Showing papers on "Urban climate published in 1989"
TL;DR: In this paper, the surface radiant temperature heat islands of Vancouver, British Columbia, Seattle, Washington, and Los Angeles, California were used to display the surface temperature heat island data.
Abstract: NOAA AVHRR satellite infra-red data are used to display the surface radiant temperature heat islands of Vancouver, British Columbia, Seattle, Washington, and Los Angeles, California. Heat island intensities are largest in the day-time and in the warm season. Day-time intra-urban thermal patterns are strongly correlated with land-use; industrial areas are warmest and vegetated, riverine or coastal areas are coolest. Nocturnal heat island intensities and the correlation of the surface radiant temperature distribution with land use are less. This is the reverse of the known characteristics of near-surface air temperature heat islands. Several questions relating to the interpretation and limitations of satellite data in heat island analysis and urban climate modelling are addressed.
695 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the radiative, aerodynamic, thermal and moisture properties of urban trees are discussed in relation to other urban materials and surfaces in terms of their exchanges of heat, mass and momentum with the atmosphere, and their ability to produce shade, coolness, shelter, moisture and air filtration makes them flexible tools for environmental design.
Abstract: Urban trees occupy a wide variety of habitats, from a single specimen competing in the urban jungle to extensive remnant or planted forest stands. Each is shown to produce distinct micro- to local scale climates contributing to the larger urban climate mosaic. These effects are discussed in relation to the radiative, aerodynamic, thermal and moisture properties of trees that so clearly set them apart from other urban materials and surfaces in terms of their exchanges of heat, mass and momentum with the atmosphere. Their resulting ability to produce shade, coolness, shelter, moisture and air filtration makes them flexible tools for environmental design.
527 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, an aggregate, cross-sectional regression analysis is conducted for 59 developing countries for 1980, and the authors show that, although increasing per capita income and industrialization are important sources of increases in energy consumption, urbanization alone is also an important source of increased consumption.
Abstract: Urbanization and industrialization are the most prominent features of economic development The energy use changes brought by industrialization are well known, but urbanization also imposes major, if subtle, changes in energy use . Urbanization shifts production activities formerly undertaken in the home with little or no energy to outside producers who do use energy . One of the largest changes is the daily travel of urban residents, primarily but not exclusively, to work Personal transportation in rural areas generally entails little or no fuel use, while urban transportation does, particularly as incomes increase . Higher density living also induces substitutions of modern for traditional energy forms. Finally, food must be transported longer distances to urban consumers than to rural, agricultural consumers . An aggregate, cross-sectional regression analysis is conducted for 59 developing countries for 1980. Aggregate energy use per capita and per dollar of gross domestic product (GDP) is regressed on per capita income (adjusted for purchasing power parity), the percent of GPD coming from industry, the percent of the population urbanized, arable population density, and several product-specific fuel prices. Holding constant per capita income, industrialization, population density, and fuel prices, the elasticity of energy consumption with respect to a one percent increase in urbanization is between ft 35 and ft 48. The implication is that, although increasing per capita income and industrialization are important sources of increases in energy consumption, urbanization alone is also an important source of increased consumption and
137 citations
36 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors analyzed the nature of static allometric changes in seven streams affected by urbanization in Ado-Ekiti, southwestern Nigeria, and their comparison with four natural streams in the region reveals that while the channel capacities of the natural streams increase at the same rate with stream discharge, their urban counterparts exist in varying degrees of disequilibrium, becoming fully adjusted to the urban hydrological situation only when urbanization is complete and stable.
34 citations
01 Jan 1989
TL;DR: In this article, an investigation of the urban climate of Malmo (population about 230,000) in the south of Sweden has been carried out by combining information obtained by two different methods for measuring temperature, conventional equipment as well as thermograms taken from the air.
Abstract: This paper is an investigation of the urban climate of Malmo (population about 230,000) in the south of Sweden. The purpose for this study has been to investigate and combine information, obtained by two different methods for measuring temperature, conventional equipment as well as thermograms taken from the air.
29 citations
19 citations
01 Jan 1989
TL;DR: In this paper, a comparison of both orographically induced meteorological phenomena and urban budgets leads to four processes: air deflection and channelling in broad valleys, strong downslope winds on the leeside foothills of high mountain chains, and finally, the most important phenomena, the thermotopographic wind systems.
Abstract: Urban induced meteorological phenomena are normally restricted to time and length scales between a single roughness element or heat source (micro-scale ) and a large metropolitan area (meso-scale a). For this reason, orographically induced phenomena pertaining to these scales exert the most important influence upon the four relevant budgets (energy, water, air contaminants and momentum) of an urban air volume. A comparison of both orographically induced meteorological phenomena and urban budgets leads to four processes. or process groups, being important for the urban climate: Air deflection and channelling in broad valleys. Strong downslope winds on the leeside foothills of high mountain chains. Orographically induced precipitation in high slope areas and on mountain tops, and finally, the most important phenomena, the thermotopographic wind systems. These winds interact in a complex manner with the geostrophic wind and the various thermal and mechanical effects caused by the urban land surface.
13 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The author examines the impact of industrialization on urbanization and the rural structure in China to find the most feasible and effective ways to help in the transference of rural population and...urbanization.
Abstract: The author examines the impact of industrialization on urbanization and the rural structure in China. "The development of rural industries and industrialization of rural areas are the most feasible and effective ways to help in the transference of rural population and...urbanization. The growth of rural industries will help expand and re-direct rural labor from agricultural resources to non-agricultural resources to the processing of farm produce and by-products to pre- and pro-production services for agriculture and to cooperation with urban industries...The results will include the expansion of laboring fields a more elaborate social division of labor changes in social economic and employment structures as well as an increase in employment opportunities...." (EXCERPT)
2 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, urban trends in India over the period 1961-1981 are analyzed and prospects for further urban growth until the end of this century are assessed and the implications of the trends and projections for national policies on urban and regional development are discussed.
Abstract: Urban trends in India over the period 1961-1981 are analyzed and prospects for further urban growth until the end of this century are assessed. \"Trends in distribution of the urban population by cities and smaller urban places inter-state variations in urbanization and changes in the contribution of the urban population to the national GDP are reviewed and the implications of the trends and projections for national policies on urban and regional development are referred to briefly.\" Particular attention is given to the social and economic problems associated with urbanization and to their resolution. (SUMMARY IN FRE AND GER AND SPA) (EXCERPT)
2 citations
01 Jan 1989
TL;DR: The expanding urban population and changing pattern of lifestyle has resulted in astronomical increase in the price of urban land for housing making the dwelling unit beyond the reach of average urban dweller forcing him to slum and squatter settlements as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The expanding urban population and changing pattern of lifestyle has resulted in astronomical increase in the price of urban land for housing making the dwelling unit beyond the reach of average urban dweller forcing him to slum and squatter settlements. Application of regional planning technique to the urban region will help in planned urbanization and consequent reduction in the cost of housing.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a background to urban morphology, land values and land use, innovation and planning, residential growth and change, and commercial cores of urban areas, including fringe belts.
Abstract: Preface 1. Background to urban morphology 2. Fluctuations in urban development 3. Land values and land use 4. Innovation and planning 5. Fringe belts 6. Residential growth and change 7. Commercial cores 8. Conclusion