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Showing papers on "User modeling published in 1997"


Patent
02 Jul 1997
TL;DR: In this article, an intelligent user interface system monitors user interaction with a software application and applies probabilistic reasoning to sense that the user may need assistance in using a particular feature or to accomplish a specific task.
Abstract: A general event composing and monitoring system that allows high-level events to be created from combinations of low-level events. An event specification tool allows for rapid development of a general event processor that creates high-level events from combinations of user actions. The event system, in combination with a reasoning system, is able to monitor and perform inference about several classes of events for a variety of purposes. The various classes of events include the current context, the state of key data structures in a program, general sequences of user inputs, including actions with a mouse-controlled cursor while interacting with a graphical user interface, words typed in free-text queries for assistance, visual information about users, such as gaze and gesture information, and speech information. Additionally, a method is provided for building an intelligent user interface system by constructing a reasoning model to compute the probability of alternative user's intentions, goals, or informational needs through analysis of information about a user's actions, program state, and words. The intelligent user interface system monitors user interaction with a software application and applies probabilistic reasoning to sense that the user may need assistance in using a particular feature or to accomplish a specific task. The intelligent user interface also accepts a free-text query from the user asking for help and combines the inference analysis of user actions and program state with an inference analysis of the free-text query. The inference system accesses a rich, updatable user profile system to continually check for competencies and changes assistance that is given based on user competence.

668 citations


Patent
01 Dec 1997
TL;DR: In this article, an apparatus and a system to teach a user a subject based on his questions is presented, which allows the user to control his learning process, and helps to fill in gaps of misunderstanding in the subject.
Abstract: An apparatus and a system to teach a user a subject based on his questions. The system allows the user to control his learning process, and helps to fill in gaps of misunderstanding in the subject. In one embodiment, the system, including a database, presents study materials on the subject to the user. After working on the presented materials, the user enters his question into the system, which generates an answer to the question, and presents it to him. Then the system compares the question with one or more questions previously entered by the user to determine his understanding level in the subject. Based on the determination, the system may present to the user appropriate study materials. The user typically asks more than one question, and the process of answering his question by the system repeats.

421 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A fundamentally new method for generating user profiles that takes advantage of a large-scale database of demographic data to generalize user-specified data along the patterns common across the population, including areas not represented in the user's original data is presented.
Abstract: A number of approaches have been advanced for taking data about a user's likes and dislikes and generating a general profile of the user. These profiles can be used to retrieve documents matching user interests; recommend music, movies, or other similar products; or carry out other tasks in a specialized fashion. This article presents a fundamentally new method for generating user profiles that takes advantage of a large-scale database of demographic data. These data are used to generalize user-specified data along the patterns common across the population, including areas not represented in the user's original data. I describe the method in detail and present its implementation in the LIFESTYLE FINDER agent, an internet-based experiment testing our approach on more than 20,006 users worldwide.

367 citations


Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 1997
TL;DR: ELM-ART II is introduced, an intelligent interactive textbook to support learning programming in LISP and demonstrates how interactivity and adaptivity can be implemented in WWW-based tutoring systems.
Abstract: Most learning systems and electronic textbooks accessible via the WWW up to now lack the capabilities of individualized help and adapted learning support that are the emergent features of on-site intelligent tutoring systems. This paper discusses the problems of developing interactive and adaptive learning systems on the WWW. We introduce ELM-ART II, an intelligent interactive textbook to support learning programming in LISP. ELM-ART II demonstrates how interactivity and adaptivity can be implemented in WWW-based tutoring systems. The knowledge-based component of the system uses a combination of an overlay model and an episodic user model. It also supports adaptive navigation as individualized diagnosis and help on problem solving tasks. Adaptive navigation support is achieved by annotating links. Additionally, the system selects the next best step in the curriculum on demand. Results of an empirical study show different effects of these techniques on different types of users during the first lessons of the programming course.

329 citations


Patent
04 Apr 1997
TL;DR: In this article, a system and method for developing a personalized wellness plan for measuring a user's wellness by determining the user's physiological age is presented, where the wellness options have been chosen for the user based upon wellness factors input by the user, additional constraints input by user and the most recently available information relating to the health sciences.
Abstract: A System and Method for Developing a Customized Wellness Plan for measuring a user's wellness by determining a user's physiological age. The system and method also help a user to learn about personalized wellness options, where the wellness options have been chosen for the user based upon wellness factors input by the user, additional constraints input by the user and the most recently available information relating to the health sciences. The user can select one or more options, and determine the potential effect implementing the options could have on the user's physiological age over the short or long term. In this fashion, the user can continue selecting various groups of alternatives until he or she has determined the group of options that the user would like to implement as a wellness plan. The user can then obtain further information regarding the chosen wellness plan. The system and method also provide ways whereby a user can monitor their progress toward improving wellness, wherein this progress can be positive or negative.

