Showing papers on "Urban climate published in 1998"
TL;DR: In this article, the air temperature pattern in three urban parks and their surrounding built-up areas was studied over a one and a half year period in Goteborg, Sweden.
Abstract: The air temperature pattern in three urban parks and their surrounding built-up areas was studied over a one and a half year period in Goteborg, Sweden. The measurements were made at mobile and permanent stations on nights with clear skies and light winds. The maximum temperature difference found between a park and a built-up area was 5.9°C (summer), and the extension of the cool park climate into the built-up area was over 1100 m from the park border. Both the extension and the magnitude of the temperature difference depended on the size of the park and the distance from the park border. The green area cooled at a faster rate than the built-up area, although there were large variations within each area. At the rural station, located at an open site, the cooling was less than at the open part of the green area. Differences in sky obstruction between the sites explained some of the variations in cooling and temperature. However, the relationship between the urban-park temperature difference and sky view factor was not statistically significant. © 1998 Royal Meteorological Society
253 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors pointed out that the intrinsic physical differences between temperature and precipitation are important for their proper observation, analysis, presentation, and interpretation pertaining to urban effects, and that urban climatologists have had much greater success in specifying and explaining urban effects on temperature than on precipitation amount.
Abstract: Major reviews of urban effects on local climate, extending from Kratzer in 1937 through to Landsberg in 1981, have dealt primarily with radiation, temperature, wind, and air quality. To a much lesser extent they have examined moisture-related elements including humidity, cloud, precipitation, and storminess. Selecting air temperature to represent the former group and precipitation amount to represent the latter, the author asserts that, because of the intrinsic physical differences between them, there are necessarily important differences in the methods to be used for their proper observation, analysis, presentation, and interpretation pertaining to urban effects. The principal differences are based in the fact that temperature is continuous in both time and space, whereas precipitation is continuous in neither. The author maintains that because of these differences, urban climatologists have had much greater success in specifying and explaining urban effects on temperature than on precipitation amount. F...
123 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors attempted to outline and account for the discrepancy between the literature and empirical findings linked to the environmental and ecological benefits of the use of organic gardening practices and proposed a discourse more in line with the practice, views and aspirations of the cultivators.
Abstract: ConclusionThis paper has attempted to outline and account for the discrepancy between the literature and empirical findings linked to the environmental and ecological benefits of UA. Having done so, it is not calling for an empiricist approach, it does not necessarily take an anti-development stance nor is it against UA. It simply makes a plea that UA be understood in terms of those who practise it. Such an understanding would necessarily include theory and a specific view of development. It is hoped that it would also generate a discourse more in line with the practice, views and aspirations of the cultivators themselves.
122 citations
TL;DR: A framework for a 3D-urban-GIS prototype is presented, joining aspects of a3D-visualization interface and a database for 3D objects, and the results show that a context specific methodology has to be defined.
Abstract: New developments in urban planning, especially in environmentally oriented analysis including noise, air pollution, urban climate etc., call for new demands on authorities and planners. Due to the increasing availability of informations systems and of 3D-data, planners and municipalities emphasize modeling the urban space in three dimensions. While the visualization aspect is often and detailed considered, only a few investigations about interactive aspects on urban planning are available. In this paper we present a framework for a 3D-urban-GIS. This includes conceptual aspects and a first outline and implementation of an application prototype. For this representation, new scopes have to be considered from data acquisition to modeling and to storage. First, the urban object space is classified in an hierarchical 3D object structure. In accordance to different planning levels (i.e., levels-of-detail), several data acquisition methods are fused to obtain 3D datasets. The results show that a context specific methodology has to be defined. This includes planning aspects that are traditionally not available in GIS. Based on test sites in Rostock and Stuttgart, a 3D-urban-GIS prototype is in development, joining aspects of a 3D-visualization interface and a database for 3D objects.
112 citations
Book•
07 May 1998
TL;DR: In this article, the history and development of ecological landscape styles in the urban estate and the 'urban countryside' are discussed. And the objectives of urban nature conservation are discussed as well as the main biome types.
Abstract: Introduction. The urban estate and the 'urban countryside'. The urban environment and urban species. The history and development of ecological landscape styles. The objectives of urban nature conservation. Landscape ecology and landscape planning in the urban countryside. Ecological restoration and habitat creation. Restoration and creation of the main biome types. Strategic management issues in the urban countryside. Conclusion. Index.
