Showing papers on "Vaccination published in 1970"

Prevention of Meningococcal Disease by Group C Polysaccharide Vaccine

Abstract: Group C meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine was administered to 13,763 Army recruit volunteers at five basic training centers. These men represented 20 per cent of 68,072 recruits under o...

Modification of an Outbreak of Influenza in Tecumseh, Michigan by Vaccination of Schoolchildren

Abstract: Annual vaccination against influenza has been recommended primarily for the chronically ill and the elderly because excess numbers of deaths occur regularly in these groups during outbreaks [1, 2]. However, vaccination of the elderly, while affording them needed protection, cannot be expected to change the course of an epidemic markedly, since this group represents but a small segment of the total population and have a relatively low attack rate [3]. In contrast, school-age children comprise a large, susceptible segment of the population and regularly have a high attack rate [4]. The schoolchildren also appear to be responsible for bringing influenza into the home, a transmission similar to the way in which they introduce the common respiratory illnesses [5]. These children are, therefore, one of the most important factors in the dissemination of influenza viruses.

Complications of smallpox vaccination, 1968: results of ten statewide surveys.

Abstract: In this country little attention was given to complications of smallpox vaccination until Greenberg reported a mortality rate of approximately one per 1,000,000 in 1947 [1]. Reports following this one included Kempe's [2] and that of Sussman and Grossman [3], each citing cases and reporting on the effects of vaccinia immune globulin (VIG). The first published data on complications for the entire United States were for the year 1963 [4, 5]. A recent review reports deaths from smallpox vaccination in the United States since 1959 [6]. Complications of vaccination against smallpox are not considered as officially reportable diseases, and statistics on incidence are not gathered systematically in the United States. A comparison of finding of the cases through the records on the use of VIG in 1963 with cases found through retrospective surveys of physicians in 4 small states indicates that complications of smallpox vaccination occur more frequently than can be detected by the system of VIG distribution alone

Rubella: reinfection of vaccinated and naturally immune persons exposed in an epidemic

Abstract: The protective efficacy of vaccine-induced and naturally acquired immunity was compared in a prospective study of a rubella epidemic among military recruits. The population consisted of 190 men in the following categories with respect to immunity to rubella: 26 who were susceptible, 15 vaccinees who had been immunized two to three months previously and 149 who were naturally immune. As a result of the epidemic all 26 susceptible men were infected; rubella virus was recovered from the throats of 11. On the basis of hemagglutination-inhibiting and complement-fixing antibody responses, 80 per cent of those vaccinated and 3.4 per cent of those who were naturally immune were reinfected. Virus was recovered from the throat of one vaccinee, but from none of the reinfected naturally immune men. If precipitin antibody results are included, 100 per cent of vaccinees responded serologically. None of those reinfected became ill; among the susceptible men the ratio of inapparent to apparent infections was app...

Effectiveness of live or killed plague vaccines in man.

Abstract: While the safety of the available live plague vaccine EV 76 (Paris) continues to be the subject of further study, the USP formol-killed, virulent Pasteurella pestis (Yersinia pestis) suspension capable of protecting 60% of non-human primates, particularly Hanuman langurs (Presbytis entellus), warrants further clinical tests and field trials. Inoculated in a dosage of 2x10(9) killed plague bacilli (1 ml), followed by a booster of 400 million organisms (0.2 ml) in 1-3 months, this vaccine stimulates the appearance of passive mouse-protection antibodies (below an index of 10) and passive haemagglutinins in 60%-65% of human subjects. Recent experiences in Viet-Nam demonstrate that personnel vaccinated with the USP vaccine, although frequently exposed, enjoy almost complete freedom from the disease. One of the 4 known and confirmed cases of bubonic plague in North Americans occurred in an unvaccinated individual. Among individuals inoculated with the USP vaccine, 2 confirmed cases of pneumonic plague and 1 case of asymptomatic pharyngeal plague have been recorded. The incidence of plague in the Republic of Viet-Nam during the past 3 years is estimated at 13 263 cases in a population in part vaccinated with a live plague which exhibited inadequate immunogenic efficacy in experimental tests.

Protective Effect of Vaccines in Experimental Mycoplasma pneumoniae Disease.

Abstract: The mechanisms of immunity to Mycoplasma pneumoniae were investigated by evaluating different vaccination procedures in an experimental animal model. Hamsters were immunized by intranasal inoculation of broth cultures or by parenteral injections of saline-suspended organisms. All vaccinees received a standardized intranasal challenge which produced pneumonia in 94% of controls. Intranasal immunization with virulent organisms produced a 71% reduction in pneumonia. Subcutaneous and intraperitoneal inoculation of the same organisms yielded 56 and 61% reductions, respectively. Animals similarly immunized with an attenuated strain developed resistance to pneumonia only after intranasal infection. Serum antibody levels did not correlate with protection. Growth-inhibiting activity was demonstrated in bronchial washings of challenged animals, suggesting the development of local antibody in response to infection with M. pneumoniae. Crosschallenge studies were performed in animals vaccinated intranasally with virulent and avirulent variants of the same strain. The avirulent vaccine prevented pneumonia in animals challenged with homologous virulent organisms but not in those receiving an unrelated strain; the virulent vaccine provided protection to both homologous and heterologous challenge. These studies indicate that organism strain variation as well as vaccination technique are important determinants of the immune response to M. pneumoniae.