290 citations


Book ChapterDOI
24 Feb 1997
TL;DR: An increasing number of web-sites require users to establish an account before they can access the information stored on that site (“personalized web browsing”) and additional information about the user may flow from the user's site to the web-site, due to the nature of the HTTP protocol and the cookie mechanism.
Abstract: An increasing number of web-sites require users to establish an account before they can access the information stored on that site (“personalized web browsing”). Typically, the user is required to provide at least a unique username, a secret password and an e-mail address. Establishing accounts at multiple web-sites is a tedious task. A security-and privacy-aware user may have to invent a distinct username and a secure password, both unrelated to his/her identity, for each web-site. The user may also desire mechanisms for anonymous e-mail. Besides the information that the user supplies voluntarily to the web-site, additional information about the user may flow (involuntarily) from the user's site to the web-site, due to the nature of the HTTP protocol and the cookie mechanism.

255 citations


Proceedings Article
23 Aug 1997
TL;DR: This work believes that AI techniques can be used to examine user access logs in order to automatically improve the site and challenges the AI community to create adaptive web sites: sites that automatically improve their organization and presentation based on user access data.
Abstract: The creation of a complex web site is a thorny problem in user interface design. First, different visitors have distinct goals. Second, even a single visitor may have different needs at different times. Much of the information at the site may also be dynamic or time-dependent. Third, as the site grows and evolves, its original design may no longer be appropriate. Finally, a site may be designed for a particular purpose but used in unexpected ways. Web servers record data about user interactions and accumulate this data over time. We believe that AI techniques can be used to examine user access logs in order to automatically improve the site. We challenge the AI community to create adaptive web sites: sites that automatically improve their organization and presentation based on user access data. Several unrelated research projects in plan recognition, machine learning, knowledge representation, and user modeling have begun to explore aspects of this problem. We hope that posing this challenge explicitly will bring these projects together and stimulate fundamental AI research. Success would have a broad and highly visible impact on the web and the AI community.

250 citations


Proceedings ArticleDOI
14 Dec 1997
TL;DR: Using stochastic modeling of real users the authors can both debug and evaluate a speech dialogue system while it is still in the lab, thus substantially reducing the amount of field testing with real users.
Abstract: Automatic speech dialogue systems are becoming common. In order to assess their performance, a large sample of real dialogues has to be collected and evaluated. This process is expensive, labor intensive, and prone to errors. To alleviate this situation we propose a user simulation to conduct dialogues with the system under investigation. Using stochastic modeling of real users we can both debug and evaluate a speech dialogue system while it is still in the lab, thus substantially reducing the amount of field testing with real users.

225 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A filtering model is proposed that decomposes the overall task into subsystem functionalities and highlights the need for multiple adaptation techniques to cope with uncertainties.
Abstract: In information-filtering environments, uncertainties associated with changing interests of the user and the dynamic document stream must be handled efficiently. In this article, a filtering model is proposed that decomposes the overall task into subsystem functionalities and highlights the need for multiple adaptation techniques to cope with uncertainties. A filtering system, SIFTER, has been implemented based on the model, using established techniques in information retrieval and artificial intelligence. These techniques include document representation by a vector-space model, document classification by unsupervised learning, and user modeling by reinforcement learning. The system can filter information based on content and a user's specific interests. The user's interests are automatically learned with only limited user intervention in the form of optional relevance feedback for documents. We also describe experimental studies conducted with SIFTER to filter computer and information science documents collected from the Internet and commercial database services. The experimental results demonstrate that the system performs very well in filtering documents in a realistic problem setting.