90 citations
TL;DR: Wang et al. as discussed by the authors examined empirically land-use changes in a fast growing city - Guangzhou - by analyzing data obtained from aerial photographs, and they found that some new characteristics have emerged in the distribution of land use change.
Abstract: Since economic reform in 1979 China has witnessed dramatic changes. In particular, the adoption of the new land leasing system in 1987 has led to the transformation of the urban internal structure of this country. Perhaps because of the lack of data, empirical studies lag far behind the rapid urban development and land-use changes currently taking place in China. In this paper the author attempts to examine empirically land-use changes in a fast growing city - Guangzhou - by analyzing data obtained from aerial photographs. The author suggests that some new characteristics have emerged in the distribution of land-use change since the introduction of land reform. Polycentric urban development, a phenomenon that has been attracting wide research attention in Western contexts, has also appeared in the transitional economy. The author demonstrates that besides population density, housing and land value, and firm location, land-use change can be used as a prompt and reliable indicator of polycentric urban development. A range of policy implications are briefly outlined. (A)
89 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the Vienna case study illustrates two features of more than local interest which should be considered in urban climatology as well as in time series studies where the urban temperature excess is regarded as a bias.
Abstract: Compared with other large cities Vienna shows different urban development characteristics The city has had a zero population growth during 1951–1995, a period of rapid growth elsewhere In spite of its stagnating population of about 1,6 million Vienna has had development in other areas: a doubling of living floor space, a two and a half-fold increase in total energy consumption, a 60% rise of traffic area In contrast, forests have been reduced by 20% and grasslands within the city borders by 30% Of the 34 temperature recording stations in the study area of 1450 km2, nine series passed the quality tests after careful homogenization Three of these were in the rural environment and were used as reference series for the urban temperature excess at the other six stations in the urbanized area The urban excess temperatures vary from site to site: from 02 K in suburban areas up to 16 K in densely built-up areas The Vienna case study illustrates two features of more than local interest which should be considered in urban climatology as well as in time series studies where the urban temperature excess is regarded as a bias Firstly, in a city with constant population the urban heat excess shows significant to strongly significant trends of up to 06 K in 45 years due to changes in urban morphology and energy consumption Secondly, the urban heat island and its trend cannot be regarded simply for the city as a whole There are different absolute levels, different annual variations and different increases of the urban temperature excess in different parts of a city The urban effect is more strongly influenced by the local surroundings of the site than by the city as a whole So, if possible, urban heat islands should not be described by a two station approach only (the typical airport-downtown comparison), nor should it rely on regression between population number and heat island
80 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present the methodology used and the plan of action taken for verification of the heat island in the city of Valencia, Spain, and outline the role that green areas play in the distribution and pattern of urban temperature.
75 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe the scale and nature of agricultural production in urban, suburban and peri-urban zones of Mexico City and how these have adapted to the changing demands from urban populations for food, wood and recreation.
Abstract: This paper describes the scale and nature of agricultural production in urban, suburban and peri-urban zones of Mexico City and how these have adapted to the changing demands from urban populations for food, wood and recreation. It also demonstrates how agricultural producers have successfully adapted their products and their production methods, including building on traditional production systems, despite the environmental deterioration brought about by urban development and the lack of support from government. These agricultural producers have also devised new ways of using degraded land and large volumes of waste. The authors also describe how appropriate support for this diverse production brings many ecological advantages and supports a great range of jobs – but also implies important changes in the ways in which city authorities manage urban expansion.
72 citations
TL;DR: The authors discusses and analyzes current trends in African urbanization, the factors that have contributed to urbanization and urban growth, and the resultant consequences of such rapid urbanization in Africa.
Abstract: During the past three decades, there has been rapid urbanization in Africa due primarily to development strategies that emphasized urban growth at the expense of agricultural and rural development. This paper discusses and analyzes current trends in African urbanization, the factors that have contributed to urbanization and urban growth, and the resultant consequences of such rapid urbanization and urban growth in Africa.
53 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the modeling of ideal eco-villages with sound natural environment, low input and sustainable material flow, and maintenance of villages through urban and rural interaction is considered.
