Showing papers on "Urban climate published in 1988"
89 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, it is shown that the effect of diminishing the difference of temperature in its range and its reach increases with the size of a green area and that even in small spaces between buildings, green areas have favourable bioclimatic effects.
31 citations
TL;DR: In this article, an intercomparison of the surface energy budgets from three urban climate models was made to assess the comparability of results, and to evaluate surface energy fluxes from each model.
Abstract: An intercomparison of the surface energy budgets from three urban climate models was made to assess the comparability of results, and to evaluate the surface energy fluxes from each model. The three models selected spanned the continuum of approaches currently employed in the treatment of the effects of urban geometry. The first model was an urban canopy-layer model which explicitly examined urban canyon geometry. The second model treated the city as a warm, rough, moist plate but included greatly simplified parameterizations of urban geometry. Neither model included a dynamic link to the urban boundary-layer. The third model was a one-dimensional urban boundary-layer model which utilized a simple warm, rough, moist plate approach but included a dynamic coupling of the urban surface layer to the urban boundary-layer. Results showed considerable disagreement between the three models in regards to the individual energy fluxes. Average rankings of the energy fluxes in terms of comparability from high-to-low similarity were: (1) solar radiation, (2) sensible heat flux, (3) conduction, (4) latent heat flux, (5) longwave re-radiation, and (6) longwave radiation input. In general, the urban canopy-layer model provided more realistic results, although each model demonstrated strong and weak points. Results indicate that current urban boundary-layer models may produce surface energy budgets with lower sensible heat fluxes and substantially higher latent heat fluxes than is supported by field evidence from the literature.
29 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a meteorological investigation was carried out in order to give background information for future development of industry, tourism and residential areas in the city of Hannoversch-Munden.
22 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors introduce a set of new planning measures including distinct land zones within which urbanization would and would not be permitted, as a major device for controlling land development in the metropolitan areas.
Abstract: Urbanization in post‐war Japan has been phenomenal. Massive migration from rural to urban areas led to the expansion of metropolitan areas both in population and in geographical terms, and has consequently caused various problems related to land development such as high land prices, long distance commuting, poor housing conditions, inadequate infrastructure provision and urban sprawl. All these problems have been most conspicuous in the metropolitan fringe areas where the pressure for development has been strongest. In 1968, the Japanese government introduced a set of new planning measures including distinct land zones within which urbanization would and would not be permitted, as a major device for controlling land development in the metropolitan areas. However, its effect is questionable: a number of small, sporadic developments have taken place within Urbanization Control Areas whilst a large amount of land within Urbanization Promotion Areas has remained undeveloped. The paper ends with a discussion o...
19 citations
01 Jan 1988
TL;DR: In this article, three-dimensional numerical models of the urban climate have been developed in order to simulate climatic changes and air pollution in urban regions due to anthropogenic activities, and two versions are presented.
Abstract: Three-dimensional numerical models of the urban climate have been developed in order to simulate climatic changes and air pollution in urban regions due to anthropogenic activities. Two versions are presented. Model A covers mesoscale γ and uses the roughness length to characterize surface structure. The microscale version B approximates the actual urban build-up by rectangular blocks. Model A results agree reasonably well with observations. For complex building structures, the microscale model must be applied. Model B results on neutral flow and pollutant transport within a particular building configuration are discussed.
15 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a short discussion on the problems involved in the consideration of the factor "urban climate" in urban planning, some results from STADTKLIMA BAYERN are presented whose application in urban plans is explained.
14 citations
TL;DR: In this article, from URBAN STRUCTURE to URBAN LANDSCAPE, the authors present a survey of the evolution of the latter from a rural landscape to a urban environment.
Abstract: (1988). FROM URBAN STRUCTURE TO URBAN LANDSCAPE. Urban Geography: Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 98-105.
13 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a comprehensive planning approach appears to be indispensable, in which climatic factors such as insolation, precipitation, evaporation and direction of prevailing winds play an important role, in order to economize in those scarce resources available to the vast majority of the urban population and to the public authorities in Sahelian towns.
11 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a course on wind in the built environment for students in architecture and building sciences is presented, where the aim is to present the information needed by all those concerned in the building process, from principal to user.
