Showing papers on "Urban climate published in 1982"
TL;DR: In this article, a small green area in Frankfurt which lowered the temperature by 3 − 3.5 °C and intensified the relative humidity by 5 − 10% ventilated the overheated, dirty, and polluted town center and provided fresh air.
101 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a worldwide perspective on urbanization and explain why the need for active urbanization policies is greater for developing countries than it was in the past for economies that are now developed.
Abstract: This report focuses on the need for national urbanization policy. First, it presents a worldwide perspective on urbanization and explains why the need for active urbanization policies is greater for developing countries than it was in the past for economies that are now developed. It then discusses the factors affecting national spatial development and gives a country typology for national urbanization strategies. It also covers the determinants of the growth of urban systems, touching on migration, rural-urban interaction, and the roles of transport and industrialization. Next, the current status of national urbanization policy is assessed. The report concludes with a discussion on appropriate national urbanization strategies. The appendices cover urbanization issues in Latin America and in large centrally planned economies, such as the Soviet Union and China.
91 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the main components of urban population growth in Bangladesh are examined in order to determine the relative importance of natural increase in-migration and territorial annexation in contributing to urban growth from 1961 to 1974.
Abstract: The main components of urban population growth in Bangladesh are examined in order to determine the relative importance of natural increase in-migration and territorial annexation in contributing to urban population growth from 1961 to 1974. It is shown that in-migration particularly rural-urban migration has been the major component of urban growth over this period and has been caused primarily by disparities in economic and social opportunities between urban and rural areas. The author also examines urban in-migration in the regional context and in relation to city size. The consequences of continuing rapid urbanization for both urban areas and for the countrys socioeconomic development plans are discussed.
30 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present and projected population growth patterns for Northern and Subsaharan Africa Latin America Asia and China show that urban population growth will increasingly account for larger percentages of total population growth.
Abstract: Documents recent trends in population distribution in 3rd World countries; suggests furture trends in population growth with the aim of assessing the magnitude of future urbanization. It is projected that by the year 2000 44% of the population of 3rd World countries will be urban dwellers; of this population 50% are expected to be at or below the poverty level. This urban growth is expected to be enhanced at the expense of rural growth even though natural proliferation rather than migration is expected to be the main source of increase. Significant variations in this process are to be expected from 1 region to another. Present and projected population growth patterns for Northern and Subsaharan Africa Latin America Asia and China show that urban population growth will increasingly account for larger percentages of total population growth. Presently 63% of all population increase in lesser developed countries is urban but by the year 2000 that figure is expected to rise to 83%. The conditions of existence for these urban dwellers is not expected to improve. These figures translated into human terms point to very critical times for the large number of people living in the cities of developed countries and highlight the need of developing a coherent policy of development which will make the amenities and opportunities that urban areas have to offer available to all.
20 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: A continuing trend of migration to urban centers is noted although it is not as extensive as in many other developing countries as discussed by the authors, and a significant increase in the pace of urbanization in the decade 1971-1981 is also observed.
Abstract: Urbanization in India from 1901 to the present day is analyzed using provisional data from the 1981 census and other official sources. A continuing trend of migration to urban centers is noted although it is not as extensive as in many other developing countries. A significant increase in the pace of urbanization in the decade 1971-1981 is also observed. Regional variations in urbanization patterns are identified and discussed in the second part. (ANNOTATION)
18 citations
8 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors focus on the variations between small areas of the city in the average population and housing characteristics, and the degree of heterogeneity may itself be the object of policy responses.
Abstract: Most empirical studies of urban residential structure focus on the variations between small areas of the city in the average population and housing characteristics . Levels of neighborhood heterogeneity the variations in population and housing characteristics within the small areas have not received comparable attention. The heterogeneity of qualities such as education, family income, and housing prices within neighborhoods is an important aspect of residential structure that needs to be examined and understood as well . Variation within small areas is of interest not only as an element in understanding urban structure but for its importance in the formulation and evaluation of public policy . Program resources are frequently targeted in specific areas within cities based upon analyses of the characteristics of census tracts or similar small areas (see, for example, Herbert and Smith, 1979 ; Moroney, 1977; Smith, 1977) . But such analyses typically assume that average characteristics accurately reflect the nature of the problems within the census tracts, ignoring possible differences in the composition of the population and housing within the tracts . Such variation within small areas may affect the problems and needs of those areas, calling for more sensitive differentiation of policy responses . Additionally, the degree of heterogeneity may itself be the object of policy
6 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the issues involved in improving the urban environment in India have been analyzed and the state of legislation and existing levels of control have been highlighted using general systems theory, possible options have been identified for improving the rapidly deteriorating urban environmental quality.
