Showing papers on "Vaccination published in 1968"

Live, Attenuated Mumps-Virus Vaccine

Abstract: Jeryl-Lynn strain (B level) live, attenuated mumps-virus vaccine was administered to 6283 initially susceptible children and 163 adults, including 132 males. There was no evident clinical reaction to the vaccine either in adults or in children including infants. The overall seroconversion rate was 96.9 per cent for children and 92.6 per cent for adults. The protective efficacy shown on natural mumps challenge was of the order of 95 per cent, and such protection was shown to last for at least 20 months. The neutralizing antibody induced by the vaccine persisted for at least two years without substantial decline and the pattern closely resembled that for antibody persistence after naturally acquired mumps. The vaccine could be coadministered with live measles vaccine, with satisfactory responses to both.

Development and Evaluation of the Moraten Measles Virus Vaccine

Abstract: Clinical reaction rates and antibody responses were compared in children given three vaccines: Enders' live, attenuated Edmonston B measles vaccine; a newly described line of Enders' vaccine—live, attenuated Moraten measles virus vaccine; or the live, attenuated Schwarz line of Enders' measles virus vaccine. Groups of 248 to 273 susceptible children in health centers, schools, and outpatient clinics were elected at random to receive the three vaccines. Oral temperature of 101 F (38.3 C) or greater was encountered in 45.9% of those given the Edmonston vaccine, 14.4% of recipients of the Moraten line, and 21.4% of recipients of Schwarz vaccine. The lesser reaction of the Moraten line compared with Schwarz vaccine was statistically significant as was the difference between Moraten and Edmonston vaccine. All children responded serologically to all vaccines. The geometric mean hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody titer following Edmonston vaccine administration was 1:25 compared with 1:16.3 and 1:16.1 for the Moraten and Schwarz vaccines.

Influenza antibody in human respiratory secretions after subcutaneous or respiratory immunization with inactivated virus.

Abstract: STUDIES with human volunteers have shown that experimental infection with influenza virus is a better stimulus of antibody in respiratory secretions than is subcutaneous immunization with inactivated vaccine, although both procedures result in the production of similar concentrations of serum antibody1,2. The work reported here was undertaken to determine if administration of inactivated virus vaccine through the respiratory tract provokes a similar antibody response in respiratory secretions.

Studies on vaccination against bacillary dysentery: 4. Oral immunization with live monotypic and combined vaccines

Abstract: Results of tests made in 1964 confirm the previous findings that live oral vaccine, prepared from streptomycin-dependent strains of shigellae, confers a strong, type-specific protection against acute bacillary dysentery. This vaccine did not reduce the carrier rate of shigellae. Observations on soldiers treated with a vaccine of Shigella flexneri serotypes 2a and 3 combined revealed no antagonizing effects from the type 3 component upon the protective effect of the 2a component contained in the same vaccine.

Malignant Tumors in Smallpox Vaccination Scars: A Report of 24 Cases

Abstract: A study of 24 patients with proved malignant tumors originating in smallpox vaccination scars is reported. Three different tumor types were found—malignant melanomas, basal cell carcinomas, and squamous cell carcinomas. There was no exposure to known chemical carcinogens. In most cases a primary vaccination site was involved. The period of time between the vaccination and appearance of the malignant tumor was highly variable. Twenty-three of the patients were from various regions of the United States and one from the Republic of South Africa. Two patients presented tumors in vaccination sites bilaterally. The possible role of vaccinia virus in the present cases is unknown and difficult to conceive. However, it is suggested that additional clinical, epidemiological, and laboratory studies should be made to determine the role, if any, of vaccinia virus in the development of malignant tumors in man.

A serological survey for cholera antibodies in rural east Pakistan. 2. A comparison of antibody titres in the innunized and control populationd of a cholera-vaccine field-trial area and the relation of antibody titre to cholera case rate.