TL;DR: Fujian's urbanization paths and reestimates its urbanization trend since the 1980s are revealed and it strongly suggests that the confines of China's official data on urbanization prevent a full appreciation of the essence of the urbanization process since 1978.
Abstract: This paper reveals Fujians urbanization paths and reestimates its urbanization trend since the 1980s. In doing this special attention is given to the profound socioeconomic changes affecting the province especially the designation of small urban centers the development of township and village enterprises (TVEs) and temporary residents. The economic development in Fujian province is an example wherein it divides Chinas urbanization process into formal and informal patterns. By using this concept of urbanization it revealed a transformation from a state-sponsored and strictly controlled urbanization process into a dynamic development mainly promoted by local economic activities. It strongly suggests that the confines of Chinas official data on urbanization prevent a full appreciation of the essence of the urbanization process since 1978. The development of TVEs facilitated by the creation of many small urban centers together with more and more temporary residents has become the main feature of the urbanization process in the Fujian province. Without these components the analysis of urbanization provides only an incomplete and superficial picture of Chinas urban growth.
TL;DR: The paper reports the findings of a small scale study comparing the personal travel patterns of households of similar type, living in a rural area and a small urban area of the Dublin city region that found that the rural area was less environmentally sustainable as a result of the extent of its dependency on the motor car.
TL;DR: In this paper, Reinelt et al. describe the types of impacts to wetlands caused by urbanization and provide recommendations for the effective management and conservation of wetlands in a rapidly urbanizing region.
Abstract: The proportion of the world’s population classified as urban is now more than 50% (UN 1982), and urban development is recognized as a significant ecological trend (Vitousek, 1994). The changing percentages of natural habitats, including wetlands, near Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (USA) illustrate the impacts of urban growth (Detwyler, 1972). The percentage of wetlands remaining was inversely related to the spatial pattern of urbanization. In the contiguous lower 48 states of the United States, it is estimated that intensive urban uses accounted for 22% of saltwater wetland losses and 6% of freshwater wetland losses since settlement (OTA, 1984). In a more recent regional study, 18% of small (less than two ha) freshwater wetlands in the Portland, Oregon (USA) metropolitan area were destroyed as a result of urbanization over a ten-year period from 1982 to 1992 (Holland et al., 1995). And 25% of the remaining wetlands were seriously degraded by human activities. The conservation of urban wetland habitat is challenging because of the specific threats to which these systems are subjected and the desire to utilize those remaining sites for multiple and often incompatible purposes. Most remaining wetlands in urbanizing regions have been altered and degraded (Kusler et al., 1988). One consequence of urbanization is alteration of the hydrologic cycle, including stormwater runoff and drainage from the surrounding watershed (Watson et al., 1981). Changes in runoff affect peak flows, flow volumes, and changes in water quality (Johnson and Dean, 1987). Wetlands are intimately tied to the hydrogeomorphic setting (Brinson, 1993), which, if altered, can threaten the ecological sustainability of these systems (e.g., Hicks and Larson, 1997). At the same time, it has long been recognized that wetlands in urban settings are a valuable resource (Niering, 1968). Wetlands are important components of urban landscapes, providing flood storage and water quality functions, groundwater recharge and discharge, sediment retention, and habitat. Indeed, a major challenge we face today is to determine whether existing wetlands in urban landscapes can be used for multiple purposes while maintaining their integrity as ecosystems. Another area demanding attention is the assessment of wetland management and restoration options in the urban landscape. We need to address how urban residents and managers can develop and use an understanding of wetland ecology and dynamics as a means to improve the quality of the urban environment. The three papers in this special section attempt to address these issues: urban wetlands utilized for multiple purposes, habitat management and restoration, urban impacts on wetlands, and public involvement. Reinelt et al. describe the impacts of urbanization on wetland hydrology and consequences for ecological integrity. They summarize the types of impacts to wetlands caused by urbanization and provide recommendations for the effective management and conservation of wetlands in a rapidly urbanizing
TL;DR: In this paper, an analysis of the development of urban communities suggests that sustainable population growth is based on a settlement's ability to attract and retain residents, rather than on natural causes (birth-death rates).
