Showing papers on "Vaccination published in 1979"
TL;DR: Because of an increase in the number of reports of Guillian-Barre syndrome following A/New Jersey influenza vaccination, the National Influenza Immunization Program was suspended December 16, 1976 and nationwide surveillance for GBS was begun.
Abstract: Because of an increase in the number of reports of Guillian-Barre syndrome (GBS) following A/New Jersey influenza vaccination, the National Influenza Immunization Program was suspended December 16, 1976 and nationwide surveillance for GBS was begun. This surveillance uncovered a total of 1098 patients with onset of GBS from October 1, 1976, to January 31, 1977, from all 50 states, District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico. A total of 532 patients had recently received an A/New Jersey influenza vaccination prior to their onset of GBS (vaccinated cases), and 15 patients received a vaccination after their onset of GBS. Five hundred forty-three patients had not been recently vaccinated with A/New Jersey influenza vaccine and the vaccination status for 8 was unknown. Epidemiologic evidence indicated that many cases of GBS were related to vaccination. When compared to the unvaccinated population, the vaccinated population had a significantly elevated attack rate in every adult age group. The estimated attributable risk of vaccine-related GBS in the adult population was just under one case per 100,000 vaccinations. The period of increased risk was concentrated primarily within the 5-week period after vaccination, although it lasted for approximately 9 or 10 weeks.
698 citations
TL;DR: It is suggested that annual revaccination with inactivated influenza-A vaccine confers no long-term advantage.
296 citations
TL;DR: It is possible that immunization of pregnant women can provide sufficient protection of the newborn infants by transfer of antibodies through the placenta if (1) a more potent influenza vaccine, possibly used with booster dosing, is administered, and the women deliver just prior to or during the influenza season.
Abstract: The safety and immunogenicity of inactivated influenza virus vaccines in pregnant women have not been adequately investigated. In this study, 56 women received inactivated influenza A/New Jersey/76 virus vaccine during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy. No significant immediate reactions or increased fetal complications were associated with administration of the vaccine. The antibody response of the pregnant women to the vaccine was similar to that of nonpregnant adults. Forty mother-infant pairs were available for antibody surveillance. At delivery, reciprocal antibody titers of greater than or equal to 20 were present in 11 (42%) newborn (cord) sera and 15 (58%) maternal sera. Three months later, sera from only three infants (12%) contained this level of antibody. At six months, the serum of only one infant contained this level of antibody. At six months, the serum of only one infant contained detectable antibodies. Levels of passively transferred antibodies from prior maternal infection with influenza A/Victoria/75 virus also declined rapidly following birth. It is possible that immunization of pregnant women can provide sufficient protection of the newborn infants by transfer of antibodies through the placenta if (1) a more potent influenza vaccine, possibly used with booster dosing, is administered, and (2) the women deliver just prior to or during the influenza season.
149 citations
TL;DR: A field trial was carried out in the eastern part of the State of Minas Gerais (Brazil) of a vaccine containing killed promastigotes of five stocks of Leishmania, and a high proportion of the vaccinated persons became positive within three months, but circulating antibodies were not detected.
Abstract: A field trial was carried out in the eastern part of the State of Minas Gerais (Brazil) of a vaccine containing killed promastigotes of five stocks of Leishmania. Tests with Montenegro antigen showed that a high proportion of the vaccinated persons became positive within three months, but circulating antibodies were not detected. A proportion of those vaccinated continued to give positive Montenegro reactions for up to three years. Lymphocyte sensitivity tests carried out, on a small sample, three years after vaccination were positive and gave no evidence of immunological depression. No cases of cutaneous or mucocutaneous leishmaniasis occurred in the trial area during the three years of observations.
148 citations
TL;DR: The analysis supports continuation of vaccination in routine childhood immunization programs, but suggests the need for more reliable data on complications from the vaccine, further study of the epidemiology of pertussis and development of a less toxic vaccine.
