Showing papers on "Vaccination published in 1985"
TL;DR: An understanding of the relationship between the transmission dynamics of infectious agents and herd immunity provides a template for the design of effective control programmes based on mass immunization.
Abstract: An understanding of the relationship between the transmission dynamics of infectious agents and herd immunity provides a template for the design of effective control programmes based on mass immunization. Mathematical models of the spread and persistence of infection provide important insights into the problem of how best to protect the community against disease.
659 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The epidemiological techniques available for measuring vaccine efficacy are described and a practical approach to their use is recommended, including screening, outbreak investigations, secondary attack rates in families or clusters, vaccine coverage assessment, and case-control studies.
Abstract: This paper describes the epidemiological techniques available for measuring vaccine efficacy and recommends a practical approach to their use. The efficacy of vaccines in clinical use can be determined by a variety of means including screening outbreak investigations secondary attack rates in families or clusters vaccine coverage assessment and case-control studies. They all offer a means of monitoring vaccine programs under conditions of day-to-day vaccine use. A table summarizes the different techniques for measuring efficacy. The screening technique is the most useful and rapid means of determining whether there is a problem with a vaccine. All that is required is a reliable estimate of the proportion of cases occurring in vaccinated individuals and an estimate of the vaccine coverage in the population at risk. If the estimated efficacy is within expected limits more detailed studies are not warranted. If the results suggest low efficacy more rigorous methods are necessary to assess the efficacy more accurately. Of the more accurate methods available outbreak investigation offers the simplest means of measuring vaccine efficacy and is the preferred technique if the situation permits. The biases inherent in the method can be minimized particularly if the disease incidence rate is high during the outbreak and accurate records exist. In large populations the underlying immunization status prior to the outbreak can be estimated using the same cluster sampling method used in coverage assessments. Calculation of secondary attack rates in families is also an excellent and accurate means of measuring vaccine efficacy and is an acceptable alternative to the outbreak investigation. Vaccine coverage methods in endemic areas are best suited to urban areas where the measles incidence rate is high after age 11 months and low before 12 months and maternal histories of disease are thought to be accurate. Case-control studies are best suited to areas where reliable personal immunization records may be difficult to find but other information such as clinic records may be available. No epidemiological method is perfect because it cannot exactly duplicate the experimental conditions of a prospective randomized clinical trial. The most accurate results will be obtained when biases are anticipated and corrective measures are taken whenever possible. Clinical vaccine efficacy determinations are carried out in order to assess whether the observed pattern of illness is consistent with the proper use of a highly effective vaccine. The components of a vaccine efficacy evaluation -- case definition case ascertainment and vaccination status determination -- apply to studies on all vaccines.
495 citations
TL;DR: Analysis of case notification records and serological data suggest that apparent age-dependency in attack rate acts to reduce slightly the predicted levels of herd immunity required for the eradication of infections such as measles, when compared with the predictions of models based on age-independent transmission.
Abstract: Mathematical models are developed to aid in the investigation of the implications of heterogeneity in contact with infection within a community, on the design of mass vaccination programmes for the control of childhood viral and bacterial infections in developed countries. Analyses are focused on age-dependency in the rate at which individuals acquire infection, the question of 'who acquires infection from whom', and the implications of genetic variability in susceptibility to infection. Throughout, theoretical predictions are based on parameter estimates obtained from epidemiological studies and are compared with observed temporal trends in disease incidence and age-stratified serological profiles. Analysis of case notification records and serological data suggest that the rate at which individuals acquire many common infections changes from medium to high and then to low levels in the infant, child and teenage plus adult age groups respectively. Such apparent age-dependency in attack rate acts to reduce slightly the predicted levels of herd immunity required for the eradication of infections such as measles, when compared with the predictions of models based on age-independent transmission. The action of maternally derived immunity in prohibiting vaccination in infants, and the broad span of age classes over which vaccination currently takes place in the U.K., however, argue that levels of herd immunity of between 90 and 94% would be required to eliminate measles. Problems surrounding the interpretation of apparent age-related trends in the acquisition of infection and their relevance to the design of vaccination programmes, are discussed in relation to the possible role of genetically based variation in susceptibility to infection and observations on epidemics in 'virgin' populations. Heterogeneous mixing models provide predictions of changes in serology and disease incidence under the impact of mass vaccination which well mirror observed trends in England and Wales.
309 citations
TL;DR: All of the uninfected infants have retained high levels of antibody to surface antigen, suggesting that they have had an active immune response to the vaccine and should have long-term protection against hepatitis B virus.
