Showing papers on "Vaccination published in 1977"
TL;DR: No protection was seen among children who had been younger than 18 months when vaccinated, even if they received a booster dose of the vaccine, and the serum antibody response to the H. influenzae type b polysaccharide was poor in children below 18 months of age and good in those above it.
Abstract: A recently developed Haemophilus influenzae type b capsular polysaccharide vaccine was given to 48,977 children 3 months to 5 years of age; an equal number of children receiving group A meningococcal vaccine served as controls. The protection as well as serum antibody response was strongly age-dependent. Among children who had received the H. influenzae type b vaccine when 18 months of age or older, there were no cases of bacteremic disease caused by H. influenzae type b in the first year after vaccination. At the same time 11 such cases were seen in the control group of the same age, a highly significant difference. In the second year after vaccination two cases occurred in the H. influenzae type b-vaccinated group, five in the meningococcal-group A vaccinated group. No protection was seen among children who had been younger than 18 months when vaccinated, even if they received a booster dose of the vaccine. The serum antibody response to the H. influenzae type b polysaccharide, measured by radioimmunoassay, was poor in children below 18 months of age and good in those above it. No effect of the vaccine could be seen on the nasopharyngeal carriage of H. influenzae type b, which was approximately 6% in this age group. Adverse effects of the vaccine were mild.
483 citations
TL;DR: The results of this study demonstrate a probably mechanism for measles vaccine failure in 12-month-old children and support the recommendation of the Public Health Service Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices to postpone measles vaccination to 15 months of age.
355 citations
TL;DR: The 6- and 12-valent pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide vaccines were carried out in controlled studies among novice gold miners in South Africa and offer great promise for effective control of illnesses caused by pneumococci.
Abstract: Clinical studies of 6- and 12-valent pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide vaccines were carried out in controlled studies among novice gold miners in South Africa. In the studies 1,523 persons received pneumococcal vaccine, and 3,171 were included as controls. In the great majority of subjects given pneumococcal vaccine, antibodies developed against the capsular types included in the vaccine. The 6-valent vaccine afforded 76% reduction in cases of laboratory-verified pneumococcal pneumonia caused by the homologous types, and there was 92% reduction in the cases afforded by the 12-valent vaccine. The vaccines were well tolerated and offer great promise for effective control of illnesses caused by pneumococci. ( JAMA 238:2613-2616, 1977)
334 citations
TL;DR: Meningococcal Group A vaccine appears efficacious in young infants and children, although five to seven cases of meningitis or sepsis would have been expected within the year.
Abstract: We performed field trials in the course of an epidemic in Finland to learn whether Group A meningococcal capsular polysaccharide vaccine protects infants and young children from meningitis...
316 citations
TL;DR: Ulceroglandular tularemia in employees immunized with live vaccine was characterized by clinical signs and symptoms that were milder than those in employees vaccinated with the Foshay vaccine.
Abstract: A retrospective analysis was made of cases of laboratory-acquired infections with Francisella tularensis among civilian employees at Fort Detrick, Maryland. The incidence and clinical presentation of tularemia during the decade 1950-1959, when the phenol-killed Foshay vaccine was used routinely for immunization of employees, were compared with similar data from the first decade (1960-1969) after the live tularemia vaccine had come into use. The incidence of typhoidal tularemia fell (from 5.70 to 0.27 cases per 1,000 at-risk employee-years; P less than 0.001), whereas the incidence of ulceroglandular tularemia remained unchanged (from 0.76 to 0.54 cases per 1,000 at-risk employee-years). Ulceroglandular tularemia in employees immunized with live vaccine was characterized by clinical signs and symptoms that were milder than those in employees vaccinated with the Foshay vaccine.
233 citations
TL;DR: Clinical efficacy of the group A N. meningitidis vaccine was good at all ages; protection seemed to extend to the entire age range and resulted in an age-specific decrease in the incidence of the disease.
