Showing papers on "Urban climate published in 1974"

Microclimatic modification: development and application in the urban environment

Abstract: This thesis briefly describes the climatic features of the inner city and how they differ from the natural ecosystem associated with the rural environment and examines how plants could be used to modify temperatures, noise levels, and air pollutants. Three basic man-made changes are responsible for the differences in the climates of urban and open or rural areas. These are: (1) change in surface properties of the city, (2) precipitation, structures reducing wind speeds, increase in temperature in congested city areas, and (3) higher level of pollutants, both gaseous and particulate, found in the urban atmosphere. Plants exert a significant effect on the hostile urban environment. Trees and shrubs contribute to the alleviation of noise, atmospheric dust and gas, as well as modifying climatic extremes of temperature and wind. The concepts of greenbelts around urban centers and along expressways need further consideration in urban planning. Selection and breeding of ornamental plants adaptable to urban stresses are sorely needed. 16 references.

The Urbanization Processes and the Social Structure of the Urban Population in Pakistan

Abstract: Between 1947 and 1971 Pakistan was one of the least urbanized countries of the "Third World," but the proportion of urban population in West Pakistan was relatively large. According to the 1961 census it was 22.5%. If the ratio between the growth rates of the urban and rural populations in the 1960s was close to this index during the preceding decade (which can be judged by the 1951 land 1961 censuses), the proportion of city dwellers at the beginning of the 1970s should approach 30%. According to Pakistan census statistics, a population center may be classified as an urban area if it has more than 5000 inhabitants and possesses certain features seen in an urban type of settlement (a form of municipal selfgovernment, communal conveniences, etc.); in addition, administrative centers are recognized as urban areas even if the population there numbers less than 5000. Thus in Pakistan there may be population centers classed as cities which would not number among the cities in other countries, including neighboring states. In India, for example, the requirement for a population center to be classed as a city is that, for a certain population density, three fourths of the adult males be engaged in work outside the sphere of agriculture. In addition, we know that the UN demographers classify cities as population centers with over 20,000 inhabitants. The special nature of the small cities has been reflected in the documents of the Pakistan Planning Commission, in which an urban area is restricted to population centers with over 25,000 inhabitants. But even with this narrowing of the limits of urban population, its dimensions and proportions remain impressive. The point is that in 1961, 59% !of the city dwellers lived in cities with a population of over 100,000 inhabitants; and 19% and 22% of the urban population, respectively, lived in medium-sized (from 25,000 to 100,000) and small (under 25,000) cities and townships. The proportion of inhabitants of large and medium-sized urban areas at the beginning of the 1970s was apparently over 20%. The distribution of the urban population of present-day Pakistan is, in the regional respect, uneven. The greatest concentration of city dwellers (as of the population in general) is found in the Indus Valley. Among the present provinces, the least urbanized are the North-West Frontier Province (NWFP) and Baluchistan (see Table 1). The largest proportion of urban

Urban Implications of Regional and Interregional Efficiency in Agricultural Production

Abstract: Linear programming study results and techniques have strong potential to serve as an integral component of regional development models. The purpose of this paper is to indicate their potential use in the estimation of urban job and income impacts of agricultural adjustment in rural regions.