Abstract: Controlled field trials of a highly antigenic cholera vaccine were held in Matlab Bazar in rural East Pakistan in 1963 and again in 1964 In July—September 1965, a serological survey for cholera antibodies was carried out on a random sample of the field-trial population This survey revealed that it was possible to demonstrate the effect of a single injection of the cholera vaccine per head on the proportion of the population with detectable vibriocidal and agglutinating antibody 10 and 22 months after injection More significantly, the reduction in cholera case rate caused by the vaccine could be correlated with the rise in vibriocidal antibody after vaccination, suggesting that the serological response to vaccine in man may be a useful measure of vaccine potency The survey also indicated that in this endemic cholera area, with a high level of immunity in adults, a single injection of cholera vaccine was in fact a booster dose for the majority of the population Thus, the results of cholera vaccine field trials in endemic areas cannot be directly extrapolated to predict the effects of the same vaccine in non-endemic areas

Immunization against Viral Diseases

Abstract: The methods of reducing the impact of viral infections on animals of economic importance include a range of management practices such as test and slaughter, hygiene and sanitation, and immunization. The most generally applicable way of preventing viral diseases is by immunization, and the control of a large number of diseases of animals by immunization is the outstanding achievement of veterinary medicine in this century. The field has been catapulted to a new plane of promise by the application of new technologies including the use of recombinant DNA, site-directed mutagenesis, synthetic peptides, and bacterial, yeast, and mammalian expression systems. There are important differences between immunization practices in humans and animals. Except in developing countries, an economic constraint is of little importance in human medicine but is very important in most areas of veterinary practice. There is far greater agreement within and between countries about the safest and most efficacious vaccines to be used in human vaccination than there is with vaccines destined for use in animals. Viral vaccines have traditionally been classified into two broad categories: live-virus and inactivated. Most live-virus vaccines are attenuated mutants selected for their relative avirulence.

Cholera vaccine field trials in East Pakistan. 2. Effectiveness in the field.

Abstract: A cholera-vaccine field trial in a rural area of East Pakistan where cholera is highly endemic has indicated that a high-potency whole-cell vaccine can provide significant protection against disease due to Vibrio cholerae for at least 18 months. This vaccine gave more than 70% protection during the first cholera season after vaccination. In the second cholera season after the administration of a single dose of vaccine, protection fell in those under 5 years of age, while continuing at significantly effective levels in older persons.Purified Ogawa antigen (lipopolysaccharide) afforded significant protection to adults against disease due to the heterologous Inaba serotype, but only protected children against milder diarrhoeas.The effect of cholera vaccine on the incidence of infections among family contacts of cholera patients was variable. Vaccine had no effect on the proportion of asymptomatic infections.Diarrhoeal disease associated with V. cholerae occurred predominantly among children, while protection was most marked among adults. Adverse reactions were practically restricted to the adults, suggesting that children will not only tolerate a larger dose, but actually require a larger dose for maximum protection against infection.

Purified influenza virus vaccine. A study of viral reactivity and antigenicity.

Abstract: The development of procedures for the use of the K-II continuous flow zonal ultracentrifuge has resulted, for the first time, in the availability of large quantities of highly purified influenza virus vaccine essentially free of nonviral egg-derived material. With these vaccines, it was determined that the inherent toxicity of purified virus strains and combinations thereof is uniformly low, and that the variable side effects frequently seen with conventionally produced vaccines are not virus related. Purified vaccines are equal in antigenicity to equivalent doses of conventional vaccines, demonstrating that nonviral components of conventional vaccine have no beneficial effects on vaccine antigenicity. Purified vaccine of twice normal potency is no more reactogenic than the same vaccine in standard doses, indicating that future vaccines of even higher potency and low reactivity are well within the realm of possibility.

Smallpox vaccination of eczema patients with a strain of attenuated live vaccinia (CVI-78).

Abstract: A group of 1,009 patients suffering from eczema or other skin disorders have received elective vaccination with the CVI-78 strain of vaccinia. The vaccine is attenuated by repeated passages through chick embryos; its infectivity titer is 8.4 (TCID 50 /ml). It is free of bacteria and known viruses, including avian leukosis virus. It was administered by one of two routes (multiple pressure or subcutaneously) with a minimal dose of 1,000 TCID 50 and a maximal dose of 30,000 TCID 50 . Local and systemic reactions and temperature elevations in these eczematous patients were significantly less marked than those experienced with a standard strain of vaccinia in normal children. No virus dissemination or other complications occurred, except for two instances of mild erythema multiforme. Seroconversion was noted in all 387 patients tested to date. Multiple pressure revaccinations with a standard strain 1 to 6 months later resulted in marked modification of the vaccination reaction without systemic reactions. It would appear that the CVI-78 strain of vaccinia virus is effective and safe for elective primary vaccination of children suffering from eczema.