Abstract: During an epidemic caused by group A Neisseria meningitidis, 98,272 children (three months to five years of age) were vaccinated in three provinces of Finland. Meningococcal group A and Haemophilus influenzae type b polysaccharide vaccines were used in a double-blind fashion. Mlild side reactions were common, especially after group A meningococcal vaccine, which also caused high fever in 1.8% of the children. Antibody responses were measured by radioimmunoassay. The response to the group A meningococcal vaccine was consistently good in children older than 18 months of age and was fair in infants as young as six months of age. Good secondary responses were obtained at all ages (three to 17 months) when a booster dose was given. The response to H. influenzac type b vaccine was poor in children below one year of age and was good only in those above 18 months of age; booster doses did not appear to have any effect. Clinical efficacy of the group A N. meningitidis vaccine was good at all ages; protection seemed to extend to the entire age range and resulted in an age-specific decrease in the incidence of the disease. The H. influenzae type b vaccine afforded good protection in children older than 14 months of age at the time of vaccination but no protection in those below that age; this result correlates well with the age-related immunogenicity of the H. influenzae type b vaccine.
219 citations
TL;DR: A double-blind controlled trial of a 14-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine was carried out in 11 958 adults at Tari in the Papua New Guinea Highlands as mentioned in this paper.
181 citations
TL;DR: A comparison between live and killed poliovirus vaccines suggests the desirability of returning to the use of a killed virus vaccine for the eradication of polio.
Abstract: The requirements for inducing immunity against an infectious disease are outlined, and the application of these requirements to the development of effective vaccines (vaccinology) is discussed. Influenza and poliomyelitis are examined from this viewpoint, and data are presented that demonstrate the effectiveness of killed virus vaccines against these diseases. A comparison between live and killed poliovirus vaccines suggests the desirability of returning to the use of a killed virus vaccine for the eradication of polio. The natural history of influenza and experience with vaccination suggest that influenza might be brought under effective control by routine immunization in childhood with a polyvalent killed virus vaccine potentiated by an immunologic adjuvant.
179 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Results indicate that varicella is prevented in household contacts by vaccination within three days following exposure, as indicated by the protective efficacy of the vaccination.
Abstract: A live varicella vaccine (Oka strain) was given to susceptible household contacts of varicella to test the protective efficacy of the vaccination. Twenty-six contacts of 21 families were vaccinated, usually within three days after onset of the index cases. None of the vaccinated children developed clinical symptoms of varicella. Eighteen of 24 sera obtained before vaccination were found to be seronegative by complement fixation and neutralization tests. Seroconversion was observed in all of the 18. On the other hand, all of 19 unvaccinated contacts in the 15 families, who served as controls, showed typical manifestations of varicella from 10 to 33 days after onset of the index varicella cases. In three families, where only one sibling contact received vaccine and the other was an unvaccinated control, none of the vaccinated children showed any clinical symptoms while unvaccinated controls exhibited typical varicella symptoms 10 to 14 days after the onset of the index cases. These results indicate that varicella is prevented in household contacts by vaccination within three days following exposure.
144 citations
TL;DR: Because live measles vaccine is highly effective in preventing measles illness and a high proportion of children in the United States have received measles vaccine, these data are consistent with the observed downward trend in SSPE incidence since 1969.
Abstract: Histories obtained in 350 of 375 clinically cofirmed cases of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) reported to a national registry showed that 292 patients had measles and 58 had no history of measles Forty of the latter patients received live, attenuated measles virus vaccine In patients with a history of measles, measles illness occurred before age 2 years in 46%, and a mean of 70 years before onset of SSPE In contrast, there was no relationship of SSPE with age at vaccination in 35 of the 40 patients historically associated with measles vaccine, and SSPE occurred a mean of 33 years after vaccination Based on estimated national measles morbidity data and national measles vaccine distribution data, the risk of SSPE following measles vaccination (05 to 11 cases/106) appears to be less than the risk following measles (52 to 97 cases/106) Because live measles vaccine is highly effective in preventing measles illness and a high proportion of children in the United States have received measles vaccine, these data are consistent with the observed downward trend in SSPE incidence since 1969
124 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The results suggest that routine immunization of young infants with group A vaccine may result in long-lasting immunity and the usefulness of the presently available group C vaccine appears to be limited to the control of epidemics.