Abstract: Using decision analysis, we estimated the benefits, risks and costs of routine childhood immunization against pertussis. Without an immunization program, we predict that there would be a 71-fold increase in cases and an almost fourfold increase in deaths (2.0 to 7.6) per cohort of one million children. With a vaccination program, we predict 0.1 case of encephalitis associated with pertussis and five cases of post-vaccination encephalitis; without a program, there would be only 2.3 cases of encephalitis associated with pertussis. Community vaccination would reduce by 61 per cent the costs related to pertussis. Our analysis supports continuation of vaccination in routine childhood immunization programs, but suggests the need for more reliable data on complications from the vaccine, further study of the epidemiology of pertussis and development of a less toxic vaccine.
130 citations
TL;DR: When immunized with trivalent measles-mumps-rubella vaccine, children who had persisting ENt measles and rubella titers had significantly lower mean antibody responses than children without detectable antibodies to the two viruses.
Abstract: • Sera from 42 mother-infant pairs were examined to determine the effect of passively acquired enhanced neutralizing (ENt) antibody on immunization. The ENt antibodies to measles, mumps, and rubella were greater in term newborns than in their mothers, with a mean ratio of 1.8:1, 1.3:1, and 1.2:1, respectively. In 21% to 25% of the children, these antibodies persisted until 12 months of age. When immunized with trivalent measlesmumps-rubella vaccine, children who had persisting ENt measles and rubella titers had significantly lower mean antibody responses than children without detectable antibodies to the two viruses. Persisting ENt mumps antibodies did not affect the postimmunization titers. Seroconversion rates to any of the three viruses were not different in children with or without preexisting ENt antibody. ( Am J Dis Child 133:1240-1243, 1979)
122 citations
TL;DR: A preliminary study of the NI antibody responses to vaccination indicated that all the whole virus and subunit vaccines stimulated serum NI antibodies in a proportion of recipients and all vaccines were clinically well tolerated.
117 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: It is suggested that a reminder postcard is an effective means to promote influenza vaccination and that beliefs about influenza vaccination are important determinants of vaccination behavior.
Abstract: The relationship of certain health beliefs to influenza vaccination and the effect of a postcard reminder on vaccination rates was studied among 232 high-risk patients. In agreement with the Health Belief Model tested, the patients vaccinated believed influenza to be more serious, believed they were more susceptible to influenza, and believed the vaccine to be more efficacious than did patients not vaccinated. Those not vaccinated were less satisfied with their medical care and felt the vaccine was more expensive than those vaccinated. A postcard reminding patients of influenza vaccination was an effective way to increase the vaccination rate. Patients receiving the card had a 59.7 percent vaccination rate compared to a 30.0 percent rate among those not receiving the postcard. This study suggests that a reminder postcard is an effective means to promote influenza vaccination and that these beliefs are important determinants of vaccination behavior.
112 citations
TL;DR: Postplenectomy sepsis in patients with Hodgkin's disease is related to a humoral immune deficiency probably induced by radiation and chemotherapy, and this immune deficiency persists for several years.
Abstract: Postsplenectomy, 41 patients previously treated for Hodgkin's disease were given pneumococcal vaccine, and type-specific antibody levels were measured before and after immunization. Postimmunization antibody levels in patients with Hodgkin's disease were significantly lower than those in normal control subjects for 10 of the 12 serotypes measured. Mean postimmunization antibody level for patients (587 +/- 427 ng of antibody nitrogen/mL) was much lower than that for control subjects (1787 +/- 694). Antibody levels tended to increase with time from therapy for Hodgkin's disease, and several patients who had not received therapy for more than 3 years had normal responses to immunization. Despite vaccination, one patient developed pneumococcal meningitis and another, pneumococcal bacteremia. Both infected patients had low postimmunization mean antibody levels (282 and 137 ng/mL, respectively). Postsplenectomy sepsis in patients with Hodgkin's disease is related to a humoral immune deficiency probably induced by radiation and chemotherapy, and this immune deficiency persists for several years.
