Showing papers on "Vaccination published in 1978"

[The smallpox vaccination strain MVA: marker, genetic structure, experience gained with the parenteral vaccination and behavior in organisms with a debilitated defence mechanism (author's transl)].

Abstract: The MVA virus is a lab virus ideally suited for vaccination of both man and animal which can be differentiated from the known Vaccinia strains by the use of numerous biological markers. Its reduced virulence for the chick embryo, for experimental animals and for man is a particularly characteristic feature. With the exception of chick embryo fibroblasts, the MVA virus grows in cell cultures only abortively. This applies particularly to cells of human origin in which the cytopathic effect and plaque formation are completely missing. The restriction analysis of the DNS of the MVA virus demonstrates that its genetic structure differs from that of the CVA basic virus and other orthopox viruses. In contrast to the WHO reference strain Elstree, the MVA virus has a genome shortened by about 9 per cent. The use of the MVA virus for human vaccination is particularly indicated in persons to be vaccinated for the first time and likely to entail a risk (on account of allergies etc.) because it brings about a state of revaccination without complications. The MVA virus can be administered in intracutaneous, subcutaneous or intramuscular injections. Innocuoursness and successful vaccination have been demonstrated in more than 120000 persons. While other Vaccinia strains, such as the Elstree virus, experience a drastic increase of virulence in the immunosuppressed organism (subjected to whole-body irradiation), the MVA virus cannot be activated not even in this situation.

Vaccination and revaccination with polyvalent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccines in adults and infants.

Abstract: SummaryAdult persons developed substantial antibody increases against essentially all pneumococcal capsular types following injection of polyvalent pneumococcal vaccine containing 50 μg of each capsular polysaccharide per dose. Revaccination 13 months after the previous immunization did not evoke important further increases in antibodies and there was substantially greater local reaction at the injection site than when the previous dose was given. This finding appeared due to local reaction of antigens with circulating antibodies in the area of injection, since there was a correlation between the measured amount of circulating pneumococcal antibodies and the degree of reaction. Infants less than 2 years of age who were given a half-dose of vaccine generally responded poorly when compared with adults. In studies of 3- to 5-month-old infants, there was some increase _in antibodies when a booster dose of vaccine was given 6 months after the first. Very high level antibody responses against all capsular types...

Industrial development and field use of the canine hookworm vaccine.

Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the significant aspects of the research and development projects that facilitated licensing, production, and introduction of the canine hookworm vaccine in 1973. It describes the field experiences in its use by approximately 1500 veterinarians in practice in almost every state of the continental United States of America, and outlines the reasons for suspension of manufacture and hence sale in 1975. The chapter also investigates the possibilities of vaccinating dogs against diseases caused by hookworms. Unlike vaccines for the control of canine distemper or rabies, canine hookworm vaccine, is often administered to dogs with current or recent histories of infection. Therefore, post-vaccinal sequelae must be fully separated into two categories: those related to hookworm infection and bona fide vaccine-induced reactions. Inoculation of the vaccine is fully compatible with simultaneous vaccination against the common viral diseases of dogs.

Influenza immunization in systemic lupus erythematosus. A double-blind trial.

Abstract: Forty patients with systemic lupus erythematosus randomly received inactivated bivalent (A/NJ and A/Victoria) influenza vaccine or saline in a double-blind study. During 20 weeks of follow-up, no deterioration in major organ function or increase in disease flares was observed in the immunized group as compared with the group that received saline. Preimmunization antibody titers to A/Victoria were lower in the 40 patients with lupus erythematosus than in age-matched control subjects. Response to immunization, as measured by serum antibody titers, was also lower in the patients with lupus erythematosus, indicating that immune responses must be evaluated on an individual patient basis. Nevertheless, influenza vaccination can be safely carried out in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.

Protection against group B meningococcal disease. III. Immunogenicity of serotype 2 vaccines and specificity of protection in a guinea pig model.

