Showing papers on "Urban climate published in 1987"
TL;DR: The lack of well-defined and standardized terms for urban settlements in China has created much confusion among Chinese as well as Western scholars regarding the size of China's urban population and the nation's urbanization level as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The lack of well-defined and standardized terms for urban settlements in China has created much confusion among Chinese as well as Western scholars regarding the size of China's urban population and the nation's urbanization level. In this paper we identify the major types of China's urban population and explain their relationships to areal units. The aggregate population of the officially designated cities and towns, which has been widely used in China and elsewhere as an indicator of China's urbanization level, should no longer be used because of changes after 1979 in the designation of urban areas; these changes had the effect of adding agricultural households to the urban population. According to the official indicator, China's population was 31.9 percent urban in 1984. A more realistic measure of urbanization, which excludes the agricultural population of cities and towns, shows that China was actually 15.7 percent urban in 1984.
126 citations
49 citations
Book•
01 May 1987
TL;DR: The economic gains of developing world cities are depressed by the increasingly inefficient use of human and natural resources due to uncontrolled urban expansion as mentioned in this paper, and the demographic components of urbanization are migration natural increase and reclassification of rapidly developing rural areas to urban areas.
Abstract: The growth and role of cities feeding cities ecology and the economics of city size and seeking a rural/urban balance are topics of discussion in considering the future of urbanization with ecological and economic constraints. Cities evolved 5000 years ago while agriculture emerged 12000 years ago. Food surpluses were important to sustaining life. Diversification of trade and the production of more diverse goods spurred on urban development. The economic gains of developing world cities are depressed by the increasingly inefficient use of human and natural resources due to uncontrolled urban expansion. The demographic components of urbanization are migration natural increase and reclassification of rapidly developing rural areas to urban areas. The usual government allocation of budgets is 20% to rural areas with 70% of the population. The shift from hunting and gathering to farming occurred at a time when population did not exceed 15 million. Food resources limiting urban size changed during and after the Industrial Revolution when trading of food for industrial products occurred. The growing food surplus of North America has been responsible for much of the worlds urban growth. Cities like Leningrad Moscow Cairo Lagos Dacca Hong Kong and Tokyo are very dependent on grain produced in North America. Rural/urban relationships are affected by food price policies that provide unrealistically cheap food for urban populations and discourage private investment in rural food production. Urban food self-sufficiency occurs where land use nutrient recycling and marketing is regulated. Cities require large concentrations of food water and fuel; waste output can tax the absorptive capacity of local systems. In the US an average urban resident uses 568 liters of water 1.5 kg of food 7.1 kg of fossil fuel/day and generates 454 liters of sewage 1.5 kg of refuse and .6 kg of air pollutants. Cities are energy-dependent. Automobiles are major contributors to air pollution. The ecological costs of urban life rise with declining water and food supplies and increasing pollution levels; fiscal costs rise also for transportation. Allowing for market forces to dominate might help create a nations optimum rural/urban balance. Reducing subsidies and removing the urban bias might also help. Adopting policies that reduce the growth in external debt and shift fuels to renewable sources of energy are certain to slow growth.
27 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present an interpretation using satellite imagery of the Strzelecki and Simpson dune fields in Australia, and the origin of the de sert dunes.
Abstract: King, D.: The Quaternary stratigraphie record at Lake Eyre North and the evolution of existing topographic forms. In: Trans.R.Soc.S.Aust. 79, 1956, 93-103. Loffler, E. a. Sullivan, M. E.: Lake Dieri resurrected: an interpretation using satellite imagery. In: Z. Geo morph. N.F. 23, 1979, 233-242. Twidale, C. R.: Age and origin of longitudinal dunes in the Simpson and other sand rigde deserts. In: Die Erde 112, 1981, 231-247. Wasson, R. J.: The Cainozoic history of the Strzelecki and Simpson dune fields (Australia), and the origin of the de sert dunes. In: Z. Geomorph. N.F., Suppl. Bd. 45, 1983 (a), 85-116. : Dune types, sand colour, sediment provenance and hy drology of the Strzelecki-Simpson dunefield, Australia. In: Brookfield, M. E. a. Ahlbrandt, T. S. (Eds.): Eo lian Sediments and Process, Amsterdam 1983 (b), 165-195.