109 citations
TL;DR: The safety and efficacy of influenza vaccination were studied in 32 healthy volunteers and in 62 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis, degenerative joint disease, and other rheumatic diseases as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The safety and efficacy of influenza vaccination were studied in 32 healthy volunteers and in 62 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis, degenerative joint disease, and other rheumatic diseases. These individuals, none of whom was acutely ill, were examined at the time of immunization and one week, three weeks, and four months later. Flare-ups of rheumatic disease following immunization were infrequent and usually minor. Seroconversion to A/New Jersey/76 developed in 62% to 87% of all individuals and to A/Victoria /75 in 62% to 69%. Antibody responses to A/New Jersey/76 were significantly lower in young patients taking glucocorticoids compared to those not taking glucocorticoids. The antibody responses to A/New Jersey/76 and A/Victoria/75 in patients with SLE were not different from normal responses. Administration of these vaccines was safe in these patients with stable disease and induced antibody responses in most individuals. ( JAMA 242:53-56, 1979)
106 citations
TL;DR: It is concluded that patients with systemic lupus erythematosus can be successfully immunized with pneumococcal vaccine without detectable alterations of the underlying disease.
Abstract: The immunogenicity and potential for disease modification of pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine in systemic lupus erythematosus were evaluated in a controlled, double-blind study Forty patients were randomly chosen to receive an intramuscular injection of either vaccine or placebo Changes in mean antibody concentrations (nanograms antibody nitrogen per milliliter serum) to 12 type-specific pneumococcal capsular antigens from prevaccination to one month after vaccination were 177 to 1045 in the vaccine (P less than 0001) and 164 to 153 in the placebo-treated patients In the month after vaccination, neither vaccine nor placebo-treated patients had a significant change in lupus disease activity as assessed by a composite clinical, laboratory, and serologic index We conclude that patients with systemic lupus erythematosus can be successfully immunized with pneumococcal vaccine without detectable alterations of the underlying disease
TL;DR: Bedding used by birds given vaccine A was shown to be capable of transmitting vaccinal virus to susceptible chickens, causing severe bursal damage, but only vaccine A protected the groups of maternally immune chickens.
Abstract: Two infectious bursal disease vaccines were administered to separate groups of maternally immune and susceptible chickens at various ages. Vaccine B caused no damage to the bursae of chickens examined histologically at nine and 20 days after vaccination. The bursae of chickens given vaccine A were shown to be severely damaged when similarly examined. Both vaccines protected all the susceptible groups against challenge, but only vaccine A protected the groups of maternally immune chickens. Susceptible chickens vaccinated at one day of age with vaccine A showed a lowered response to Hitchner B1 Newcastle disease vaccine given at 14 days of age, judged by the haemagglutination-inhibition response and Newcastle disease challenge. The performance of the Newcastle disease vaccine was not affected in chickens given vaccine B. Bedding used by birds given vaccine A was shown to be capable of transmitting vaccinal virus to susceptible chickens, causing severe bursal damage.
TL;DR: It appears that the Towne 125 strain of live human cytomegalovirus did not become latent in the host, at least in a form that could be reactivated.
Abstract: Significant morbidity and mortality are associated with primary cytomegalovirus infections in renal-transplant recipients. In the hope that immunity to cytomegalovirus could safely be established before transplantation, we vaccinated 12 seronegative renal-transplant candidates with the Towne 125 strain of live human cytomegalovirus. Before transplantation, there were no significant reactions except for erythema and induration at the site of inoculation. All vaccinees seroconverted, and the three patients tested acquired a cytomegalovirus-specific cellular immune response. Ten vaccinees underwent transplantation: Nine have completed at least 3 months of follow-up, and eight retain functioning allografts up to 1 year later. Although cytomegalovirus was isolated from six patients after transplantation, the restriction endonuclease patterns of the viral DNA of four of these isolates differed significantly from those of the vaccine strain. Therefore, it appears that the vaccine strain did not become latent in the host, at least in a form that could be reactivated.
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that pregnant women were able to respond to an original myxovirus antigen, influenza A/New Jersey/8/76, in a manner equivalent to nonpregnant, age-matched controls.