Abstract: In this article, the issues involved in improving the urban environment in India have been analyzed and the state of legislation and existing levels of control have been highlighted. Using general systems theory, possible options have been identified for improving the rapidly deteriorating urban environmental quality.
6 citations
TL;DR: Several hypotheses about patterns of settlement change in highly urbanized countries are discussed using empirical material derived from IIASA's Comparative Migration and Settlement Study, which examines the population development of large urban regions.
Abstract: This paper examines the population development of large urban regions. Several hypotheses about patterns of settlement change in highly urbanized countries are discussed using empirical material derived from IIASA's Comparative Migration and Settlement Study. These hypotheses refer to interrelations between population growth and urban size, the role of migration and natural increase as components of urban population change, overall spatial mobility, hierarchical migration, and the age distribution of migrants moving between, out of, and into large urban areas.
5 citations
30 Sep 1982
TL;DR: In this article, the authors place India's marked acceleration in the pace of urbanization during 1971-81 in its proper perspective and find that much of the urban growth that has occurred has been because of accretion to existing towns and settlements and only marginally because of the emergence of new towns.
Abstract: This paper seeks to place India's marked acceleration in the pace of urbanization during 1971-81 in its proper perspective. It relates the census data to past trends as well as to the urbanization experience of other developing countries. Further understanding of the emerging pattern of urbanization is sought by the disaggregation of trends up to the state and subregional level. A marked acceleration in the rate of urban growth is evident. Much of the urban growth that has occurred has been because of the accretion to existing towns and settlements and only marginally because of the emergence of new towns. As a result, the proportion of urban population residing in towns above a certain population cut-off point continues to increase, but there is little evidence of correlation between city size and rates of population growth. Examination of regional and state level data reveal that the poorer states have urbanized faster, and that large poor states with heavy industrial investments show very high urban growth rates and low rural growth rates. Agriculturally stagnating regions also show high urban growth with low rural growth rates. The phenomenon of overall acceleration in urban growth has rather diverse causes which have to be understood at the regional level.
Book•
01 Dec 1982
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used a computable economy wide dynamic general equilibrium model to study the effect of population growth, the pattern of demand and of technological change on urbanization in the context of a low income developing country starting at a low level of urbanization.
Abstract: This paper uses a computable economy wide dynamic general equilibrium model to study the effect of population growth, the pattern of demand and of technological change on urbanization in the context of a low income developing country starting at a low level of urbanization. The model is non-linear and models two regions (rural and urban) with wages and prices adjusting endogenously. It represents a closed economy and is therefore more suited to a large country such as India. The model is validated using Indian data and the simulation traces the development of the Indian economy well from 1950 to the present. Agriculture, industry and services are the three sectors modelled with the latter two being defined to be located exclusively in urban areas and agriculture in rural areas. The three sectors are linked with an input output matrix which subsumes transportation costs incurred between urban and rural areas. The model is designed to investigate long term changes (e.g. over a thirty year period); factor mobility is therefore assumed to be almost perfect. The model demonstrates that rapid agricultural productivity growth high rates of investment, and Engel curve demand effects combine to increase urbanization as development occurs in an economy.
TL;DR: In this paper, the climate near houses, in streets, courts, and parks, is discussed, and recommendations dealing with such microclimatic considerations are given to both architects and other planners.
31 Dec 1982
TL;DR: In this article, an urban climate and air pollution study in the small town of Biel (Switzerland; population: 85000 including suburbs) aims not only at the analysis of a very dense distribution of emissions, dispersion climate and depositions, but also attempts to correlate these factors with selected effects on man.
Abstract: . An urban climate and air pollution study in the small town of Biel (Switzerland; population: 85000 including suburbs) aims not only at the analysis of a very dense distribution of emissions, dispersion climate and depositions, but also attempts to correlate these factors with selected effects on man. These effects include the impacts on children's respiratory organs and the growth of plants (liehen). The findings of this study will have direct application in land use planning and related political decisions for new highway Systems, selection of new housing developments and industrial districts, as well as future fuel supply options. Initial results show that future activities should concentrate on case studies during anticyclonic wintertime weather types with north-northeasterly synoptic flow. These weather types are associated with cold air advection, weak winds, strong temperature inversions and consequently, high air pollution rates in the Biel area. A first draft of a very dense analysis of the air pollution potential for a similar weather type has been worked out (figure 5). This analysis will be used for the design of additional mobile measurements and modeling studies.
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