Clinical Studies With Experimental Live Rubella Virus Vaccine (Strain HPV-77) Evaluation of Vaccine-Induced Immunity

Abstract: DURING the past year our group reported the development of an attenuated rubella virus and described the results of preliminary studies using this strain as an experimental live virus vaccine. 1,2 Since the initial clinical trials yielded promising results, a concerted effort was made to confirm and extend these observations. Accordingly, the attenuated strain high passage virus-77 (HPV-77) was made available immediately and has been widely distributed. To speed this work further, HPV-77 experimental vaccine produced in this laboratory was supplied to five groups of clinical investigators, three in this country and two abroad. Our manuscript, the second in this series of three articles, summarizes work completed by May 1967 by the groups and deals with various new data obtained in a series of trials being conducted by our laboratory. The accompanying papers 3,4 provide detailed information concerning the clinical studies performed by the three other groups in this country.

Live attenuated rubella virus vaccines prepared in duck embryo cell culture. I. Development and clinical testing.

Abstract: Merck strain rubella virus and Meyer-Parkman monkey kidney attenuated HPV-77 virus were prepared at various levels of attenuation for investigative use in humans and animals. The vaccines were produced in duck embryo cell culture and represented a spectrum which ranged from underattenuation, causing communicable mild rubella, to overattenuation with apparent nonexcretion and inadequate immunization. Merck strain rubella virus at attenuation level B, or possibly C, and Meyer-Parkman HPV-77 virus in fifth passage in duck embryo cell culture appear to present the attributes of an effective noncontagious vaccine. The antibody, produced in children after administration of level C vaccine, persisted undiminished for at least one year. Duck embryo cell culture appeared to be an attractive material for preparing vaccine because it was of a nonmammalian source and because of the relative freedom of ducks from disease.

Protection by Vaccination Against Pseudomonas Infection After Thermal Injury

Abstract: Active immunization is effective in the prophylaxis of Pseudomonas septicemia in burned mice. Vaccines were prepared from bacterial cells and growth medium of Verder9s 10 different O serological types of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains, as well as from Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis . Mice given a tail burn could be significantly protected against a local Pseudomonas challenge by both specific and, to a lesser extent, by nonspecific Pseudomonas vaccines prepared either from bacterial cells or from the medium in which they were grown. The vaccine was effective when administered prior to or after thermal trauma. After a more extensive rump burn, the protective effect of a specific vaccine given after thermal injury was significant only when the challenge was postponed until 4 days postburn; the level of protection was less than in the mice with smaller burns.

Mass enteric live adenovirus vaccination during epidemic ARD.

Abstract: During an epidemic of acute adenovirus respiratory disease (ARD) in a naval recruit population, mass immunization with an enteric live adenovirus type 4 vaccine resulted in an early dramatic reduction in illness. The decrease of disease in immunized men occurred before a detectable increase in serum antibody developed and a concurrent benefit was observed in the nonimmunized controls. This result is attributed to a "blocking" or ecological effect of the live vaccine virus. Greater protection was afforded when all men were immunized than when only half were immunized. Administration of the vaccine to new recruits was associated with continued suppression of ARD. When vaccination was discontinued after 16 weeks, the disease rate continued at lower than the usual endemic incidence. No reduction was seen in the incidence of nonbacterial pneumonia.

Secondary and Apparent Primary Antibody Responses After Group A Streptococcal Vaccination of 21 Children

Abstract: A partially purified M protein, extracted from a mouse-virulent strain of type 3, group A streptococcus, was administered subcutaneously in gradually increasing amounts at weekly intervals to 21 children in a Family Program. Seven children with type 3 bactericidal antibody in prevaccination sera showed a secondary response. Of 14 children with no detectable type 3 bactericidal antibody prior to vaccination, 13 developed definite type 3 antibody during or soon after vaccination. This response appeared to be of the primary variety in at least some of the 13 children because (i) the total incidence of antibody response (20 of 21) was greater than can be accounted for by the documented incidence of clinical and subclinical type 3 infections among children of our Family Program during a period of 14 years, (ii) the response in the 13 children with no detectable antibody prior to vaccination was more delayed than in those showing a definite secondary response, and (iii) on the average, the amount of vaccine needed for a response in these 13 children was 15 to 28 times greater than that required for the secondary response. Local skin reactions were variable among the vaccinated children. Systemic reactions were infrequent and not severe. The giving of multiple injections of partially purified M protein did not seem to cause cutaneous hypersensitivity.

Fowl cholera in turkeys--the efficacy of adjuvant bacterins.

