habitat of Proboscis Monkey, PT. Bina Silva Nusa, Sleeping Trees

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the influence of fire disturbance and environmental factors on undergrowth vegetation changes in a Pinus tabulaeformis forest, burned areas of an artificial P. tabularis forest in Liaoheyuan National Forest Park of Pingquan County, Hebei Province were used as research objects.
Abstract: To study the influence of fire disturbance and environmental factors on undergrowth vegetation changes in a Pinus tabulaeformis forest, burned areas of an artificial P. tabulaeformis forest in Liaoheyuan National Forest Park of Pingquan County, Hebei Province were used as research objects. The burned forest was divided into three levels according to the degree of burn:mild, moderate, and severe. And three repeated plots were set. Non-burned forests near the burned area were also used for control plots. A redundancy analysis (RDA) was conducted on undergrowth vegetation and environmental factors in the three degrees of the burned area and the non-burned forest. Analysis also determined the richness index (R), diversity index (H), and evenness index (J). Results showed that undergrowth regeneration after fire was largely influenced by tree mortality rate and slope aspect, but slope and slope position had little effect on important herbs. The importance value for herbs and shrubs showing different degrees of change after fire:compared to control plots the severe burned area had a sharp increase in the number of herbaceous species from 15 to 26 with the number of shrub species increasing from 3 to 6. With an increase in fire intensity, R and H showed an overall increase (P < 0.05); whereas, J decreased (P < 0.05). Thus, growth and changes in undergrowth vegetation after fire were jointly affected by fire and topographic factors with fire being conducive to regeneration of undergrowth vegetation partly.

Patent
27 Jun 2017
TL;DR: In this article, an undergrowth polygonatum sibiricum ridge root separation and cultivation method is described. But the method comprises the steps of forest clearing and pruning, deep ploughing and upterned soil sunning, fine flat finishing, base fertilizer applying, road planning, ridge root separating, sowing and managing.
Abstract: The invention discloses an undergrowth polygonatum sibiricum ridge root separation and cultivation method. The method comprises the steps of forest clearing and pruning, deep ploughing and upterned soil sunning, fine flat finishing, base fertilizer applying, road planning, ridge root separating, sowing and managing, polygonatum sibiricum growth is accelerated, annual growth is increased by 20%, the amount of application of fertilizer is reduced, the fertilizer applied per mu can be decreased by about 400-500 kg compared with polygonatum sibiricum planted under an ordinary forest, the fertilizer utilization rate is increased by 20-30% compared with cultivation under the ordinary forest, the harvested polygonatum sibiricum is large in rhizome individual, white in epidermis and regular in shape, no malformation exists, and the yield is increased. According to the method, the problems that at present, in the undergrowth polygonatum sibiricum planting process, the fertilizer utilization rate is too low, the growth is low, and the quality is low are effectively solved.

Journal Article
TL;DR: In this paper, a floristic inventory of grass and undergrowth was carried out in the southern block of the Yoko Forest Reserve in the Eastern Province, where a total of 116 plant species have been inventoried and are belonging to 92 genera and 44 families.
Abstract: A floristic inventory of grass and undergrowth was carried out in the southern block of the Yoko Forest Reserve in the Eastern Province. This study aimed to identify grasses and undergrowth, and evaluate the wealth of this areal florula. Transect methods and phytosociological survey was the approach used. A total of 116 plant species have been inventoried and are belonging to 92 genera and 44 families. Note that the dominant families and features are: Commelinaceae (7.76%) and Rubiaceae (6.90%). The relative densities of species and the highest are those of family Marantochloa congensis (174.0 feet/ha) and Marantaceae (360.0 feet/ha). The relative frequencies of the most observed species are those of Palisota barteri (3.21%) and Cola congolana (3.39%), while those of family are Arecaceae, Commelinaceae, Connaraceae, Euphorbiaceae, Lomariopsidaceae, Malvaceae, Marantaceae and Menispermaceae (6.25%). Simpson's diversity index (0.957), Shannon’s diversity index (3.619) and equitability (0.798) revealed that this florula is diversified and its species are well distributed. It is thus desirable that this study is extended to other forest reserves and forest groupings of Kisangani city and its surroundings in order to establish a better database necessary for the sustainable management of the classified forests and other sites of high value for the conservation.