Abstract: The decision to implement a mass immunization program with A/New Jersey/8/76 (Hsw1N1) influenza vaccine provided a unique opportunity to evaluate immunological responses during pregnancy Fifty-nine pregnant and 27 nonpregnant women participated in this study Influenza virus hemagglutination-inhhibition antibody titers were determined to A/New Jersey/8/76 (Hsw1N1), A/Japan/305/57 (H2N2), and A/Hong Kong/8/68 (H3N2) before and after a single dose of monovalent (200 chick cell agglutination units) influenza A/New Jersey/8/76 (Hsw1N1) vaccine The difference in titers between pregnant and nonpregnant women was insignificant Treatment of the sera with 2-mercaptoethanol disclosed a similar immunoglobulin M response to the vaccine in both groups The mean fold rise in heterologous antibody titer was similar in pregnant and nonpregnant women This study demonstrated that pregnant women were able to respond to an original myxovirus antigen, influenza A/New Jersey/8/76, in a manner equivalent to nonpregnant, age-matched controls
TL;DR: It is concluded that virtually all tuberculous infections in unvaccinated subjects lead to pulmonary foci, which are demonstrable at autopsy and there is no evidence to support the suggestion that in man BCG vaccine can prevent the establishment of infection in an exposed subject.
TL;DR: The safety of and the immune response to simultaneous administration of live, enteric-coated adenovirus type 4, type 7, and type 21 vaccines were studied.
Abstract: The safety of and the immune response to simultaneous administration of live, enteric-coated adenovirus type 4 (ADV-4), type 7 (ADV-7), and type 21 (ADV-21) vaccines were studied. Volunteers (476 men), randomly assigned to four study groups, received three vaccines (ADV-4, ADV-7, and ADV-21), two vaccines (ADV-4 and ADV-7), one vaccine (ADV-21), or no vaccine (placebo). Subjects were observed for three weeks, and no side effects due to vaccination occured. The percentages of susceptible subjects (those entering the study with a neutralizing antibody titer of less than 1:2 to each vaccine virus received) who seroconverted to ADV-4 were similar in both groups that received ADV-4 vaccine (78% of 77 subjects and 74% of 76). However, in the group that received three vaccines, only 62% of 77 subjects seroconverted to ADV-7, compared with 79% of 76 in the group that received two vaccines (P less than 0.05). Only 58% of 77 subjects in the three-vaccine group seroconverted to ADV-21, compared with 69% of 59 in the group that received one vaccine (P greater than 0.1).
TL;DR: Successful immunisation of mice against the sexual stages of P. yoelii using formalin-fixed gametes results in very effective transmission-blocking immunity and the vaccinated mice were strongly protected against asexual erythrocytic stages of the parasite.
Abstract: It was possible to block the transmission of an infection of a rodent malaria parasite Plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis to Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes by immunising mice with a vaccine containing formalin-fixed gametes. A single dose of the gamete vaccine containing 2x106 male gametes given intravenously was effective in blocking completely the transmission of a blood induced challenge infection. The vaccine was also effective when given intramuscularly and immunity was found to last at least six months. Transmission blocking immunity was found to reside in a serum factor, probably antibody, and to be directed against extracellular gametes, acting on them in the gut of the mosquito while gametocytes in the circulation of the vertebrate host remained unaffected. A limited study involving experimental vaccination with formalin-fixed erythrocytic parasites was also undertaken. A crude erythrocytic stage vaccine protected mice against the asexual blood stages of a challenge infection and protection was found to be enhanced by killed Bordetella pertussis organisms used as an adjuvant. The gamete vaccine afforded partial protection against the disease. Immunisation with asexual parasites alone showed that this protection was due to the presence of asexual forms as contaminants and that anti-gamete immunity is stage specific. Factors affecting the infectiousness of gametocytes in a natural infection were also investigated. It was found that mice elaborate anti-gamete immunity in response to an infection which renders it non-infectious to mosquitoes after about the fifth day. In addition, gametocytes display a pattern of altered viability during the course of an infection where they lose the capacity to exflagellate. The possibility of this being either a manifestation of an intrinsic cycle of gametocyte development or immunity mediated by non-specific non-antibody factors that affect gametocytes within red cells is discussed.
TL;DR: The relationship between HLA determinants on effector and target cells and cell-mediated cytotoxicity was studied using the release of 51Cr from measles virus-infected PHA-blasts and it is suggested that HLA-dependent killer cells represent specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes.