Abstract: Protein vaccines were prepared from the serotype antigen of group B Neisseria meningitidis strain M986. The detergents Triton X-100, Emulphogene BC-720, and deoxycholate were used to removed the toxic lipopolysaccharide (LPS) portion of the serotype antigen. The LPS was most preferentially solubilized by Emulphogene. Guinea pigs were immunized with one or two doses of vaccine given intramuscularly without adjuvants and the antibody response quantitated by an enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay. Immunization with graded doses of vaccine between 25 to 200 microgram protein indicated a wide range of effective dosage and that a two-dose immunization schedule was superior to a single immunization. The vaccines elicited peak mean serum antibody levels of approximately 30 microgram/ml with bactericidal titers of 1:1,600-1:6,400. The peak antibody levels occurred 5-6 wk after immunization and persisted above preimmune levels for several months. To evaluate the protective effects of immunization, stainless steel springs were implanted subcutaneously into the guinea pigs. The resulting chambers, in unimmunized animals, could be infected with less than 100 type 2 organisms. A single 25-50 microgram dose of vaccine protected 50% of animals from challenge by 5 X 10(5) type 2 meningococci, and as little as 1 microgram vaccine significantly reduced the severity of infection. A two-dose immunization schedule was best and provided nearly complete protection for at least 4 mo against type 2 strains of meningococcal groups B, C, and Y.

Prevention of secondary cases of meningococcal disease in household contacts by vaccination.

Abstract: Household contacts of patients with group A meningococcal infection were vaccinated with either meningococcal vaccine or tetanus toxoid. Five of the 523 subjects who received tetanus toxoid developed meningococcal meningitis and another four probably had meningococcal disease. Only one possible case of meningococcal infection occurred among 520 contacts vaccinated with meningococcal vaccine. Vaccination had no effect on nasopharyngeal carriage of meningococci. Vaccination of household contacts of patients with group A meningococcal infections is an effective way of using limited supplies of meningococcal vaccine, though its value would be limited in an epidemic. Secondary cases of meningococcal infection often occur within a few days of the index case, and, although vaccine alone seemed to provide adequate prophylaxis in these Nigerian subjects, additional chemoprophylaxis may be needed to cover this critical period.

Influenzal vaccine response in systemic lupus erythematosus.

Abstract: The response of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and normal subjects to systemic immunization and boosting with influenza A vaccines was studied. Symptoms after vaccination were ...

Maternal immunity to infectious bovine rhinotracheitis and bovine viral diarrhea viruses: duration and effect on vaccination in young calves.

Abstract: The immune response to modified live-virus bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) vaccine and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) vaccine was examined in calves that had received passive maternal antibodies to these viruses. Blood serum samples from vaccinated and control (nonvaccinated) calves were examined for more than 1 year to determine the rate of decline of passive anti-BVD and anti-IBR antibodies and the effect that vaccination had on these antibody titers. The control calves lost their antibodies to BVD and IBR viruses at the rate of one half their remaining antibody titer every 21 days. Calves serologically responded to BVD vaccine at a time when maternal antibody titers remained between 1:96 and 1:20. However, animals did not seroconvert to the IBR vaccine until maternal antibodies had decreased and become undetectable. Evidence is presented to show that although passive immunity will inhibit IBR vaccination, priming for a secondary response will occur so that on subsequent vaccination, at a time when maternal antibodies have disappeared, the animals will respond anamnestically to IBR vaccination.

Protective studies with group A streptococcal M protein vaccine. III. Challenge of volunteers after systemic or intranasal immunization with Type 3 or Type 12 group A Streptococcus.

Abstract: Alum-precipitated and soluble, purified M protein vaccines were prepared from type 3 and type 12 group A Streptococcus. Adult volunteers were assigned to one of three groups: group I received placebo by both parenteral and intranasal routes; group 2 received vaccine parenterally (either type 3 or type 12) and placebo intranasally; and group 3 received placebo parenterally and vaccine intranasally (either type 3 or type 12). Subjects were inoculated three times at montly intervals. Thirty to 50 days after the last dose, all subjects were challenged with homologous streptococci applied to the oropharynx. Six subjects (30%) vaccinated subcutaneously had definite illness, three (15%) had probable illness, and 11 (55%) had no illness. In the group vaccinated intranasally, four (14%) had definite illness, two (7%) had probable illness, and 22 (79%) had no illness. Fifteen controls (42%) had definite illness, and 21 (58%) had no illness. The rate of colonization was significantly lower in recipients of intranasal vaccine. Average clinical scores and vaccine side effects were also decreased in subjects vaccinated intranasally. Induced serum antibody as measured by passive hemagglutination was not a reliable predictor of resistance to streptococcal pharyngitis. Penicillin was administered to all subjects five days after challenge. No sequelae of streptococcal infection or other complications occurred. Thus, local immunization with M protein apparently may reduce both colonization and clinical illness after challenge with homologous streptococci.