Abstract: Ever since the production of the classical attenuated fowl cholera vaccine by Pasteur, many attempts have been made to prevent outbreaks of fowl cholera in chickens. His method could not be duplicated successfully, however, and a search for a more dependable method in controlling the disease effectively has been conducted since the early 1920's. The effectiveness of earlier aqueous avirulent vaccines (7) and bacterins (13) has always been variable (8,19,9,10). Carter (2) compared the immune response in mice to bacterins made from broth cultures and chicken embryo vaccines made from Pasteurella multocida, type A. Chicken embryo vaccine was much superior to broth-derived bacterin in immunizing value. Bierer et al. (1) described a phenol-killed autogenous bacterin which afforded some protection to turkeys in an infected flock. The challenge, however, was carried out within 20 days of vaccination.

Cholera vaccine field trials in east Pakistan. 1. Reaction and antigenicity studies.

Abstract: Double-blind controlled cholera-vaccine trials were carried out in rural East Pakistan in 1963 and 1964. Pretrial studies indicated that a whole-cell cholera vaccine of high mouse protective potency, at a dose of 0.5 ml, produced an antibody response and reaction pattern consistent with use in such trials. A purified Ogawa antigen, given at a dose of 100 μg, elicited no adverse reactions and evoked both agglutinating and vibriocidal antibodies against both Inaba and Ogawa test suspensions. In the field, adverse reactions to the cholera vaccines occurred primarily among adults and were observed with both the whole-cell preparation and the purified Ogawa antigen. At the dose used in the field trials (0.4 ml), the reactions elicited by the whole-cell vaccine were acceptable to the population and no more marked than those following the locally prepared typhoid-paratyphoid vaccine. Delayed reactions to the whole-cell cholera vaccine were observed beginning 4 to 7 days after the vaccine was administered; the bulk of them (60%) did not interfere with work at any time; all resolved promptly; and none developed fluctuation or was associated with abscess formation.

Effects of homologous or heterologous antiserum on neutralizing-antibody response to rabies vaccine.

Abstract: Heterologous antirabies serum is commonly used in the treatment of persons exposed to rabies. However, the high incidence of serum sickness which accompanies its use has prompted work to develop a homologous human product. As human antirabies serum is expensive and difficult to obtain in large quantities, a series of experiments was done on guinea-pigs to test the effects of homologous and heterologous antirabies serum.Similar amounts of homologous and heterologous antisera administered to guinea-pigs produced similar circulating neutralization titres one day later. The homologous antibody titres, however, decreased more slowly than the heterologous antibody titres.When homologous antiserum was given, followed by duck-embryo rabies vaccine, an apparent response to the vaccine was suppressed or delayed longer than when heterologous antiserum and vaccine were administered. However, when homologous antiserum was given with suckling-mouse-brain vaccine, of a much higher potency, the response to vaccine was apparent in the presence of a passive titre of 1:120.If a similar relationship is seen in man with the use of a homologous antirabies product, it will be essential to use high potency vaccines or alter the established vaccination schedules in order to overcome the inherent interference problems.

The immune response to influenza virus. II. Effect of the route and schedule of vaccination on the quantity and avidity of antibodies.

Abstract: Anti-haemagglutinin titres and measurements of the changes in the number of antibody molecules per millilitre (A), and in their average avidities (K) were carried out by equilibrium filtration on antisera prepared in rabbits to SW, MEL and LEE influenza viruses. These studies showed: (1) Immunization of rabbits with influenza virus by the intravenous route induced sufficient levels of antibodies by the 5th day after vaccination for testing by equilibrium filtration, immunization by the intraperitoneal or subcutaneous routes did not induce sufficient antibody levels for testing by the 5th day. (2) The avidity of the antibodies present at 5 days after vaccination was higher than at 10 days after vaccination. (3) The avidity of antibodies increased during the initial response period (from the low point at 10 days) and was independent of the routes or schedules of vaccination tested. (4) Secondary vaccination did not cause a pronounced increase in the avidity of antibodies, although a few groups of rabbits showed some further increase; tertiary vaccination caused no further increase. (5) The number of antibody molecules produced in rabbits after vaccination with influenza virus depended on the route and schedule of inoculation; the routes could be ordered intravenous, intraperitoneal and subcutaneous in decreasing order of efficiency; multiple doses increased the number of antibody molecules by all routes. (6) Increases in the antihaemagglutinin levels after secondary stimulation were due mainly to increases in the number of antibody molecules.