01 Jan 1988
TL;DR: In this paper, the elements of the urban climate are described and discussed in an overview, after having dealt with the bioclimatical consequences of the air-hygienic problems the "heat-island" effects are investigated in view of the formation of low-lewel breezes.
Abstract: In this paper the elements of the urban climate are described and discussed in an overview. After having dealt with the bioclimatical consequences of the air-hygienic problems the “heat-island” effects are investigated in view of the formation of low-lewel breezes. Furthermore some examples show possibilities to convert climatological data into planning processes.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors review urbanization trends in Botswana and conclude that the slow pace of industrialization and strong links to traditional subsistence agriculture will continue to reduce the future rate of urban growth.
Abstract: The authors review urbanization trends in Botswana. It is noted that the percentage of the total population living in urban areas increased from 3 in 1964 to 16 in 1981 compared to an African average of 30 and that some two-thirds of urban growth is due to migration. The authors conclude that the slow pace of industrialization and strong links to traditional subsistence agriculture will continue to reduce the future rate of urban growth. (ANNOTATION)
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a list of the most relevant keywords for each of the following keywords: ǫ, Ã Ã, Ã Þ Ã.
Abstract: 都市内に存在する緑地が, 夏期における気温の緩和に関して, どの程度の作用を有するかを測定し, 今後の緑地配置計画に対する基礎的な資料を得ることを目的として, 以下のような研究を行った。1. 対象地の東京都杉並区内に最高最低温度計を設置し, 区レベルでの気温分布を把握し, それを緑被率等と関連づけ, 解析を行った。2. 杉並区の緑地を対象に, 個々の緑地レベルでの気象緩和作用と, その影響範囲等の解析を行った
01 Jan 1988
TL;DR: In this article, the turbulent sensible heat flux at the top of an urban or rural canopy layer forms a key parameter for the thermal structure of the overlying boundary layer, and the turbulence intensities and the height of the boundary layer determine the spread of atmospheric particles.
Abstract: The turbulent sensible heat flux at the top of an urban or rural canopy layer forms a key parameter for the thermal structure of the overlying Boundary Layer The thermal structure of the atmosphere, i e the turbulence intensities and the height of the BL, on the other hand determine the spread of atmospheric particles of natural and anthropogenic origin
TL;DR: In the course of studying the weather dependence of fuel requirements for space heating in buildings, extensive and detailed heat source data were developed for several urban areas and were subsequently used for validating urban temperature fields which were derived from an advective-thermodynamic model of urban mixing heights.
Abstract: In the course of studying the weather dependence of fuel requirements for space heating in buildings, extensive and detailed heat source data were developed for several urban areas. These data were subsequently used for validating urban temperature fields which were derived from an advective-thermodynamic model of urban mixing heights. Results include analyses of urban climate data for assessing model performance under varying weather conditions and for validation of model assumptions. Empirical functions for estimating stability and mixing heights in adjacent rural areas were also developed.
TL;DR: The case of white-owned farms in the Eastern Cape was investigated in this article, where the impact of urbanization on rural areas was discussed. But the case of farms was not considered.
Abstract: (1988). Impact of urbanization on rural areas: The case of white‐owned farms in the Eastern Cape. African Studies: Vol. 47, No. 1, pp. 1-18.
01 Jan 1988
TL;DR: In this article, two negative aspects of urban climate are the urban heat island and air pollution, both of which can be diminished by areas of green vegetation, and only the former will be discussed here.
Abstract: Two negative aspects of urban climate are the urban heat island (= the overheating of the city) and air pollution, both of which can be diminished by areas of green vegetation. Only the former will be discussed here.
01 Jan 1988
TL;DR: The renewal of the inner city in Kassel should take place with knowledge of the ecological data as background to improve the living conditions of the people in respect to bioclimate and air pollution as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The renewal of the inner city in Kassel should take place with knowledge of the ecological data as background to improve the living conditions of the people in respect to bioclimate and air pollution. Within the inner city of Kassel exist quite different micriclimatic conditions in dependence of the city structure. From this proposals could be conducted how open spaces can be reconstructed to improve the urban climate. One result of this investigation was the fact, that improvements of the climatic conditions can be done on a very small scale, as specially the daily and annual variation differs much within a small area.