Shigellosis in custodial institutions

Abstract: Thirty-four high-risk children admitted to an institution with endemic Shigella flexneri 2a disease were given either streptomycin-dependent S. flexneri 2a orS. sonnei oral vaccine. Fourteen vaccinees in each group remained under surveillance for more than 12 months and one sonnei vaccinee for more than six months. There was no difference in attack rate for S. flexneri 2a diarrhea between the flexneri and sonnei vaccinees (9/14 vs. 9115). All cases o f symptomatic dysentery occurred within nine months after vaccination; despite clinical immunity thereafter, episodic asymptomatic excretion o f shigella was observed in 10 of 28 c&Tdren. The level o f immunity induced by streptomycin-dependentS, flexneri 2a oral vaccine was insufficient to prevent disease in this institutional setting.

Immunity to enteric infection in mice.

Abstract: Specific pathogen-free CD-1 mice infected orally with sublethal doses (10(4) to 10(6) viable organisms) of Salmonella enteritidis rapidly developed extensive bacterial populations in the liver, spleen, and mesenteric lymph nodes. Although the pathogen did not multiply extensively in the gut, the infection persisted in the intestine at between 10(4) and 10(5) viable organisms throughout the experiment. S. gallinarum was less invasive than S. enteritidis when given by mouth; S. pullorum failed to survive in the intestine or to invade the tissues of orally infected mice. Vaccination with a sublethal dose of living S. enteritidis, either orally or intravenously, completely prevented the establishment of liver and spleen populations of a drug-resistant, virulent strain of S. enteritidis. Vaccination with an ethyl alcohol-killed vaccine given by various routes delayed the spread of the orally introduced challenge population to the liver and spleen by 1 to 2 days but was unable to prevent the subsequent growth of the pathogen in vivo, although the vaccinated mice survived the infection. The importance of these findings in relation to vaccination against typhoid fever in man is discussed.

Cytotoxins in disease. 3. Antibodies against lymphocytes produced by vaccination.

Abstract: SUMMARY Antibodies which kill lymphocytes from other persons were found in 35 of 113 healthy subjects immunized with influenza, polio, and other vaccines. These lymphocytotoxic antibodies were characteristically more active at colder temperatures (15 C) and were IgM in nature, as were similar cytotoxins found earlier in systemic lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, infectious mononucleosis, rubella, and measles. It is suggested that a wide scale cross reactivity of microbial and human lymphocyte antigens may exist.

Experimental respiratory infection with type 4 adenovirus vaccine in volunteers: clinical and immunological responses.

Abstract: ered acceptable or optimally effective [1, 2]. A living type 4 adenovirus (AV-4) vaccine developed by Chanock et al. [3] offers promise for control of type-specific disease. This entericcoated tablet has been administered orally to approximately 350,000 recruits by several investigative groups over the past several years, and has been shown effective in preventing ARD due to AV-4 [4-6]. However, in a study in 1966 at Fort Dix, New Jersey, reduction in ARD following vaccination was followed by increased incidence of ARD due to adenovirus type 7 (AV-7). Before introduction of vaccine, this virus was responsible for insignificant amounts of ARD; following suppression of AV-4, it predominated as the cause of respiratory disease, and total rates for ARD approached those before immunization [5]. The same phenomenon has been

Sylvatic rabies studies in the silver fox (Vulpes vulpes). Susceptibility and immune response.

Abstract: The trials reported here show that the fox is highly susceptible to rabies virus. Vaccination with ERA rabies vaccine was capable of protecting foxes against challenge with naturally occurring strains of sylvatic rabies.Oral immunization against rabies using ERA rabies vaccine was possible.

Antibody responses in serum and nasal secretions according to age of recipient and method of administration of A2-Hong Kong-68 inactivated influenza virus vaccine.

Abstract: Neutralizing antibody responses in serum and nasal secretions following vaccination with A2/Hong Kong/68 inactivated influenza virus vaccine were compared according to age and route of administration. Among all of the age groups receiving one dose of vaccine subcutaneously or intranasally, children developed the greatest frequency of antibody response and increase in mean antibody titer in both serum and nasal secretions. In adults, vaccination by either route induced less serum antibody and was ineffective in inducing nasal antibody. Neutralizing activity of nasal wash specimens was removed by absorption with antiserum directed against secretory piece. Vaccination also resulted in rises in antibody titer in serum and nasal secretions to A/Equi-2 virus, a type known to be antigenically related to A2/Hong Kong/68 influenza virus.

