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Unihemispheric slow-wave sleep
About: Unihemispheric slow-wave sleep is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 359 publications have been published within this topic receiving 21749 citations.
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TL;DR: Records from a large number of nights in single individuals indicated that some could maintain a very striking regularity in their sleep pattern from night to night, and that body movement, after rising to a peak, dropped sharply at the onset of rapid eye movements and rebounded abruptly as the eye movements ceased.
1,732 citations
TL;DR: Stages of sleep may be characterized by activation of widespread areas of the brain, including the centrencephalic, paralimbic and unimodal sensory regions, with the specific exclusion of areas which normally participate in the highest order analysis and integration of neural information.
Abstract: To assess dynamic changes in brain function throughout the sleep-wake cycle, CBF was measured with H2(15)O and PET in 37 normal male volunteers: (i) while awake prior to sleep onset; (ii) during Stage 3-4 sleep, i.e. slow wave sleep (SWS); (iii) during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep; and (iv) upon waking following recovery sleep. Subjects were monitored polysomnographically and PET images were acquired throughout the course of a single night. Stage-specific contrasts were performed using statistical parametric mapping. Data were analysed in repeated measures fashion, examining within-subject differences between stages [pre-sleep wakefulness-SWS (n = 20 subjects); SWS-post-sleep wakefulness (n = 14); SWS-REM sleep (n = 7); pre-sleep wakefulness-REM sleep (n = 8); REM sleep-post-sleep wakefulness (n = 7); pre-sleep wakefulness-post-sleep wakefulness (n = 20)]. State dependent changes in the activity of centrencephalic regions, including the brainstem, thalamus and basal forebrain (profound deactivations during SWS and reactivations during REM sleep) are consistent with the idea that these areas are constituents of brain systems which mediate arousal. Shifts in the level of activity of the striatum suggested that the basal ganglia might be more integrally involved in the orchestration of the sleep-wake cycle than previously thought. State-dependent changes in the activity of limbic and paralimbic areas, including the insula, cingulate and mesial temporal cortices, paralleled those observed in centrencephalic structures during both REM sleep and SWS. A functional dissociation between activity in higher order, heteromodal association cortices in the frontal and parietal lobes and unimodal sensory areas of the occipital and temporal lobes appeared to be characteristic of both SWS and REM sleep. SWS was associated with selective deactivation of the heteromodal association areas, while activity in primary and secondary sensory cortices was preserved. SWS may not, as previously thought, represent a generalized decrease in neuronal activity. On the other hand, REM sleep was characterized by selective activation of certain post-rolandic sensory cortices, while activity in the frontoparietal association cortices remained depressed. REM sleep may be characterized by activation of widespread areas of the brain, including the centrencephalic, paralimbic and unimodal sensory regions, with the specific exclusion of areas which normally participate in the highest order analysis and integration of neural information. Deactivation of the heteromodal association areas (the orbital, dorsolateral prefrontal and inferior parietal cortices) constitutes the single feature common to both non-REM and REM sleep states, and may be a defining characteristic of sleep itself. The stages of sleep could also be distinguished by characteristic differences in the relationships between the basal ganglia, thalamic nuclei and neocortical regions of interest.
1,137 citations
TL;DR: A group study of seven subjects who maintained steady REM sleep during brain scanning and recalled dreams upon awakening shows that regional cerebral blood flow is positively correlated with REM sleep in pontine tegmentum, left thalamus, both amygdaloid complexes, anterior cingulate cortex and right parietal operculum.
Abstract: RAPID-EYE-MOVEMENT (REM) sleep is associated with intense neuronal activity, ocular saccades, muscular atonia and dreaming1,2. The function of REM sleep remains elusive and its neural correlates have not been characterized precisely in man. Here we use positron emission tomography and statistical parametric mapping to study the brain state associated with REM sleep in humans. We report a group study of seven subjects who maintained steady REM sleep during brain scanning and recalled dreams upon awakening. The results show that regional cerebral blood flow is positively correlated with REM sleep in pontine tegmentum, left thalamus, both amygdaloid complexes, anterior cingulate cortex and right parietal operculum. Negative correlations between regional cerebral blood flow and REM sleep are observed bilaterally, in a vast area of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, in parietal cortex (supramarginal gyrus) as well as in posterior cingulate cortex and precuneus. Given the role of the amygdaloid complexes in the acquisition of emotionally influenced memories, the pattern of activation in the amygdala and the cortical areas provides a biological basis for the processing of some types of memory during REM sleep.
1,080 citations
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that long temporal sequences of patterned multineuronal activity suggestive of episodic memory traces are reactivated during REM sleep, which may be important for memory processing and provides a basis for the electrophysiological examination of the content of dream states.
1,058 citations
883 citations