Abstract: Persistence of antibody following immunization with groups A and C meningococcal polysaccharides was studied in two groups of children. Cohort 1 (20 children, 2 to 11 years of age) received two doses of A vaccine three years apart; cohort 2 (1,345 children, 6 to 8 years of age) received A or C vaccine initially and the heterologous vaccine one year later. No significant reactions were observed. Geometric mean anti-A concentrations one month after primary and booster immunization in cohort 1 were 8.77 and 13.08 microgram/ml, respectively. Mean anti-A concentration declined 32% one year after booster immunization, but then stabilized. Mean anti-A and anti-C concentrations in cohort 2 were 9.35 and 9.12 microgram/ml, respectively, one month after primary immunization. Mean anti-A concentration declined to 5.54 and 3.62 microgram/ml while anti-C levels fell to 2.35 and 1.47 microgram/ml one and four years after immunization. The proportion of children in cohort 2 with greater than or equal to 2.0 microgram/ml of anti-A and anti-C four years after immunization were 80% and 40%, respectively. An antibody concentration greater than or equal to 2.0 microgram/ml has been associated with protection against meningococcal disease. The results suggest that routine immunization of young infants with group A vaccine may result in long-lasting immunity. The usefulness of the presently available group C vaccine appears to be limited to the control of epidemics.
TL;DR: In young children whole-virus vaccine causes fever more frequently than split-product vaccine; young children previously vaccinated with influenza virus vaccine are unlikely to experience fever subsequent to immunization with a related antigen; and split- product vaccine induces less antibody to B/Hong Kong/5/72 virus than whole-Virus vaccine in immunologically unprimed young children.
Abstract: A double-blind randomized study with bivalent influenza virus vaccines was conducted to compare the local and systemic reactions and immunogenicity of a whole-virus vaccine and a split-product vaccine in children. Fevers of greater than 100 F were more frequent after vaccination with whole-virus than split-product vaccine especially in children one to four years old (69% vs 22%; P less than 0.01). Fevers of greater than or equal to 103 F did not occur in children who previously had been given influenza virus vaccine, even in the absence of preexisting homologous serum antibody. The immune response to the A/Port Chalmers/1/73 antigen in the vaccine was similar after administration of either whole-virus or split-product vaccine. However, split-product vaccine induced significantly less hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody to B/Hong Kong/5/72 virus in children younger than 10 years who had not been previously immunized; only 43% developed detectable antibody vs. 100% of those vaccinated with whole virus vaccine (P less than 0.01). These studies indicate that (1) in young children whole-virus vaccine causes fever more frequently than split-product vaccine; (2) young children previously vaccinated with influenza virus vaccine are unlikely to experience fever subsequent to immunization with a related antigen; and (3) split-product vaccine induces less antibody to B/Hong Kong/5/72 virus than whole-virus vaccine in immunologically unprimed young children.
TL;DR: Investigation of the in vivo effectiveness of nonspecific immune stimulation with BCG on influenza virus infection in mice found the local (nasal) route of immunization was more effective than the systemic route against the intranasal inoculum of virus, a finding which suggests that important role of local immunity.
Abstract: Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) has been used effectively to protect nonspecifically against bacterial infections and neoplasms, probably by enhancement of cell-mediated immunity. It has been suggested that cell-mediated immunity plays a role in the host defense against certain viral infections. In recent in vitro studies, macrophages from animals sensitized by BCG were more effective in lowering the titer of influenza virus than were macrophages from control animals. The purpose of this study was to investigate the in vivo effectiveness of nonspecific immune stimulation with BCG on influenza virus infection in mice. Immunization with BCG resulted in significant protection of mice. Also, the local (nasal) route of immunization was more effective than the systemic (intraperitoneal) route against the intranasal inoculum of virus, a finding which suggests that important role of local immunity, i.e., either earlier stimulation of secretory antibody or nonspecific cell-mediated immunity. The time course of the resistance ot infection suggests that interferon was not the protective mechanism.