Immunotherapy of established micrometastases with Bacillus Calmette-Guérin tumor cell vaccine.

Abstract: We evaluated the use of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin admixed with tumor cells as a vaccine to induce systemic tumor immunity for therapy of subclinical (micrometastatic) disease. In several experiments inbred strain 2 guinea pigs were given i.v. injections of either 10(4), 10(5), or 10(6) syngeneic L10 hepatocarcinoma cells, and initial vaccinations were administered either 1 or 4 days after tumor inocluation. Variables in vaccine preparation, such as ratio of viable Bacillus Calmette-Guerin organisms to tumor cells, procedures for freezing the tumor cells, X-ray treatment of tumor cells, and vaccination regimen were evaluated. The studies demonstrated that under defined conditions nontumorigenic vaccines of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin and tumor cells can cure the majority of animals of otherwise lethal visceral micrometastases.

Vaccination against pox diseases under immunosuppressive conditions

Abstract: Pox diseases, caused either by smallpox virus or zoonotic pox viruses or animals, continue to be of potential danger to a non-vaccinated population. Mass vaccinations will become necessary and will then also be administered to persons with immunological aberrations. The vaccines which are presently used against smallpox cause severe complications in such hosts. In contrast, the attenuated vaccinia virus strain MVA is safe even under the conditions of immunosuppression and is recommended for the production of smallpox vaccines. Because of the special epizootic situations and the numerous immunosuppressive factors present in developing countries, the use of such a safe pox vaccine there is of crucial importance.

Antibody mediated mechanisms of immunity to malaria induced by vaccination with Plasmodium knowlesi merozoites.

Abstract: Rhesus monkeys vaccinated with merozoites in FCA are protected against challenge with several strains and variants of Plasmodium knowlesi. Vaccination induces sterilizing immunity which is species specific. Merozoite-blocking (inhibitory) antibody usually correlates with clinical immunity and protection can be passively transferred with immune sera provided these contain high levels of inhibitory antibody. However, vaccination using adjuvants other than FCA may induce inhibitory antibody without clinical protection. In addition, vaccinated animals may become susceptible to challenge 4-5 weeks after splenectomy, although inhibitory antibody levels are not reduced. These observations indicate that immunity induced by merozoite vaccination involves: (i) merozoite blocking (inhibitory) antibody, (ii) specific antibody or immune complexes acting synergistically with cytotoxic splenic cells stimulated by FCA.

The actions of interferon are potentiated at elevated temperature.

Abstract: INTERFERON was discovered1 because of its antiviral properties, but interferon preparations have other biological activities. These include inhibition of transplanted tumours in vivo2 and of cell multiplication in vitro3,4, as well as regulatory roles in the immune response5. The effects of interferon on immune responses in vivo and in vitro have mostly been known as inhibitory, in particular on B-cell functions, whereas we have discovered augmented killer T-cell generation in vitro in the presence of interferon6. As interferon is produced in vivo in the course of acute viral infections (or after vaccination) at a stage when the temperature of the host is elevated7–9 we have investigated the influence of increased temperature on some of the effects of interferon. We report here that elevated incubator temperatures potentiate the antiviral activity, the killer-augmentory properties and the growth-inhibitory action of interferon on a lymphoblastoid cell line (Daudi).

Clinical and serological evaluation of a meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine groups A, C, Y, and W135.

Abstract: SummaryThe clinical and serological testing of a groups A, C, and Y meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine is described. Some minor reactions were observed. High levels of bactericidal antibody to all three components were observed in 90% of the individuals 3 weeks after receiving the vaccine.

Effect of experimental infection with pseudorabies (Aujeszky's disease) virus on pigs with maternal immunity from vaccinated sows.