Abstract: Among infants born to women in whom sera are positive for both the hepatitis B surface antigen and the e antigen, 85% to 90% are infected with hepatitis B virus and become chronic hepatitis B surface antigen carriers. In a study to assess the effectiveness of passive-active prophylaxis (hepatitis B immune globulin and hepatitis B vaccine) of such infants, we screened 18,842 pregnant Asian-American women: 8.7% were positive for hepatitis B surface antigen and 3.0% were also positive for hepatitis B e antigen. Thus far, 113 infants have received hepatitis B immune globulin (0.5 mL at birth) and hepatitis B vaccine (three 20-μg doses beginning at birth or at 1 month) and have been followed up for nine to 18 months. Among these infants, 16 have become chronic carriers, an incidence of only 14.2%. All of the uninfected infants have retained high levels of antibody to surface antigen, suggesting that they have had an active immune response to the vaccine and should have long-term protection against hepatitis B virus. ( JAMA 1985;253:1740-1745)
250 citations
TL;DR: Experience in Cuba, Brazil, and in the Dominican Republic has shown that the strategy of annual short-term vaccination of all children in the most susceptible age groups can rapidly eliminate the disease from tropical and subtropical countries.
Abstract: Oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) is like no other live virus vaccine used in humans: vaccine strains multiply extensively in the intestinal tract, are widely disseminated in the family and community, and immunize a large proportion of the unvaccinated population. During the search for optimal strains for vaccine use, motor neurons in the spinal cord of chimpanzees (and by extrapolation those of humans) were found to be much more resistant to polioviruses than those of monkeys; the reverse was true for the alimentary tract. Various biologic properties of polioviruses also varied quantitatively over a wide spectrum and were genetically distinct. The phenomenon of somewhat increased neurovirulence for monkeys, but not for chimpanzees, encountered in excreted virus was extensively studied in families, in children's homes, and finally among hundreds of thousands of susceptible children and adults in areas where only 50% of the susceptible population received OPV; these studies did not reveal evidence of danger. During the past 20 years approximately 5 million cases of paralytic poliomyelitis were probably prevented by OPV in predominantly temperate-climate countries inhabited by approximately 2 billion people. OPV has also been used less extensively and not optimally in many tropical and subtropical countries, where paralytic poliomyelitis is now known to be an important public health problem, with reduction in numbers of cases but not elimination of the disease except in some countries with better health services. Experience in Cuba during the past 21 years, in Brazil during the past 5 years, and in the Dominican Republic during the past 2 years has shown that the strategy of annual short-term vaccination of all children in the most susceptible age groups can rapidly eliminate the disease from tropical and subtropical countries.
243 citations
TL;DR: Overall, vaccine efficacy declined from 87% 1 year after vaccination to 70% and 54% at 2 and 3 years, respectively, and a single dose of group A meningococcal vaccine does not yield lasting clinical protection in children less than 4 years of age.
243 citations
TL;DR: A simple mathematical model is described which mirrors the development of a degree of acquired immunity within populations which are genetically heterogeneous with respect to immunological responsiveness and suggests that effective parasite control by vaccination is difficult to achieve in communities that are geneticallyheterogeneous in their ability to mount protective responses to infection.
Abstract: Despite much research on immunological responses to helminth parasites, knowledge of the dynamic interplay between levels of herd immunity in humans and the rates of exposure, establishment and mortality of parasites remains limited. We describe here a simple mathematical model for the population dynamics of helminth infections which mirrors the development of a degree of acquired immunity within populations which are genetically heterogeneous with respect to immunological responsiveness. We interpret observed patterns in the age-specific intensity of infection and attempt to understand the possible effects of control measures based on chemotherapy and vaccination. Mass chemotherapy can, in some circumstances, reduce the level of herd immunity such that average worm burdens in the adult age classes rise above their precontrol levels. When certain individuals or groups are predisposed to heavy infection, selective or targeted drug treatment can have significantly greater impact than mass or random application. Conversely, model predictions suggest that effective parasite control by vaccination (if and when vaccines become available) is difficult to achieve in communities that are genetically heterogeneous in their ability to mount protective responses to infection.
230 citations
TL;DR: Compared reductions in disease-associated complications, sequelae, and deaths are gained with an immunization program, and savings realized due to the use of combination rather than single antigen vaccine total nearly $60 million.
Abstract: For a single year, 1983, we compared the actual and estimated morbidity, mortality, and costs attributable to measles, mumps, and rubella with having or not having a childhood immunization program using the combined measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine. Without an immunization program, an estimated 3,325,000 cases of measles would occur as compared to 2,872 actual cases in 1983 with a program. Instead of an expected 1.5 million rubella cases annually, there were only 3,816 actual cases. Mumps cases were lowered from an expected 2.1 million to 32,850 actual cases. Comparable reductions in disease-associated complications, sequelae, and deaths are gained with an immunization program. Without a vaccination program, disease costs would have been almost $1.4 billion. Based on the actual incidence of disease in 1983, costs were estimated to be approximately +14.5 million. Expenditures for immunization, including vaccine administration costs and the costs associated with vaccine reactions, totaled $96 million. Th...