TL;DR: The data indicate that prior experience of the population with earlier influenza viruses ("priming") is a determinant in response to vaccination, and participants older than 25 years showed good serologic response following a single inoculation of A/New Jersey/76 virus, while younger persons responded poorly.
Abstract: Trials in approximately 3,900 adults were conducted with influenza A/New Jersey/76, A/Victoria/75, and B/Hong Kong/72 virus vaccines. Subjects were observed following a standard protocol, and serologic testing was performed in a single laboratory. The data indicate that prior experience of the population with earlier influenza viruses ("priming") is a determinant in response to vaccination. Thus, participants older than 25 years showed good serologic response following a single inoculation of A/New Jersey/76 virus, while younger persons responded poorly. Serological responses to A/Victoria/75 and B/Hong Kong/72 viruses were, in contrast, equally good in the younger and older adults. Whole-virus vaccines were measurably more reactive than split-virus vaccines, a finding more easily discernined in unprimed populations. In the unprimed persons, a single dose of split-virus vaccine was less immunogenic than a single dose of whole-virus vaccine. The presence of preexisting antibodies appeared to reduce systemic reactivity. For adequate immunization of a totally unprimed population, a single relatively large and reactive dose of whole-virus vaccine or two, properly spaced, smaller nonreactive doses of either whole-virus vaccine or split-virus vaccine would be required.
TL;DR: The preparation, chemical characterisation and immunogenic properties of a new polyvalent pseudomonas vaccine were described, which allowed a build-up of the immunogen in the cell wall of the bacteria, and mild extraction techniques were used to remove the immunogens from thecell wall of living bacteria without apparent physical or chemical change which might affect immunogenicity.
Abstract: This paper describes the preparation, chemical characterisation and immunogenic properties of a new polyvalent pseudomonas vaccine. New cultural methods were devised which allowed a build-up of the immunogen in the cell wall of the bacteria, and mild extraction techniques were used to remove the immunogens from the cell wall of living bacteria without apparent physical or chemical change which might affect immunogenicity. The polyvalent vaccine comprised 16 component vaccines, each a lipid-protein-carbohydrate complex extracted from one of the 16 different serotypes of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Single injections into mice of each of the 16 component vaccines induced protection against several strains of homologous serotypes within 3 days of vaccination. The polyvalent vaccine induced similar protection against several strains of each of the 16 serotypes. We would like to thank R. E. Dyster, K. Digby and J. Simmonds for their technical assistance.
TL;DR: Calculations based on the mortality of whooping-cough before 1957 predict accurately the subsequent decline and the present low mortality, which is questionable, at least in the U.K.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: A live varicella vaccine was used in 11 susceptible children in remission from acute leukemia, ten of whom had been in remission for six months or less, and in 6 children with neuroblastoma and retinoblastoma.
Abstract: A live varicella vaccine was used in 11 susceptible children in remission from acute leukemia, ten of whom had been in remission for six months or less, and in 6 children with neuroblastoma and retinoblastoma. In the immunological checkup before vaccination, most of them showed a positive reaction in the skin tests with dinitrochlorobenzene, phytohemagglutinin, purified protein derivative, and viral antigens. Leukopenia (three cases, less than 3,000/cu mm) and decreased IgG level (two cases, 380 mg/dl and 445 mg/dl) were observed in the children with leukemia. Anticancer medication was suspended from one week before vaccination to one week after vaccination. The only clinical reaction was a minute rash that appeared three weeks after vaccination in two children with leukemia and that disappeared within three days. Serological responses by complement fixing and neutralizing (NT) tests were detected in all the vaccinated children four weeks after vaccination, and NT antibody was still detected 28 months after vaccination in the two patients tested. Three of the vaccines were exposed to natural varicella at home and in the classroom 2 to 18 months after vaccination, but they were free from any varicella symptoms.
TL;DR: A single measles vaccination of children less than 12 months old does not protect; a second vaccination will protect this group.