Measles (rubeola) in previously immunized children

Abstract: Within a 3-month countywide epidemic of measles in Jacksonville, Florida, 28 cases occurring among a kindergarten enrollment of 145 were carefully studied since 25 of these children had been previously immunized with a live, attenuated measles virus vaccine and immune globulin. Nineteen children had been vaccinated prior to their first birthday. Six children were vaccinated at 13 to 20 months of age. The median measles (rubeola) hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) antibody titer in sera of five convalescent patients immunized before their first birthday was 1:320 and for complement fixation it was 1:128. Sera from nine classmates who did not contract the disease showed a median HI antibody of 1:40 and a median complement fixing antibody (CF) of 1:16. Six had been vaccinated before their first birthday. In a control group of five other children, three had been immunized prior to 12 months of age, one at 13 months, and one at 18 months. Sera from the three earliest contained no antibody; however, sera from the other two had detectable antibody. The analysis of serologic data supported the contention that the outbreak was causally related to defective protection associated with the use of vaccine plus globulin in infants. It also demonstrated persistence of CF antibody many years after immunization and suggested the presence of a booster phenomenon. A review of the clinical illness of the 25 children who had been given the vaccine and 22 who had not revealed little difference in the severity of the disease.

Evaluation of Rubella Herd Immunity During an Epidemic

Abstract: The effectiveness of herd immunity as a method of protecting rubella-susceptible individuals during epidemic conditions was evaluated. Six groups of Marine trainees were followed longitudinally through a rubella epidemic. Levels of herd immunity in these groups ranged from 87% to 100%. All susceptible men developed rubella infection with a 2:1 inapparent to apparent infection ratio. In a military population rubella is characterized as an endemic disease with seasonal epidemics. Arthritis and arthralgia were found in 21% of 292 cases of rubella in adult men. Vaccination of selected susceptible adult women is needed.

Adenoviral infection in military recruits.

Abstract: Field studies were made at Fort Dix, NJ, in 1966 and 1967 of the protective effect of oral live type 4 adenovirus vaccine against severe, incapacitating acute respiratory disease (ARD) in military recruits. The vaccine largely or completely eliminated type 4 adenovirus as the cause of such disease, but the suppression of type 4 by immunization was associated with replacement ARD that was caused by type 7 adenovirus in 1966 and by both type 7 and type 21 in 1967. The outbreak of ARD caused by type 21 was the first of its kind in the western hemisphere. The results of these studies show that adenoviral infection in military recruits cannot be controlled with a monovalent type 4 vaccine and that additional vaccines containing type 7 and probably other antigenic types will be required.

Experience with live rubella virus vaccine combined with live vaccines against measles and mumps.

Abstract: Vaccination of pre-school children in the 1-7-years age-group for the specific prophylaxis of mumps and rubella is often difficult to arrange because of the already large number of inoculations given to these children. Combined vaccines to protect against measles, mumps and rubella should therefore be a valuable development. The existence of effective live vaccines for each of these 3 diseases makes possible the production of a single preparation suitable for subcutaneous inoculation.Tests on vaccine strains of measles (Leningrad-16), mumps (Leningrad-3) and rubella (Leningrad-8) viruses in various combinations have established that divalent or trivalent vaccines remain clinically harmless, highly immunogenic and epidemiologically effective. Single subcutaneous administrations of live measles vaccine combined with mumps or rubella vaccines or both, when given to children aged 1-8 years, brough about a high percentage of serological conversions and an increase in antibodies to a level comparable with that achieved with the corresponding monovalent vaccines. Morbidity from the 3 diseases was reduced among those vaccinated with the trivalent vaccine by 10 or more times, i.e., by about the same factor as when monovalent or divalent vaccines were used.

BCG vaccination of children against leprosy. Preliminary findings of the WHO-controlled trial in Burma.

Abstract: The use of BCG vaccine in the prevention of leprosy has been one of the most important subjects of investigation in the field of leprology in the last 25 years. The action of the vaccine was for many years investigated by determining its effect on the lepromin reaction. Field studies were later considered essential to determine whether BCG vaccination would be useful to leprosy contacts, to the child population probably exposed to infection, or to persons persistently lepromin-negative.The interest of the World Health Organization in this matter began in 1952 and, following the recommendations of certain advisory committees, it was decided to institute a field trial in Singu township in Burma. The main purpose of the investigation was to observe, in a highly endemic area, the protective effect, if any, of BCG vaccine against leprosy in the child population not exposed to Mycobacterium leprae at home but possibly exposed to the infection elsewhere.Field operations began at the end of August 1964 and the preliminary findings obtained up to the end of June 1968 relate to 3 annual re-examinations. So far, from the material studied, it appears that, under the conditions prevailing in Singu township, no significant effect of BCG vaccine can be seen within a period of 3 years. When children in both trial groups are followed-up for much longer periods, mainly children aged 0-4 years at intake, it is possible that a significant difference may emerge. However, to be operationally desirable, a merely significant difference is not enough; the protective effect of BCG should be substantial to warrant its large-scale use as an immunization procedure against leprosy.