Abstract: The relationship between HLA determinants on effector and target cells and cell-mediated cytotoxicity was studied using the release of 51Cr from measles virus-infected PHA-blasts. HLA compatibility between effector and target cells was not required if effector lymphocytes were derived from measles seropositive adults, from a patient with SSPE, and from children after live measles vaccination. Cytotoxicity was always abolished after removal of Fc receptor-bearing lymphoid cells. In these donors, the effect is, therefore, probably due to K cells. In contrast, lymphocytes from children with acute measles preferentially killed those virus-infected target cells with which they shared HLA antigens. Selective lytic activity was still observed after elimination of Fc receptor-bearing lymphoid cells. It is suggested that HLA-dependent killer cells represent specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. These cells seem to be limited to the acute phase of measles.
TL;DR: The degree of protection after vaccination with the Heq1N2Ch vaccine was less than that provided by the biphasic H3ChN2ch vaccine against the Port Chalmers strain, but it appeared to be similar in the two vaccine study groups against the Victoria strain.
Abstract: Three groups of children were immunized with an inactivated Port Chalmers (H3ChN2Ch) influenza vaccine (group A), a neuraminidase-specific (Heq1N2Ch) influenza vaccine (group B), or a placebo. Immunization induced seroconversion for H3Chand N2Ch-specific antibody in group A and for N2Ch antibody in group B. The protective efficacies observed against naturally acquired illness with the Port Chalmers strain of influenza A virus were 68.7% and 37.4010 in groups A and B, respectively, in comparison to the placebo group, and those against illness produced by the subsequent outbreak of the Victoria strain were 80.007o and 72.7010 . These data support the role of neuraminidase-specific immunization in protection against influenza. Although the degree of protection after vaccination with the Heq1N2Ch vaccine was less than that provided by the biphasic H3ChN2Ch vaccine against the Port Chalmers strain, it appeared to be similar in the two vaccine study groups against the Victoria strain. Specific immunoprophylaxis against infection with influenza A virus has been available for
TL;DR: Different rates of protection were observed in various groups of volunteers given trivalent subunit influenza virus vaccine during an epidemic caused by A/Victoria/3/75 strains of influenza virus in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, in 1976.
Abstract: Different rates of protection were observed in various groups of volunteers given trivalent subunit influenza virus vaccine during an epidemic caused by A/Victoria/3/75 strains of influenza virus in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, in 1976. The degree of protection varied from 80% protection from infection in one group to a moderation in the severity of clinical illness in a geriatric group. The response to immunization may depend on the previous experience of the vaccinees, and it may be necessary to use different dose schedules in different groups for optimal protection.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: A whole series of strategies must be taken into consideration to break the vicious circle of malnutrition-infection; some of these are: breastfeeding; an improved schedule of vaccinations; nutritional supplement, especially for hospitalized patients; and prevention of low birth weight.
Abstract: PIP: Recent epidemiological surveys have demonstrated the association between malnutrition and infectious diseases. Parasitic infections, diarrhea, pneumonia, hepatitis and tuberculosis are more frequent and most serious in undernourished people and in infants with low birth weight. Data suggest an increased susceptibility to infectious diseases in individuals with protein-energy malnutrition and with iron-deficiency anemia; circulating lymphocytes and intraepithelial lymphocytes are also reduced in cases of malnutrition. Due to impaired immunological response, the effectiveness of prophilactic vaccination is doubtful in undernourished people; there have been, for example, reports of geographical variations in the response of children to polio virus vaccine. A whole series of strategies must be taken into consideration to break the vicious circle of malnutrition-infection; some of these are: breastfeeding; an improved schedule of vaccinations; nutritional supplement, especially for hospitalized patients; and prevention of low birth weight.
TL;DR: A trail of influenza vaccination, with use of bivalent split virus vaccine (A/New Jersey/76 and A/Victoria/75), was conducted to compare the immunogenicity and reactions when vaccine was given by the subcutaneous and intradermal routes.