Abstract: During November, 1975, to May, 1976, measles occurred at a rate of 20.3 cases per 1000 in a purported immunized population, of whom historical and serologic survey revealed that 9 per cent had no history of either measles illness or vaccination and 18 per cent did not have detectable measles antibody. Antibody was detectable in 92 per cent of those vaccinated at ≥13 months, 80 per cent at 12 months and 67 per cent of those vaccinated when less than one year old (P 0.1). A second vaccination increased detectable antibody prevalence only in those originally vaccinated when less than nine months old (42 to 80 per cent, P<0.02). During a measles outbreak, more cases occurred in those receiving vaccine when less than 12 months old than in those vaccinated at ≥12 months (37 per cent vs. 9 per cent, P<0.001). A second vaccination protected those originally vaccinated at <12 months (35 per cent ill without a second ...
Journal Article•
01 Mar 1977-Journal of The South African Veterinary Association-tydskrif Van Die Suid-afrikaanse Veterinere Vereniging
TL;DR: Although the immunity produced was inadequate to prevent viraemia after challenge, evidence of protection against clinical RVF was obtained and field trials in sheep showed that vaccination induced a good immunity in pregnant ewes.
Abstract: The immunising potency of an inactivated Rift Valley fever (RVF) vaccine prepared from RVF virus infected mouse brain and RVF infected cell culture was studied in cattle and sheep. Different doses and adjuvants were compared. In laboratory trials both cattle and sheep developed neutralising antibodies against virulent RVF virus and in cattle antibodies were still detectable 9 months after immunisation. Although the immunity produced was inadequate to prevent viraemia after challenge, evidence of protection against clinical RVF was obtained. Field trials in sheep showed that vaccination induced a good immunity in pregnant ewes.
TL;DR: In a population in which pneumococcal pneumonia predominated, the total incidence of radiologically confirmed pneumonia, irrespective of cause, was reduced by 54.3% by use of a tridecavalent vaccine.
Abstract: Because of the continuing morbidity and mortality resulting from pneumococcal infection, a program was instituted to redevelop polyvalent vaccines consisting of capsular polysaccharides of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Vaccines containing 50 microgram each of the capsular polysaccharides of as many as 13 pneumococcal types have been shown to be safe, antigenic, and 78.5% effective in the prevention of type-specific putative pneumococcal pneumonia and of type-specific pneumococcal bacteremia in adults. In a population in which pneumococcal pneumonia predominated, the total incidence of radiologically confirmed pneumonia, irrespective of cause, was reduced by 54.3% by use of a tridecavalent vaccine. The efficacy of vaccine in the prevention of infection during the first two years of life is under investigation. The vaccine is recommended for those at high risk of pneumococcal infection or of a fatal outcome from such illness.
TL;DR: A slightly protective effect against meningitis was observed for the H. influenzae type b vaccine in infants up to one year of age, and both vaccines retained their original molecular size after storage for three years.
Abstract: Approximately 16,000 children, from two months to five years of age, were vaccinated with the capsular polysaccharide of either Haemophilus influenzae type b or group C Neisseria meningitidis. Immunizations were carried out in a double-masked, randomized manner; the doses of immunogens used were 10 microgram of H. influenzae type b polysaccharide and 25 micron g of the group CN. meningitidis polysaccharide. Immunogenicity of the two vaccines was measured in single, random specimens of blood taken from vaccinees of all ages at various intervals after immunization. A positive effect on formation of serum antibody was observed in children of all ages vaccinated with N. meningitidis polysaccharide, but increased levels of serum antibody to H. influenzae type b were observed only in recipients of that vaccine who were three years of age or older. No untoward reactions to either vaccine were noted, and both vaccines retained their original molecular size after storage for three years. Too few cases of disease have been studied for a definitive assessment of vaccine efficacy; however, a slightly protective effect against meningitis was observed for the H. influenzae type b vaccine in infants up to one year of age.