212 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results add to earlier studies by identifying those specific user participative behaviors most beneficial under different contexts and strategies based on the results are suggested for the most appropriate involvement for users during system development.
Abstract: Past MIS research has indicated a mixed relationship between user participation and user satisfaction with system development projects, suggesting that user participation is not equally effective in all situations. This has led researchers to investigate the contexts within which user participation can be used to improve user satisfaction. This study builds on this past body of research by examining the relationship between specific user participative behaviors and user satisfaction in different contextual situations in order to identify the most successful participative behaviors. To do this, data were collected from 151 independent system development projects in eight different organizations. The context of development was described by two factors--task complexity and system complexity. As suggested in the literature, the combination of these two contextual factors determine the need for user participation. The relationship between specific participative behaviors and user satisfaction was then examined where the need for participation was high and those results were compared with situations with a lower need for participation. Not all participative behaviors were equally effective in all situations. Depending on the level of task complexity and system complexity, some user participative behaviors resulted in improved user satisfaction, while others had no relationship with satisfaction. The results add to earlier studies by identifying those specific user participative behaviors most beneficial under different contexts. The implications apply to both practitioners involved in the development of systems and academicians seeking to explain where and how user participation should be used. Strategies based on the results are suggested for the most appropriate involvement for users during system development.

186 citations


Patent
11 Apr 1997
TL;DR: In this article, a computer network is designed to use otherwise idle bandwidth of the network transmission medium to transfer targeted commercial and non-commercial information to users while minimizing the delay of normal network traffic.
Abstract: A computer network connects information providers and end-users of network services, facilitates direct information to users, and gathers user responses. The computer network is designed to use otherwise idle bandwidth of the network transmission medium to transfer targeted commercial and non-commercial information to users while minimizing the delay of normal network traffic. User reports containing demographics and user responses are generated ensuring user privacy. Information providers can access user reports without violating user anonymity.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The experimental study of 100 subjects shows that the dimensions of competence relate differently to individual factors, such as gender, education, self-efficacy, and specific software-syntax skills.

Patent
14 Apr 1997
TL;DR: In this paper, a user desiring access to a computer system inputs a user identification and password combination, and a role the user to assume is selected from among one or more roles defined in the system.
Abstract: Security functions for a computer system are controlled by a security monitor. A user desiring access to the system inputs a user identification and password combination, and a role the user to assume is selected from among one or more roles defined in the system. Upon being validated as an authorized user performing a particular role, the user is then authorized to perform certain functions and tasks specifically and to see information associated with that role (and optimally the work group the user is assigned). For some users, no role or a "null" roll is chosen, and authorization for certain functions and tasks is accomplished due to that particular user having been predefined by an administrator as being allowed to perform those functions and tasks, usually due to the predefined privileges associated with the work group(s) to which the user belongs.

Proceedings ArticleDOI
01 Oct 1997
TL;DR: The paper shows how the popular data flow approach to visualization can be extended to allow multiple users to collaborate-each running their own visualization pipeline but with the opportunity to connect in data generated by a colleague.
Abstract: Current visualization systems are designed around a single user model, making it awkward for large research teams to collectively analyse large data sets. The paper shows how the popular data flow approach to visualization can be extended to allow multiple users to collaborate-each running their own visualization pipeline but with the opportunity to connect in data generated by a colleague, Thus collaborative visualizations are 'programmed' in exactly the same 'plug-and-play' style as is now customary for single-user mode. The paper describes a system architecture that can act as a basis for the collaborative extension of any data flow visualization system, and the ideas are demonstrated through a particular implementation in terms of IRIS Explorer.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A conceptual framework for text filtering practice and research is developed, and present practice in the field is reviewed, and user modeling techniques drawn from information retrieval, recommender systems, machine learning and other fields are described.
Abstract: This paper develops a conceptual framework for text filtering practice and research, and reviews present practice in the field. Text filtering is an information seeking process in which documents are selected from a dynamic text stream to satisfy a relatively stable and specific information need. A model of the information seeking process is introduced and specialized to define text filtering. The historical development of text filtering is then reviewed and case studies of recent work are used to highlight important design characteristics of modern text filtering systems. User modeling techniques drawn from information retrieval, recommender systems, machine learning and other fields are described. The paper concludes with observations on the present state of the art and implications for future research on text filtering.

Patent
David M. Siefert1
31 Oct 1997
TL;DR: In this paper, a system and method is provided for monitoring and enhancing computer assisted performance. The method includes providing a user interface for a business terminal, measuring the performance of the user interaction with the user interface, adjusting parameters of the interface to try to increase the performance, tracking whether the performance has increased, and causing an escalation event to occur if the user performance is below a predetermined level.
Abstract: A system and method is provided for monitoring and enhancing computer assisted performance. The method includes providing a user interface for a business terminal, measuring the performance of the user interaction with the user interface, adjusting parameters of the user interface to try to increase the performance of the user interaction, tracking whether the performance has increased, and causing an escalation event to occur if the user performance is below a predetermined level. The system and method preferably includes creating a user profile of the parameters that obtain the best performance for each user. This user profile may be created during new employee orientation but is updated continually as the user uses the business terminal to complete actual business transactions.