Abstract: A trail of influenza vaccination, with use of bivalent split virus vaccine (A/New Jersey/76 and A/Victoria/75), was conducted to compare the immunogenicity and reactions when vaccine was given by the subcutaneous and intradermal routes. Volunteers 18 to 24 years old were randomized into equal groups, one group receiving 0.1 ml of vaccine intradermally and the other receiving 0.5 ml subcutaneously. For the A/Victoria vaccine, the immunogenicity of the intradermal route seemed superior; for A/New Jersey vaccine, the routes were equivalent. Adverse reactions were minimal and equivalent for both groups. In times of vaccine shortage, the intradermal route is considered to stretch vaccine supplies. Field trials of new influenza vaccines should include evaluation of the immunogenicity of and adverse reactions caused by the same vaccine given by different routes in varied dosages.
TL;DR: Pneumonia due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa occurs with increased frequency and high mortality in certain populations of patients, and vaccination with a heptavalent lipopolysaccharide pseudomonas vaccine appears to produce a local protective response in respiratory tissue against pseudo-omonas.
Abstract: Pneumonia due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa occurs with increased frequency and high mortality in certain populations of patients. The potential of vaccination with a heptavalent lipopolysaccharide pseudomonas vaccine for specific protection of respiratory tissues from infection with Pseudomonas was evaluated with a guinea pig model of experimental pseudomonas pneumonia. Animals routinely responded to vaccination with a fourfold rise in titer of serum hemagglutinating antibody to Pseudomonas. Of 25 control animals, all but nine died after lung challenge with Pseudomonas, whereas vaccinated animals had a greater survival rate (22 of 25 animals survived; P < 0.01). Rates of clearance of viable Pseudomonas from lung tissue were significantly greater in vaccinated animals than in controls during the first 6 hr after infection. Both gross and microscopic findings of lung tissue damage from pseudomonas pneumonia were less in vaccinated than in control animals. Thus, lipopolysaccharide pseudomonas vaccine appears to produce a local protective response in respiratory tissue against Pseudomonas.
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TL;DR: If a safe and effective malaria vaccine were to be developed, its bulk manufacture and administration would require massive international support and cooperation.
Abstract: Malaria remains prevalent throughout tropical and subtropical regions and almost a third of the World's population is exposed to the risk of infection. There is currently a serious resurgence of the disease in Asia and Central America. The failure of global eradication measures based upon the use of insecticides and chemotherapy has resulted from difficulties of practical implementation compounded by the spread of insecticide and drug resistance. Repeated natural infection does not produce detectable resistance to the exo-erythrocytic cycle of malaria in man. Irradiated sporzoite vaccines do, however, induce stage specific immunity in murine malaria and in a proportion of human subjects. Vaccinated individuals remain susceptible to blood stage infection which causes clinical malaria. In addition the vaccine is unstable and must be administered by intravenous inoculation. Since neither sporogonic nor exo-erythrocytic parasite development is cyclical in human malarias, there is little prospect for vaccine production through cultivation of these stages. The inhabitants of hyperendaemic areas become increasingly resistant to malaria during childhood and adolescence, through the slow development of specific, acquired immunity to asexual blood stage parasites. Immunity is mediated by antibody, which blocks merozoite invasion of red cells, as well as by cell mediated mechanisms and non-specific cytotoxic agents. Vaccination with merozoites induces long lasting immunity of broad serological specificity active against the blood-stage of the parasite. Merozoite vaccines can be preserved by freeze drying and harvested from continuous cultures of blood stage parasites. The major problem in development of a human merozoite vaccine concerns the requirement for Freund's complete adjuvant which is not acceptable for man. The effective immunity induced by vaccination contrasts with the slow development of incomplete resistance which follows repeated natural infection. The latter is associated with the generation of immune suppressor cells, lymphoid cell mitogens and soluble antigens, and in some species by the occurrence of antigenic variation--all of which may favour parasite survival. It is probable that vaccination with non-viable antigen of appropriate composition, induces immune effector processes without activating mechanisms which allow parasites to escape the consequences of immunity. Many effective vaccines such as those against measles, poliomyelitis, tetanus and rabies are commercially available but barely used in the developing world. The affected nations cannot afford their purchase, nor do the means exist for their distribution. It follows that if a safe and effective malaria vaccine were to be developed, its bulk manufacture and administration would require massive international support and cooperation.