Abstract: Live-virus and inactivated-virus vaccines were used to immunize sows against pseudorabies (Aujeszky's disease) virus. To test the efficacy of the vaccination, 53 pigs of different ages were taken from the 1st and the 2nd litters of vaccinated sows and placed separately in isolation units. The pigs were challenge exposed with virulent pseudorabies virus and examined for clinical signs, virus excretion, and serologic reaction. The challenge inoculum caused severe nervous or respiratory signs of disease in 12 of the 13 control pigs, with a mortality of 76%. The pigs from the 1st litters of sows vaccinated with the live-virus vaccine did not become sick, whereas 2 of the 9 pigs (22%) from the 2nd litters had clinical signs and died of pseudorabies. All pigs from sows vaccinated with the inactivated-virus vaccine remained healthy. The results of virus isolation from oronasal swabs, combined with the serotest results, indicated that challenge exposure of all except 1 of the pigs resulted in a subclinical infection with the formation of active immunity.

Antigenic Drift and Efficacy of Influenza Virus Vaccines, 1976–1977

Abstract: A unique opportunity occurred in February 1977 to assess the efficacy of an influenza virus vaccine given to military personnel in doses of 400 chick cell-agglutinating (CCA) units of A/Victoria/3/75, 400 CCA units of A/New Jersey/76, and 500 CCA units of B/Hong Kong/72 viruses. After cessation of all influenza virus vaccine administration in mid-December 1976, approximately 200 unvaccinated U.S. Air Force personnel arrived per week beginning February 1, 1977, at Lowry Air Force Base, Denver, Colorado. Arriving unvaccinated personnel were assigned to one of 12 units with previously vaccinated personnel. A sharp outbreak of influenza A occurred on the base during February that was due to an A/Texas/1/77-like virus, a variant of the A/Victoria/3/75 prototpye. Fifty-four cases of influenza A were documented in the student population on the base. During the two-week peak of the outbreak, attack rates were 10-fold higher in unvaccinated than in vaccinated students, and the overall estimate of vaccine efficacy was 80%. Thus, despite animal tests suggesting considerable antigenic drift, a vaccine containing influenza A/Victoria/3/75 virus provided good protection against the variant strain.

Spray Vaccination : A Method for the Immunization of Fish

Abstract: An economical, efficacious vaccine delivery system for immunizing fish has been developed which employs a liquid spray apparatus operated at pressures up to 7.0 kg/cm2 (0 to 100 lb/in2). A bacterin consisting of formalin-killed Vibrio anguillarum culture was both antigenic and immunogenic when sprayed on coho salmon(Oncorhynchus kisutch)and rainbow trout(Salmo gairdneri). The technique, referred to as spray(shower)vaccination, was found to confer higher levels of immunity against virulent V. anguillarum than oral vaccination.

Immunization with a Human Diploid Cell Strain of Rabies Virus Vaccine: Two-Year Results

Abstract: Antibody responses following primary vaccination with 1.0 ml of intramuscularly (im) or 0.1 ml of intradermally (id) administered human diploid cell rabies virus vaccine were observed for two years. Three primary doses of vaccine were given to 77 volunteers on days 0, 28, and 56. An antibody response was detected in all vaccinees after a single dose; at one month, the response in the group that received vaccine id was identical to that in the group that was given vaccine im, although only 1 / 10th of the dose of vaccine was used. After the second and third doses, the antibody responses were higher with the primary im regimen; this difference was significant at two, three, and 12 months when the geometric mean titers of antibody were twofold higher for im than for id vaccination. The antibody responses to a booster dose of vaccine administered to randomly grouped volunteers by the subcutaneous or id routes at six, 12, or 24 months were similar irrespective of the method of primary immunization but were greater with increasing intervals between primary and booster doses.

Responses of patients with neoplastic diseases to influenza virus vaccine.

Abstract: Little information is available concerning influenza immunization in patients with malignancies receiving chemotherapy A large number of ambulatory patients are receiving chemotherapy for metastatic disease as well as adjuvant chemotherapy for microscopic disease, and they should be considered at higher risk for complications should they contract influenza Seventeen oncology patients and 15 control subjects were given bivalent influenza vaccine (A/NJ/ 76-A/Vic/75) and their serologic responses were monitored Although their responses were less than controls, nearly 50% of the oncology patients had a greater than fourfold rise in antibody titer, suggesting that a humoral antibody response could be achieved in spite of their underlying disease and immunosuppressive chemotherapy No adverse reactions or deterioration of patient's clinical status were noted with vaccination We conclude that significant antibody titer responses can be achieved in this population of patients Cancer 42:2244–2247, 1978

Effectiveness of cell-free or cell-associated turkey herpesvirus vaccine against Marek's disease in chickens as influenced by maternal antibody, vaccine dose, and time of exposure to Marek's disease virus.