Book•
01 Jan 1977
TL;DR: A negative result of an intradermal skin test with a 1:100 dilution of the vaccine in saline appeared to be a reliable indicator of allergic subjects who could be immunized against influenza without fear of life-threatening acute allergic reactions.
Abstract: One hundred forty-two allergic children aged three to 18 years were studied for evaluation of the usefulness of skin testing with influenza vaccine as a means of identifying those children who could be immunized safely despite their allergies to chickens, eggs, or feathers. One hundred twenty-eight children were fully immunized with bivalent influenza A/New Jersey/76-A/Victoria/75 vaccine. Twelve children had positive skin tests and were not immunized, and two developed positive skin tests after their first injection. One child had urticaria 8 hr later, one had a nonspecific reaction, and one had a self-limited erythema multiforme reaction eight days after the second injection. All others tolerated the procedure well. History of sensitivity to eggs was not as reliable an indication of vaccine sensitivity as skin testing with vaccine. A negative result of an intradermal skin test with a 1:100 dilution of the vaccine in saline appeared to be a reliable indicator of allergic subjects who could be immunized against influenza without fear of life-threatening acute allergic reactions.
TL;DR: The results indicate that HLA-Cw3 or an HLA product associated with Cw3 is involved in the cellular immune response to vaccinia virus.
Abstract: Because several lines of evidence suggest that HLA products might have an important function in the immune response to infectious agents, we studied the possible relation between immune response to vaccinia virus and HLA phenotype in 79 soldiers who received a primary vaccination. A low in vitro response to vaccinia virus was associated with HLA-Cw3 both in 49 subjects tested three to four weeks after vaccination (P less than 0.001) and in the remaining 30 subjects tested five to 11 weeks after vaccination (P = 0.035). Responses to unrelated antigens and phytohemagglutinin of lymphocytes tested before, three to four weeks and five to 11 weeks after vaccination indicated that this association was specific for vaccinia virus and suggested that differences in immune response to vaccinia were reflected in temporarily altered immune responsiveness to unrelated antigens. Our results indicate that HLA-Cw3 or an HLA product associated with Cw3 is involved in the cellular immune response to vaccinia virus.
TL;DR: The relative merits of live and killed virus vaccines as immunizing agents were reviewed within the context of the 60 to 70 per cent level of poliomyelitis vaccination now reached in the United States.
Abstract: Declining numbers of adequately vaccinated persons, new data about the comparative safety and effectiveness of live, attenuated and killed poliomyelitis-virus vaccines, increased consumer awareness of adverse reactions and pressure from manufacturers seeking protection from liability were factors leading the Institute of Medicine to re-examine poliomyelitis vaccination programs. The relative merits of live and killed virus vaccines as immunizing agents were reviewed within the context of the 60 to 70 per cent level of poliomyelitis vaccination now reached in the United States. Until about 90 per cent of persons are adequately immunized, the continued use of live-virus vaccines for infants is recommended, with provision that certain categories of persons receive killed-virus vaccine. Vaccination with attenuated live virus of children 11 to 12 years old is suggested to reduce vaccine-associated disease when they become parents of vaccinated infants. Recommendations are made on education, research, liability and informed consent as they pertain to prevention of polyomyelitis.
TL;DR: Since the reduction of postexposure rabies vaccination to seven doses, no new cases have been observed in Colombia, and Pathologically, this was shown to be a typical polyradiculoneuritis.
Abstract: • Twenty-one cases of neuroparalytic accidents of rabies vaccination (with suckling mouse brain vaccine), 11 of them fatal, were observed, occurring predominantly in men; the mean age of the patients was 29 years. On the average, 13 doses of the vaccine were used. Only three patients received less than seven doses. The mean latent period was 14 days (range, 4 to 24 days). In 16 patients (76%), a Guillain-Barre syndrome occurred that was moderate in three, severe in seven, and fatal in six. Pathologically, this was shown to be a typical polyradiculoneuritis. Five patients had fatal involvement of the central nervous system. Three had an acute disseminated perivenous leukoencephalopathy, with concurrent rabies encephalitis in one case. One patient had a perivenous myeloradiculopathy and one a chronic encephalomyelopathy of six years' duration with demyelinating plaques in the periventricular white matter, cerebellum, and spinal cord. Since the reduction of postexposure rabies vaccination to seven doses, no new cases have been observed in Colombia.