TL;DR: All vaccinated animals were maintained tick-free and were strongly immune to challenge with a heterologous strain of B. bovis approximately 4 years after vaccination.
Abstract: Sixty calves, 3 to 6 months old, were vaccinated once against Babesia bovis in groups of 10, by the following methods: (a) tick infestation; (b) inoculation of virulent parasites obtained from the tick-infested animals immediately after infection; (c) inoculation of the parasites used in (b) attenuated by passage through splenectomised calves; (d) inoculation of commercially-available, living, attenuated vaccine; (e) inoculation of virulent parasites obtained from the tick-infested animals in (a) one year after infection; (f) inoculation of the parasites used in (e) attenuated by passage. All vaccinated animals were maintained tick-free and were strongly immune to challenge with a heterologous strain of B. bovis approximately 4 years after vaccination. There was no difference in immunogenicity between any of the B. bovis populations.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Data indicate that control of virulent AIV in chickens and turkeys by vaccination with inactivated vaccines may be feasible.
Abstract: Chickens and turkeys vaccinated with inactivated virus oil-emulsion vaccines containing different concentrations of either 1 (monovalent) or 4 (polyvalent) strains of avian influenza virus (AIV) were challenged-exposed with virulent AIV A/chicken/Scotland/59 or A/turkey/Ontario/7732/66. Four of 6 vaccines protected completely against postexposure mortality. Vaccine valency did not alter the serologic and challenge-exposure responses of chickens vaccinated with AIV A/turkey/Wisconsin/68, which was the virus component common to both monovalent and polyvalent vaccines. The magnitude of the serologic responses and protection against challenge-exposure were dependent on the concentration of virus in the vaccines. These data indicate that control of virulent AIV in chickens and turkeys by vaccination with inactivated vaccines may be feasible.
TL;DR: Trypanocidal chemotherapy (diminazine aceturate) administered on the same day as vaccination largely restored the competence of the immune response of both mice and cattle infected with T congolense.
TL;DR: The findings suggest that patients with hematologic malignancies who are receiving chemotherapy at the time of vaccination are unlikely to attain seroconversion to protective antibody levels with influenza vaccine.
Abstract: Bivalent influenza vaccine (containing antigens A/Victoria and A/New Jersey) was administered to 52 patients with hematologic malignancies, and pre- and postvaccination antibody titers to both antigens were determined by hemagglutination-inhibition. In comparison to healthy controls, mean antibody titer elevations were lower for both antigens in all disease groups, being significant (p less than 0.05) for A/Victoria in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, acute leukemia and lymphoproliferative diseases, and for A/New Jersey in patients with Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. In comparison to controls, significant depression of antibody response to both antigens was seen in patients on combination chemotherapy (p less than 0.0005), to a lesser extent in patients on daily single alkylating agent chemotherapy (p less than 0.05), while untreated patients did not differ significantly. Lymphopenia and depressed immunoglobulin levels were associated with a higher failure rate in eliciting "protective" greater than or equal to fourfold antibody titer increases. The findings suggest that patients with hematologic malignancies who are receiving chemotherapy at the time of vaccination are unlikely to attain seroconversion to protective antibody levels with influenza vaccine.
TL;DR: Pneumococcal and influenza virus vaccines given at the same time into opposite arms showed no important reduction in antibody response to either vaccine and there was no increase in local or systemic reactions compared with that found when the vaccines were given alone.
Abstract: SummaryCurrent pneumococcal vaccine contains 14 specific capsular polysaccharide antigens, each in 50-γg amount. Reduction of dosage to 25 or 12.5 γg per type gave reduced antibody responses in human subjects for most of the serotypes and these were less than current requirements of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Specific antibody following vaccination declines slowly and there was no worthwhile increase in antibody on revaccination 1 to 1.5 years following prior vaccination. Reduction in the dosage of antigen to one-half or one-fourth the 50 γg per antigen amount eliminated the enhanced local and systemic reactions noted previously when the full vaccine amount was given but the time interval between vaccination and revaccination was not long enough to test for the ability of the reduced dose to restimulate antibody production. Pneumococcal and influenza virus vaccines given at the same time into opposite arms showed no important reduction in antibody response to either vaccine and there was no in...