190 citations
TL;DR: Overall, the implementation of routine childhood immunization against HIB at 18 months of age was the most cost-effective strategy and could prevent the most disease.
Abstract: Hemophilus influenzaetype b (HIB) is the leading cause of bacterial meningitis in the United States. Efforts are under way to develop vaccines immunogenic in children younger than 18 months, but clinical efficacy of a previously developed HIB polysaccharide vaccine has already been established in children aged 18 months or older. We developed a cost-effectiveness model to evaluate immunizing US children with this HIB polysaccharide vaccine pending development of a more immunogenic product. The model permitted comparison of the impact of alternative strategies for use of the vaccine, including universal use at 18 or 24 months of age, use of a second dose after primary immunization, and use in high-risk groups such as day-care-center attendees. Universal vaccination at 18 or 24 months of age resulted in similar estimates of disease prevented, as a consequence of the higher expected efficacy and duration of immunity for the vaccine when given at 24 months. Overall, the implementation of routine childhood immunization against HIB at 18 months of age was the most cost-effective strategy. Universal vaccination at 18 months of age combined with a second dose for day-care—center attendees would substantially increase the number of cases prevented, with a minimal increase in costs. Universal vaccination with a two-dose schedule beginning at 18 months of age could prevent the most disease. (JAMA1985;253:521-529)
169 citations
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that immunization with a purified viral protein can provide significant protection against primary genital infection by HSV-2 in guinea pigs.
Abstract: Guinea pigs were vaccinated with truncated herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) glycoprotein D produced in the genetically engineered mammalian cell line gD10.2. Vaccinated animals formed antibodies that neutralized both HSV-1 and herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) in an in vitro neutralization assay. Vaccinated animals were challenged with HSV-2 by intravaginal infection. Animals that received the immunogen in Freund's complete adjuvant were completely protected from the clinical manifestations of genital HSV-2 infection. Animals that received the immunogen incorporated in alum adjuvants were partly protected from clinical disease; the infections that did develop were significantly less severe than those that occurred in control animals injected with adjuvant alone. The results demonstrate that immunization with a purified viral protein can provide significant protection against primary genital infection by HSV-2 in guinea pigs.
167 citations
TL;DR: It is concluded that epidemic infantile winter diarrhea associated with human rotaviruses can be significantly reduced by vaccination with the live attenuated RIT 4237 bovine rotavirus vaccine before the epidemic season.
TL;DR: Data support the World Health Organization recommendation to administer measles vaccine in under-developed countries as soon after nine months of age as possible, regardless of nutritional status or the presence of minor illnesses.
Abstract: To study the factors affecting the serologic response to measles vaccination, we evaluated 595 Haitian infants from 6 through 12 months of age, and their mothers, at the beginning of an immunization program. Thirty-four per cent of the infants had preexisting serologic evidence of measles infections by 11 months of age. Among infants more than nine months of age, those who had had measles had a significantly lower nutritional status than those who had not (P less than 0.01). After vaccination, seroconversion rates increased from 45 per cent at 6 months to 100 per cent at 12 months. The lowest rate of vaccine failure compatible with acceptably low rates of natural infections could be achieved by vaccination after eight months of age. Infants born to mothers with low levels of antibody to measles (hemagglutination-inhibition antibody titers less than 1:40) were significantly more likely to have had natural measles (P less than 0.01) or to have seroconversion after vaccination (P less than 0.001) at 6 to 10 months of age than were infants born to mothers with higher of age than were infants born to mothers with higher titers. Malnutrition and acute infections did not affect seroconversion rates. These data support the World Health Organization recommendation to administer measles vaccine in under-developed countries as soon after nine months of age as possible, regardless of nutritional status or the presence of minor illnesses.
TL;DR: Despite all that has been learned about influenza virus in the years since its isolation, no method of cure or control has yet been found and prospects for chemotherapy are uncertain.
Abstract: Despite all that has been learned about influenza virus in the years since its isolation (SMITH et al. 1933), no method of cure or control has yet been found. Vaccination, so successful against polio and smallpox, is frustrated by antigenic variation of the two surface glycoproteins of the virus, and prospects for chemotherapy are uncertain.
TL;DR: Infants born to carrier mothers positive for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) or HBeAg-negative mothers received 5 micrograms of hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccine on four occasions.
Abstract: Infants born to carrier mothers positive for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) received 5 micrograms of hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccine on four occasions. Group 1 received vaccine only, group 2 received vaccine plus hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG) at birth, and group 3 received vaccine plus HBIG at birth and at one month. Infants born to HBeAg-positive mothers (group 4) received a reduced dose of vaccine (2.5 micrograms) on three occasions as well as HBIG at birth. As compared with 78.4% of the control group (infants whose parents refused vaccination) who became chronic HBV carriers at the age of 14 months, the protective efficacy rate of vaccination was 75.3% in group 1,85.5% in group 2,89.7% in group 3, and 87.2% in group 4. HBV vaccine (5 micrograms) was also given to infants born to HBsAg-positive, HBeAg-negative mothers on four on four occasions. The antibody response to HBsAg in vaccine recipients was 12% after the first dose, 44% after the second dose, and 75% and 100% at six months and 1.5 years of age, respectively.