Abstract: Analysis of the development of urban communities suggests that sustainable population growth is based on a settlement's ability to attract and retain residents, rather than on natural causes (birth-death rates). In the special case of small, peripheral urban communities, sustained growth was found to be related to the location of the settlement, and in particular to the spatial characteristics of a cluster of urban settlements of which it may be a part. An index of clustering was defined, which allows an analysis of the combined effect on population growth of spatial isolation and distance from major metropolitan centers of the country. Although the present analysis was restricted to urban settlements in Israel, the mode of analysis and its applications for planning policy may be applicable to regional and urban physical planning elsewhere.
TL;DR: Increased interest in urban environments at scientific meetings will continue at least through early 1999, with a session entitled, “The Metropolis in the Millennium: Integrated Science and Urban Ecosystems,” scheduled for the 1999 American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) meetings, January 21–26, in Anaheim, California.
Abstract: Evidence abounds for a growing interest in urban ecosystems. In late 1997, the United States of America’s National Science Foundation (NSF) funded two urban LTER’s (Long Term Ecological Research sites) – one in Baltimore, Maryland (seeUrban Ecosystems1(4) for more information about urban ecological research in Baltimore), and the other in Phoenix, Arizona. NSF’s actions prompted a cover story in Scie ce Newsin early 1998 (Jensen, M. N. 1998. Ecologists go to town – investigations in Baltimore and Phoenix forge a new ecology of cities.Science News153:219–221). NSF sponsored a second funding opportunity supporting research in urban environments (Urban Research Initiative: The Dynamics of Change in Urban Environments) in summer 1998. Urban ecosystem science and policy were evident at both national and international meetings during 1998. On May 3–6, 1998, the First National Conference on Environmental Decision-Making was held in Knoxville, Tennessee. Selected papers from this conference will appear as a special issue of Urban Ecosystemsin 1999, entitled, “Shaping Policy for Populated Environments.” Urban topics were in abundance at the VII International Congress of Ecology (INTECOL), held July 19–25, 1998, in Florence, Italy, reflecting the long-standing international interest in urban ecology. The scientific program featured a 14-paper symposium and a 10-paper poster session entitled, “Urban Ecology and Land Degradation,” plus 27 additional papers and posters distributed among 16 sessions highlighting physical and social aspects of urban ecology at scales from individual organisms to landscapes. Less characteristic was the apparency of urban themes at the 83rd Annual Meeting of the Ecological Society of America (ESA), held in conjunction with the 49th Annual Meeting of the American Institute of Biological Sciences, August 2–6, 1998, in Baltimore, Maryland. The ESA meeting featured a workshop (Long Term Ecological Research: The New Urban Focus) and a symposium (Urban Ecological Systems: A New Frontier) focusing on ecological research in urban environments, and more than a dozen papers and posters with urban themes in nine additional sessions. Contributed papers and posters on urban topics were especially numerous compared to previous meetings of ESA. The increased interest in urban environments at scientific meetings will continue at least through early 1999, with a session entitled, “The Metropolis in the Millennium: Integrated Science and Urban Ecosystems,” scheduled for the 1999 American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) meetings, January 21–26, in Anaheim, California. As the spotlight momentarily shines on the urban arena, physical and social scientists, managers, and policy makers who work in urban environments, and have long labored in relative anonymity, have the opportunity to catch the interest and attention of a broad professional and lay audience. Good luck!
01 Jul 1998
01 Jan 1998
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors compare the experience of developed and developing countries in terms of the magnitude of the urbanization process and compare the experiences of developing and developed countries in comparison with each other.
Abstract: The process of urbanization is an intrinsic part of economic development In comparing the experience of developed and developing countries there is a difference in the magnitude of the process Whereas 100 million people were involved in the urban transition of Europe and North America during 1815-1915 urban areas in developing countries are expected to accommodate about 15 billion additional persons during 1990-2010 While developed countries had generally had the means to build adequate infrastructure while urbanizing most developing countries particularly those in Africa and Asia experienced serious unmet infrastructure needs Two aspects of globalization were having important impacts on urbanization: the transactional revolution involving more efficient flows of information and capital and the new division of labor associated with the free movement of capital to maximize accumulation Those processes had led to a greater centralization of the urban system and the emergence of transaction nodes facilitating the movement of people information capital and commodities
Journal Article•
01 Jan 1998
TL;DR: In this article, the thermal nature of the urban climate and its impact on global-climate change is the focus of a series evaluating sustainability and habitability potentials for 21 Century urban environments.