8 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The post-revolution land reforms and the new socioeconomic structure emerging from reorganization of the society appear to have a rural-urban migration inhibiting effect and some of the country's regional differentials may be associated with environmental factors.
Abstract: This article studies the emerging patterns of urbanization in Ethiopia. Over the period from 1967-1984 a number of structural changes have occurred which are likely to play a dominant role in the future urban growth in Ethiopia. In spite of its long history of settled population Ethiopia did not witness sustained growth of urban centers. Ethiopia is 1 of the least urbanized areas in the Third World. A 3rd aspect of urbanization in Ethiopia is the wide range of regional differentials in the level of urbanization. Most of the urban population is concentrated in 2 administrative regions--Shoa and Eritrea. A more balanced urban growth may inter alia involve a better spread in terms of higher education industrialization provision of health and social services and the development of communication and commercial infrastructure. Another striking feature of urbanization in Ethiopia is that growth has not been disproportionately concentrated in the largest urban centers. The largest urban centers have not assumed an inordinately higher level of primacy. The basic form of the curve depicting the relationship between the size of a locality and its rank has remained unchanged over the period. The post-revolution land reforms and the new socioeconomic structure emerging from reorganization of the society appear to have a rural-urban migration inhibiting effect. Some of the countrys regional differentials may be associated with environmental factors.
6 citations
5 citations
4 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1987
TL;DR: Wang et al. as discussed by the authors have shown that reading urbanization and urban problems in china is a good habit; they can develop this habit to be such interesting way, they can gain many benefits and importances of reading.
Abstract: Will reading habit influence your life? Many say yes. Reading urbanization and urban problems in china is a good habit; you can develop this habit to be such interesting way. Yeah, reading habit will not only make you have any favourite activity. It will be one of guidance of your life. When reading has become a habit, you will not make it as disturbing activities or as boring activity. You can gain many benefits and importances of reading.
01 Jan 1987
TL;DR: In this article, a review of the determinants of urbanization from which conclusions are drawn about the factors that will influence the future of urbanisation in Asia is presented, and the potential "errors" that can occur in both urbanization and urban growth projections over a 20-year span.
Abstract: This chapter first summarizes urbanization trends urban population growth city size and urban concentration in Asia then turns to the projection of these trends. A brief exercise illustrates the potential "errors" that can occur in both urbanization and urban growth projections over a 20-year span. Not surprisingly the errors seem sensitive to changes in economic development indicators. This relation is then examined in a review of the determinants of urbanization from which conclusions are drawn about the factors that will influence the future of urbanization in Asia. Projections of urbanization levels and urban populations merely extrapolate recent trends. These trends however are sometimes subject to substantial changes as economic conditions change. Economic develoment draws labor out of agriculture and into the manufacturing and service sectors. Increases in labor productivity tend to make labor demand in the secondary and tertiary sectors higher than in agriculture. Increases in income levels alter the composition of demand in favor of nonagricultural goods. Economic models including recent computable general equilibrium models have attempted to estimate the importance of these factors. Because future demographic and economic trends in the Pacific Asia region are difficult to predict urbanization a concomitant of these trends is projected with difficulty.
TL;DR: The merits of substantial improvements to urban road networks are now being reassessed, especially for London.
01 Jan 1987
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of urban development of Shanghai on solar radiation and the role played by solar radiation in the urban climate, the evolution of annual solar radiation at Shanghai over 28 years, and the difference in solar radiation between Shanghai City and its suburban counties, and urban effects of solar radiation are examined.
Abstract: In order to clarify the effects of the urban development of Shanghai on solar radiation and the role played by solar radiation in the urban climate, the evolution of annual solar radiation at Shanghai over 28 years, the difference in solar radiation between Shanghai City and its suburban counties, and urban effects on solar radiation are examined. The relation between solar radiation and the intensity of the urban heat island is also explored.