Showing papers on "Urban climate published in 1977"
Posted Content•
TL;DR: This paper presents a meta-anatomy of the urban microbiome, a probabilistic assessment of the immune response to infectious disease in cities, which reveals patterns of immune responses that are similar to those of other immune systems.
Abstract: Our central paradigm for urban ecology is that cities are emergent phenomena of local-scale, dynamic interactions among socioeconomic and biophysical forces. These complex interactions give rise to a distinctive ecology and to distinctive ecological ...
126 citations
TL;DR: The authors investigates the possibility that while the amount of land lost to urbanization is small, it may be predominantly land that is ideal for agriculture, or prime farmland, which unlike rural land in general is highly limited in supply.
Abstract: A recent paper by Hart (1976) demonstrates that the amount of rural land lost to urbanization in the United States is very small relative to the total supply of this land. This paper investigates the possibility that while the amount of land lost to urbanization is small, it may be predominantly land that is ideal for agriculture, or prime farmland, which unlike rural land in general is highly limited in supply. To explore this possibility, answers to three questions are sought: (1) is prime farmland in the U.S. located predominantly in the vicinity of urban areas; (2) are the areas of high population growth predomi nantly the areas with high concentrations of the good soils, and (3) what is the rate of loss of prime farmland to urbanization?
28 citations
01 Jan 1977
TL;DR: In this article, the broad features of urban climate anomalies are described and explained by combining recent METROMEX data with those from prior studies, and the causes of urban effects upon rainfall remain speculative.
Abstract: The broad features of urban climate anomalies are described and explained by combining recent METROMEX data with those from prior studies. The urban heat island is well understood, and urban effects upon cloud nuclei and cloud microstructure are clearly observed and explained in part; but the causes of urban effects upon rainfall remain speculative.
9 citations
01 Jan 1977
TL;DR: In this article, the broad features of urban climate anomalies are described and explained by combining recent METROMEX data with those from prior studies, and the causes of urban effects upon rainfall remain speculative.
Abstract: The broad features of urban climate anomalies are described and explained by combining recent METROMEX data with those from prior studies. The urban heat island is well understood, and urban effects upon cloud nuclei and cloud microstructure are clearly observed and explained in part; but the causes of urban effects upon rainfall remain speculative.
9 citations
7 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors take a first step towards a full integration of economic growth theory and urban location theory by introducing two dynamic factors, namely population growth and transportation improvements, into a simple von Thiinen-type model of industrial location.
Abstract: It might be safely said that in the literature on urban economics no satisfactory analysis has been carried out to account for the long-run dynamic processes of urban economic growth, whereas none of the growth models developed so far has incorporated spatial or locational elements explicitly to study the phenomena of long-run urban growth over time and space.' This situation is particularly unfortunate when we think of an increasing number of economic and social problems arising from competition among growing industries over available land or conflicts between rapid economic growth and optimal land use in and around urban areas. In this paper, with the lack of appropriate urban growth models in mind, we shall take a first step towards a full integration of economic growth theory and urban location theory by introducing two dynamic factors, namely population growth and transportation improvements, into a simple von Thiinen-type model of industrial location. Specifically we assume that population is growing at a given constant rate while transportation improvements are brought about by social transportation investment which is financed through taxation. Then we carry out a dynamic analysis of long-run urban growth by identifying a balanced growth equilibrium and proving its existence and global stability under certain assumptions. Some other properties of the model, particularly a golden-rule result in regard to optimal taxation for transportation improvements, are derived in a special case with Cobb-Douglas production functions and zero opportunity cost of land.
5 citations
4 citations
01 Jan 1977
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors consider first population densities in urban areas, or gross per head use of land for all purposes, and then consider separate uses for residences and their private gardens, industrial and commercial sites, railways, roads, schools, public buildings, public open space, etc.
Abstract: This problem is analysed in two stages. We consider first population densities in urban areas, or gross per head use of land for all purposes. We then consider in more detail its separate uses for residences and their private gardens, industrial and commercial sites, railways, roads, schools, public buildings, public open space, etc. Measurements are standardized to metric units of persons/hectare when measuring density; when considering specific uses of land, it is more convenient to work in the reciprocal of sq. m./person.1
3 citations
01 Jan 1977
TL;DR: In this paper, conditions surrounding the short run effects of a sudden (first) disturbance of an urban economy and examined its form the "day after" were presented, and the analysis is rather general since it does not employ a specific utility function, it incorporates congestion effects and, finally, allows for more than one type of urban household.
Abstract: The paper put forth the conditions surrounding the short-run effects of a sudden (first) disturbance of an urban economy and examined its form the "day after". The analysis is rather general since it does not employ a specific utility function, it incorporates congestion effects and, finally, allows for more than one type of urban household (the new migrants may or may not be characterized by the same preference function). The purposes of the paper were to describe the myopic behavior of households and landowners
and to provide an alternative conceptual framework towards deriving a theory of urban disturbances and urban agents' "learning" behavior as intrinsic elements of a dynamic theory of urban spatial structure, with agents of different vintages. An interesting conclusion of the paper is that, in the short-run, the utility level of old residents decreases with distance as new migrants move into the urban setting, due to relative increases in the congestion toll, that would imply that as the congestion level increases, households would
be motivated to move to more central locations.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this article, the authors show that a population of 10-12 thousand and more people are needed before maximum savings in providing fire protection services to rural areas can be achieved, and that fire damage to rural property is three to six times greater per occurrence than for city property.
Abstract: Studies show that populations of 10-12 thousand and more are needed before maximum savings in providing fire protection services to rural areas can be achieved. Yet, many rural areas have smaller, widely scattered populations, lax building codes and inadequate water supplies. Fire damage to rural property is three to six times greater per occurrence than for city property. Also, insurance costs are about six times greater on unprotected farm property than on protected. Data published for 1974 conditions indicate that all rural Tennessee counties and 45 percent of its municipalities were assigned Class 10, the lowest possible fire protection rating, denoting little or no fire fighting capability.