TL;DR: Laboratory and field evidence indicates that a safe and effective procedure has been developed for vaccinating turkey poults against hemorrhagic enteritis of turkeys against live avirulent virus.
Abstract: SUMMARY Laboratory and field evidence indicates that a safe and effective procedure has been developed for vaccinating turkey poults against hemorrhagic enteritis of turkeys. Vaccination is by drinking-water administration of turkey-spleen-propagated pheasant-origin live avirulent virus to 41/2-week-old-poults. The effect of vaccination was studied in a field location having recurrent 10-15% mortality and in a second location having recurrent mortality of 0.1-0.2%. The poults involved totaled 214,554.
TL;DR: It was concluded that despite the evidence of distinct immunosuppression in cattle from trypanosome endemic areas it was unlikely to impede the development of protection against foot-and-mouth disease and clostridial infection by vaccination.
Abstract: The immunosuppressive effect of naturally acquired trypanosomiasis was investigated in four groups of zebu cattle maintained in an area of high tsetse fly challenge in Western Ethiopia. Two of the groups remained without chemoprophylaxis against trypanosomiasis and became parasitaemic. The animals of one of these two groups received a polyvalent foot-and-mouth disease vaccine and the cattle of the other group received foot-and-mouth disease vaccine together with a polyvalent clostridial vaccine. The cattle of the remaining two groups, regarded as controls, received fortnightly treatment with Berenil and remained free of trypanosomiasis; of these one group received foot-and-mouth disease vaccine alone and the other both foot-and-mouth disease vaccine and the clostridial vaccine.
TL;DR: Results suggest a significant role of the Harderian gland in the immune response to IBV and very low or zero NI values in vaccinated birds over 4 weeks of age indicate that vaccination may not have been effective.
Abstract: Summary In chicks from immune hens levels of antibody to infectious bronchitis (IBV) measured by the neutralisation test (NI values) decreased linearly with age. In 1‐day‐old chicks NI values were high, whereas they were zero in 30‐days‐old birds. Vaccination of 1‐day‐old chicks with high NI values by the conjunctival and intranasal routes with H 120 vaccine virus resulted 4 weeks later in an immunity that was as good as that obtained by vaccination of 20‐ and 15‐days‐old birds with lower levels of maternal antibody. In these age groups successful vaccination coincided with an obvious stimulation of the Harderian gland, resulting in increased numbers of plasma cells and lymphocytes. Two weeks after vaccination of 6 and 10‐days‐old birds an extensive degeneration of plasma cells was observed in the Harderian gland. Following challenge, these birds exhibited respiratory symptoms and histopathological changes in the trachea indicating an incomplete immunity. These results suggest a significant role of the Ha...
TL;DR: There was a marked difference in the number of reactions reported in females and males (the female‐male ratio was 1·6:1), and this difference increased with age, and the administration of vaccmial immune globulin was usually followed by a rapid resolution of the adverse reactions.
Abstract: Nine hundred and thirty-eight reports of adverse reactions of smallpox vaccination in Australia between 1960 and 1976 have been analysed according to the type of reaction, and the age and sex of vaccinee. In an estimated 5,000,000 vaccinations, the reaction rate was 188/million, and the death rate 1-5/million. Generalized vaccinia was the most common reaction. The more serious reactions--eczema vaccinatum, progressive vaccinia, and neurological and cardiac complications--accounted for 7-4% of the reports. A small number of rarely reported non-specific inflammatory reactions is also included. There was a marked difference in the number of reactions reported in females and males (the female-male ratio was 1-6:1), and this difference increased with age. Paradoxically, of eight reports of cardiac complications, seven concerned males. The administration of vaccinial immune globulin was usually followed by a rapid resolution of the adverse reactions.