Abstract: SUMMARY This study evaluated the protective ability of cell-free and cellassociated turkey herpesvirus (HVT) vaccine against Marek's disease (MD). Five variables were evaluated: cell-free versus cellassociated HVT, HVT-maternal antibody, dose of HVT, time of exposure to MDV, and comparison of MD challenge virus types. The results were highly suggestive that maternal antibody to HVT inhibited induction of viremia but also made the antibody response less uniform and delayed. The combined effect of HVTmaternal antibody on viremia and antibody development plus early exposure (1 week vs. 2 weeks) to MDV resulted in tumor development in chickens given a low dose of the HVT vaccine. Those results differed substantially from results obtained in birds without maternal antibody but vaccinated with the same doses of the HVT vaccine. One-day-old broiler chicks were vaccinated with cell-free or cell-associated HVT and challenged with various MD isolates designated as GA, EEF-1, BSF-1, BSF-2 and BSF-3. The EEF-1, BSF-1, and BSF-2 isolates of MD were obtained from farms with a high incidence of MD despite vaccination with the HVT vaccine. The BSF-3 isolate of MD was not as virulent as EEF-1, BSF-1, BSF-2, or GA. Chickens vaccinated with the cell-associated HVT

Severity of notified measles.

Abstract: The striking feature of these cases was the total ulceration of the oesophageal mucosa whereas the stomach was spared. Whether the lack of gastric ulceration was due to the type of epithelium, the presence of acid, mucus, or other local factors is unknown. Ulceration of the mouth and pharynx is almost universal after paraquat ingestion, and pain on swallowing and severe retrosternal discomfort have been reported,2 but oesophageal perforation is uncommon and has not been specifically cited as causing death. Its possible development should be remembered during management. Although paraquat should be removed from the stomach quickly, the immediate use of emetics causing further exposure of the oesophagus to paraquat may be contraindicated. Likewise early control of vomiting produced either by paraquat or Fuller's Earth may be important. Stomach washouts should be done with care because of the danger of oesophageal perforation.4 In neither of our cases was a definite perforation found, but there is little doubt that a small leak in the oesophagus led to mediastinitis and death.

Group A Meningococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine and Course of the Group A Meningococcal Epidemic in Finland

Abstract: A group A meningococcal epidemic started in Finland in 1973 and had its peak in 1974. Its rapid decline and end after large scale vaccinations in 1975-76, involving approximately one quarter of the population, is described. It gives further proof of the clinical efficacy of the group A polysaccharide vaccine. No corresponding increase in the other serogroups has been seen in the 1 1/2 years elapsed after these vaccinations.

Influenza vaccination in renal transplant recipients.

Abstract: Renal transplant recipients receiving immunosuppressive therapy are prone to major pulmonary infections. Development of influenza virus infection may lead to renal allograft damage or rejection. These patients should therefore be protected against influenza viruses by vaccination. A satisfactory antibody response was found in 12 (60%) of 20 renal transplant recipients vaccinated. Among 15 control subjects, the antibody response was satisfactory in all participants (100%). Factors that might play a role in suppression of antibody response include use of immunosuppressive drugs and renal allograft function. Immunization is safe and does not appear to affect renal allograft function. ( JAMA 239:840-842, 1978)

Protective effect of vaccination against Mycoplasma pulmonis respiratory disease in rats.

Abstract: Intravenous vaccination of rats with either viable or Formalin-inactivated Mycoplasma pulmonis reduced the incidence and severity of lower respiratory tract lesions after intranasal challenge with viable organisms. Intranasal vaccination with killed organisms reduced the severity of rhinitis, but did not affect lesions in any other region of the respiratory tract. The maximum protection against upper tract lesions (rhinitis, otitis, and laryngotracheitis) was provided by intravenous immunization with viable organisms. Dual vaccination (intraperitoneal plus intranasal) with killed organisms provided no significant protection in any segment of the tract. However, these ineffective vaccine regimens did not potentiate the lesions. These results conclusively demonstrate that vaccination of rats against mycoplasma respiratory disease is feasible and also suggest that systemic vaccination may provide greater protection for the lungs than intranasal vaccination, at least when equivalent antigen doses are used.