Abstract: Preface The thermal nature of the urban climate, and its impact on global-climate change is the focus of this paper, one in a series evaluating sustainability and habitability potentials for 21 Century urban environments. A seeking after emergent and generic principles...cross-cultural, inter-climatic the global in the local...is the aim. A conceptual model an urban design paradigm born of this research is proffered here, albeit only a working model. Logically coherent, logistically it is fraught with obstacles – poverty and humidity two great hurdles to transcend; the hi-rise centralcity reality another but suburbia is the surprising saviour, with it’s ubiquitous potential to be transformed into old-city/new urban–neighbourhoods. The rationale for the research is the endemic necessity to come to terms with contemporary thermogenic lifestyle and the ubiquitous thermally-polluted city, to mitigate against the destructive climatic consequences already emerging on the warming earth.
01 Jul 1998
TL;DR: According to this study, living conditions and access to health services have improved in Thailand, however, improvements have been greater in urban areas, and migration from rural to urban areas has been responsive to the unequal distribution of economic opportunities.
Abstract: According to this study living conditions and access to health services have improved in Thailand. However improvements have been greater in urban areas and migration from rural to urban areas has been responsive to the unequal distribution of economic opportunities. The health service needs vary between urban and rural populations. Migrants to cities are in good health. Disadvantaged populations in rural areas need the same opportunities as those available in cities. Cities need to strengthen health services targeted to the young and especially females. Urbanization is likely to increase throughout Southeast Asia over the coming years. Southeast Asia is well advanced in the fertility and mortality transitions but less advanced in the urbanization transition. The urban transition has implications for the supply and demand for health services. Described are the variation in demographic structures of urban and rural areas the concentration of resources in urban areas the patterns of urbanization and the potential paths through which urbanization is related to the distribution of health services in Thailand. A broad overview is given for Southeast Asia. Demand for services is a function of the age and sex composition of population resources available and preferences for particular types of services. Supply of services is related to government health allocation decisions and private health suppliers locations of services. Urbanization affects the distribution of health services mainly through demand and is an outcome of economic development. Migration is the main contributor to Thai urbanization.
01 Jan 1998
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of vegetated areas on the thermal climate of a new city in the Tokyo Metropolitan area (Tama New Town) through field observations of the ground surface temperature, atmospheric temperature and other atmospheric conditions during hot summer days were investigated.
Abstract: The purpose of this study is to give a detailed investigation into the effects of vegetated areas on the thermal climate of a new city in the Tokyo Metropolitan area — the Tama New Town — through field observations of the ground surface temperature, atmospheric temperature and other atmospheric conditions during hot summer days
10 Jul 1998
01 Jul 1998
TL;DR: The results of CFO analyses of mesoscale climate in the Tokyo area are presented in this paper. And the effects of urbanization on the local climate in Tokyo area is investigated.
Abstract: The results of CFO analyses of mesoscale climate in the Tokyo area are presented . Here, the urban climate in the Tokyo area is analyzed with various land-use conditions in order to examine their effects on velocity and temperature fields. Furthermore, climatic change from the end of the Japanese Medieval Period (Tempo period in the Tokugawa Dynasty: 1830-1844) to the present is also analyzed. By comparing the results of these analyses, We effects of urbanization on the local climate in the Tokyo area are investigated.
TL;DR: In this paper, it is modelled that sensible heat flux from urban canopy to atmosphere with models of radiation, computational fluid dynamics, and room air temperature, and the target of the model is not only modeled or simplified urban canopy, but also complicated and existing canopy.
Abstract: It is modelled that sensible heat flux from urban canopy to atmosphere with models of radiation, computational fluid dynamics, and room air temperature. The target of the model is not only modeled or simplified urban canopy, but also complicated and existing canopy. The model and databese of radiation and wind velocity distribution are introduced through neglecting air temperature distribution inside urban canopy. The annual radiation and wind velicity distribution would be calculated with the database and standerd climate data made for planning building HVAC system . The output of the model of this study is going to be used for setting sensible heat flux in urban climate prediction model .