Patent
Jim Y. Li1, Linda Y. Chang1, Bryan Mann1
18 Jun 1997
TL;DR: In this paper, the default settings from each service are copied onto a new user form and override any conflicting default settings for the services available on a system such as e-mail and a web service.
Abstract: Various services within a computer system are automatically set up as users are added to the system through a directory service (420). A user template (506) is selected that already contains default settings (530-540) for each of the services available on a system such as e-mail and a web service. Various user templates exist and contain different default settings for each available service depending upon the user. Default settings from each service (504) are copied onto a new user form (508). Next, default settings from the selected user template are copied to the new user form and override any conflicting default settings from the services. The default settings from the new user form are used to automatically set up and enable each service for the new user. The data from the new user form is copied into a central account database (300) that contains rows (305) of user information, with columns (314-322) corresponding to a particular service. Each user is automatically enabled for use with available services including an e-mail account and a generated web page. When an individual user then logs on to the computer system, the services available have already been set up for that individual user. If the user has any special privileges such as being an administrator, webmaster, or a postmaster then that user may begin performing that role.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper describes a personalized newspaper on the World Wide Web, called ANATAGONOMY, that is personalized without asking the users to specify their preferences explicitly and evaluated a scheme in which the user scores each article explicitly and all the personalization is done automatically.
Abstract: This paper describes a personalized newspaper on the World Wide Web (WWW), called ANATAGONOMY. The main feature of this system is that the newspaper is personalized without asking the users to specify their preferences explicitly. The system monitors user operations on the articles and reflects them in the user profiles. Differently from conventional newspapers on the WWW, our system sends an interaction agent implemented as a Java applet to the client side, and the agent monitors the user operations and creates each user's newspaper pages automatically. The server side manages user profiles and anticipates how interesting an article would be for each user. The interaction agent on the client side manages all the user interactions, including the automatic layout of pages. Our system has page multiple layout algorithms and the user can switch from one view to another anytime, according to the preference or machine environment. On one of the views, the user can even see all the articles sequentially without performing any operations. We evaluated a scheme in which the user scores each article explicitly, and a scheme in which all the personalization is done automatically. The results show that automatic personalization works well when some parameters are set properly.

Proceedings ArticleDOI
01 Jul 1997
TL;DR: Two user models are developed that help determine user's next move and one model uses random walk approximation and the other is based on digital signal processing techniques.
Abstract: World-Wide Web (WWW) services have grown to levels where significant delays are expected to happen. Prefetching techniques are likely to help reduce waiting times. However pre-fetching is only effective if the right documents are identified and if user's move is correctly predicted. Therefore, it is productive to determine whether a revisit will occur or not, before starting pre-fetching. In this paper we develop two user models that help determine user's next move. One model uses random walk approximation and the other is based on digital signal processing techniques. We also give hints on how to use such models with a simple pre-fetching technique that we are developing.

Patent
14 Mar 1997
TL;DR: A graphical user interface for a computer program includes the representation of a face (an avatar) on a computer screen which allows a user to communicate the user's attitude to a situation represented by the computer program as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: A graphical user interface for a computer program includes the representation of a face (an avatar) on a computer screen which allows a user to communicate the user's attitude to a situation represented by the computer program. The expression of the face changes according to the user's movement of a cursor over the face. In response to a situation appearing on the computer screen, the user sets the expression on the face to correspond with the user's attitude. The situation on the computer screen changes accordingly.

Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 1997
TL;DR: This chapter provides a brief survey of existing adaptive hypermedia techniques, with special attention paid to the techniques implemented in the World Wide Web and to techniques which have been approved by an experimental study and shown to be effective.
Abstract: Adaptive hypermedia is a new direction of research within the area of adaptive and user model-based interfaces. Adaptive hypermedia (AH) systems build a model of the individual user and apply it for adaptation to that user, for example, to adapt the content of a hypermedia page to the user's knowledge and goals, or to suggest the most relevant links to follow. AH systems are now used in several application areas where the hyperspace is reasonably large and where a hypermedia application is expected to be used by users with different goals, knowledge and backgrounds. This chapter provides a brief survey of existing adaptive hypermedia techniques. Special attention is paid to the techniques implemented in the World Wide Web and to techniques which have been approved by an experimental study and shown to be effective. Among few others approved techniques we describe adaptive annotation techniques developed by our group at the Moscow State University.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The paper introduces electronic meeting systems modeling tools designed to allow users to work in parallel to contribute directly during meetings to help organizations respond to today's rapidly changing information processing needs.
Abstract: The paper presents results of ongoing research to support effective user involvement during systems development projects. The Collaborative Software Engineering Methodology is presented as a framework that contains mechanisms to support three layers of user involvement: selected user representatives, user groups, and the broader user community. Productivity and user participation of traditional group meetings have been limited by chauffeured facilitation and by support of single-user tools designed for analysts rather than users. The paper introduces electronic meeting systems (EMS) modeling tools designed to allow users to work in parallel to contribute directly during meetings. These tools are easy to use while containing support features traditionally associated with CASE tools. The methodology includes a sequence of requirements abstractions that users engage directly including activity models, data models, scenarios, system use cases, and prototypes. This methodology is designed to help organizations respond to today's rapidly changing information processing needs.

Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 1997
TL;DR: This chapter considers mental models as the combination of a representation and the mechanisms associated with those representations, which synthesizes several steps of a process and organizes them as a unit.
Abstract: Publisher Summary Models are approximations to objects or processes that maintain some essential aspects of the original. In cognitive psychology, mental models are usually considered to be the ways in which people model processes. The emphasis on process distinguishes mental models from other types of cognitive organizers such as schemas. Models of processes may be thought of as simple machines or transducers that combine or transform inputs to produce outputs. While some discussions about mental models focus on the representation, the approach in this chapter considers mental models as the combination of a representation and the mechanisms associated with those representations. A mental model synthesizes several steps of a process and organizes them as a unit. User models have parameters that can distinguish users. Sometimes these are set explicitly by the user and sometimes they are inferred by the computer from the user's past responses and behavior. In some user modeling techniques, users must create a profile of their interests. For example, in the information filtering technique known as selective dissemination of information, users must specify what terms match their interests. However, users may not have a clear memory of preferences or may not want to give an honest response.

Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 1997
TL;DR: This paper analyzes possible ways to implement incremental learning and incremental interfaces on the WWW and suggests a “user as student” approach, a popular intelligent tutoring technology based on the pedagogical model of the interface and user knowledge about it.
Abstract: This paper discusses the problems of developing adaptive self-explaining interfaces for advanced World-Wide Web (WWW) applications. Two kinds of adaptation are considered: incremental learning and incremental interfaces. The key problem for these kinds of adaptation is to decide which interface features should be explained or enabled next. We analyze possible ways to implement incremental learning and incremental interfaces on the WWW and suggest a “user as student” approach. With this approach, the order of learning or enabling of interface features is determined by adaptive sequencing, a popular intelligent tutoring technology, which is based on the pedagogical model of the interface and user knowledge about it. We describe in detail how this approach was implemented in the InterBook system, a shell for developing Web-based adaptive electronic textbooks.

Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 1997
TL;DR: The research is described on three aspects of the HealthDoc project: the kinds of tailoring that are appropriate for health-education documents; the nature of a tailorable master document, and how it can be created; and the linguistic problems that arise when a tailored instance of the document is to be generated.
Abstract: Health-education documents can be much more effective in achieving patient compliance if they are customized for individual readers. For this purpose, a medical record can be thought of as an extremely detailed user model of a reader of such a document. The HealthDoc project is developing methods for producing health-information and patient-education documents that are tailored to the individual personal and medical characteristics of the patients who receive them. Information from an on-line medical record or from a clinician will be used as the primary basis for deciding how best to fit the document to the patient. In this paper, we describe our research on three aspects of the project: the kinds of tailoring that are appropriate for health-education documents; the nature of a tailorable master document, and how it can be created; and the linguistic problems that arise when a tailored instance of the document is to be generated.

Patent
Stephen C. McBride1
23 Jul 1997
TL;DR: A user interface generator for developing object-oriented user interfaces is presented in this article, which allows the rapid generation of complex user interfaces to minimize costs associated with internationalization of software.
Abstract: A user interface generator for developing object oriented user interfaces. The user interface generator creates separate class files containing user interfaces suitable for use in different languages. The interfaces can be easily implemented in an object oriented application program through inheritance. The invention allows the rapid generation of complex user interfaces to minimize costs associated with internationalization of software.

Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 1997
TL;DR: The experience from this research is that adaptation and user modeling techniques that have so far almost exclusively focused on adapting interactive software systems to “normal” users also prove useful for adaptation to users with special needs.
Abstract: The tremendously increasing popularity of the World Wide Web indicates that hypermedia is going to be the leading online information medium for the years to come and will most likely be the standard gateway to the “information highway”. Visitors of web sites are generally heterogeneous and have different needs, and this trend is likely even to increase in the future. The aim of the AVANTI project is to cater hypermedia information to these different needs by adapting the content and the presentation of web pages to each individual user. The special needs of elderly and handicapped users are also considered to some extent. Our experience from this research is that adaptation and user modeling techniques that have so far almost exclusively focused on adapting interactive software systems to “normal” users also prove useful for adaptation to users with special needs.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The preliminary results suggest that feature-based selection can be a useful tool to recommend movies according to the taste of the user and can be as effective as a movie rating expert.
Abstract: The huge amount of information available in the currently evolving world wide information infrastructure at any one time can easily overwhelm end-users. One way to address the information explosion is to use an ’information filtering agent‘ which can select information according to the interest and/or need of an end-user. However, at present few information filtering agents exist for the evolving world wide multimedia information infrastructure. In this study, we evaluate the use of feature-based approaches to user modeling with the purpose of creating a filtering agent for the video-on-demand application. We evaluate several feature and clique-based models for 10 voluntary subjects who provided ratings for the movies. Our preliminary results suggest that feature-based selection can be a useful tool to recommend movies according to the taste of the user and can be as effective as a movie rating expert. We compare our feature-based approach with a clique-based approach, which has advantages where information from other users is available.

Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 1997
TL;DR: This chapter examines three broad paradigms for development of intelligent interfaces: intelligent interfaces as cognitive tools that can be utilized by practitioners in solving their problems; Intelligent interfaces as members of cooperative person-machine systems that jointly work on problems and share task responsibility; and intelligent interfacesAs representational aids that dynamically structure the presentation of information to make key information perceptually salient.
Abstract: Publisher Summary The term “intelligent interface” has grown to be an umbrella term that covers a wide and diverse range of topics including dialog understanding, user modeling, adaptive interfaces, cooperative person-machine approaches to problem-solving and decision making, and use of machine intelligence to create more effective explanations and visualizations. This chapter uses the term “intelligent interface” to refer to both the design of user interfaces for intelligent systems and the design of user interfaces that utilize knowledge-based approaches. The chapter examines three broad paradigms for development of intelligent interfaces: intelligent interfaces as cognitive tools that can be utilized by practitioners in solving their problems; intelligent interfaces as members of cooperative person-machine systems that jointly work on problems and share task responsibility; and intelligent interfaces as representational aids that dynamically structure the presentation of information to make key information perceptually salient. The chapter begins with a review of some of the limitations associated with the stand-alone machine problem-solver paradigm that stimulated exploration of alternative paradigms for deployment of machine intelligence. This is followed by a description of each of the three paradigms for intelligent interface design. In each case, examples of systems are presented representing that paradigm and some of the key design principles that derive from that paradigm.

Proceedings ArticleDOI
15 Dec 1997
TL;DR: The central conclusion of this study was that user dissatisfaction with developed systems centered on the poor management of change in the organization.
Abstract: There are many in the information systems discipline who believe that user participation is necessary for successful systems development. However, it has been suggested that this belief is neither grounded in theory nor substantiated by research data. This may indicate that researchers have not addressed fully the underlying complexity of the concept. If so, this is indicative of a deficiency in understanding user participation in information systems development as it occurs in organizations. In order to enhance the extant understanding of participative information systems development, the present study adopts a qualitative, case-based approach to research so as to provide an in-depth description of the complex social nature of the phenomenon as manifested in one organization. The results of the study illustrate that a high degree of direct and indirect user participation did not guarantee the successful implementation and use of information systems in the organization studied. Such participatory development practices did, however, result in the development of systems that adequately captured user requirements and hence satisfied user informational needs. It was clear that despite the perceived negative impact, which the new systems would have on user work-related roles and activities, the existence of an organization-wide participative policy, and associated participative structures, coupled with a favorable organization culture, generated a participatory development climate that was conducive to the successful development of information systems, while not guaranteeing it. That said, the central conclusion of this study was that user dissatisfaction with developed systems centered on the poor management of change in the organization.