TL;DR: Demonstration of cross-protection against Listeria monocytogenes was evident, but had a later onset, waned by 21 days, and was not detectable by 1 month after vaccination, consistent with the interpretation that SL3235 induces cellular immunity.
Abstract: Immunization with avirulent Salmonella typhimurium strain SL3235, a smooth, aroA- derivative, was shown to induce high levels of resistance to challenge with virulent S. typhimurium in innately hypersusceptible C3H/HeJ mice and inherently resistant C3H/HeNCrlBR mice. Strain SL3235 is one of a class of avirulent aroA- derivatives made from various strains and species of Salmonella that are being considered as vaccine candidates for cattle and humans. This paper supports their efficacy and potential utility in this regard. In C3H/HeJ mice, immunity against over 1,000 50% lethal doses of virulent S. typhimurium was evident as early as 3 days after immunization and persisted for at least 7 months. Further, the vaccine was effective over a broad spectrum of doses, ranging from 10(4) to 10(6) organisms. Infection with SL3235 led to marked splenomegaly in both mouse strains. The relationship of splenomegaly to the growth kinetics and colonization by SL3235 in the spleens of infected C3H/HeJ and C3H/HeNCrlBR mice was followed. SL3235 initially multiplied slowly in the spleens of both mouse strains and then was rapidly cleared. Less multiplication was seen in the resistant C3H/HeNCrlBR mice than in C3H/HeJ mice. Maximum splenomegaly occurred after clearance of the organism had begun. Protection against virulent S. typhimurium persisted after virtually all of the SL3235 vaccine strain had been cleared from the spleen. Cross-protection against Listeria monocytogenes was evident, but had a later onset, waned by 21 days, and was not detectable by 1 month after vaccination. Demonstration of this cross-protection is consistent with the interpretation that SL3235 induces cellular immunity. One-week immune spleen cells adoptively transferred anti-S. typhimurium and anti-L. monocytogenes immunity. T cell-enriched fractions were ineffective in adoptive transfer, as were spleen cells taken 2 weeks or later after immunization. Protective capacity was in the adherent cell fraction and seemed to be associated with macrophages. Evidence for induction of a population of sensitized T cells was obtained by using a peritoneal exudate T-lymphocyte proliferation assay on peritoneal T lymphocytes collected 1 to 3 months after SL3235 infection.
TL;DR: The data demonstrate that 0.1 mL of inactivated hepatitis B virus vaccine (Heptavax-B) intradermally is immunogenic in healthy adults and vaccination by this regimen can broaden hepatitis Birus disease prevention.
Abstract: High cost and limited availability of the current hepatitis B virus vaccine lead to underutilization. To address this problem, we performed a vaccine trial comparing the currently recommended regimen of 20 μg of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) intramuscularly on days 0, 30, and 180, with a more economical regimen of 2 μg of HBsAg intradermally on days 0, 30, and 180. This trial was performed in 50 seronegative health care workers to assess the immunogenicity and local reactogenicity of both vaccine regimens. We found no significant difference in seroconversion between the intradermal group (96%) and the intramuscular group (100%). Mean ratios of test sample value to mean negative control value for antibody to HBsAg at 360 days were not significantly different (intradermal group, 84 ±26; intramuscular group, 120 ±22). Reactions in both groups were minor. Although the optimal dose of HBsAg was not investigated, our data demonstrate that 0.1 mL of inactivated hepatitis B virus vaccine (Heptavax-B) intradermally is immunogenic in healthy adults. Vaccination by this regimen can broaden hepatitis B virus disease prevention. ( JAMA 1985;254:3203-3206)
TL;DR: Results indicate rotavirus immunoglobulin G1 antibodies in colostrum and milk were elevated after intramuscular and intramammary vaccination of pregnant cows with an Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center rotav virus vaccine but not after intramsuscular immunization with a commercial rota-coronavirus vaccine.
TL;DR: Tuberculin testing of persons from countries with high rates of tuberculosis is recommended, but many of these persons have a history of vaccination with bacille Calmette-Guerin, which makes the interpretation of tuberculin skin tests more difficult.
Abstract: THE CENTERS for Disease Control and the American Thoracic Society recommend tuberculin testing of persons from countries with high rates of tuberculosis. 1 Many of these persons have a history of vaccination with bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG), which makes the interpretation of tuberculin skin tests more difficult. Vaccination with BCG usually leads to the acquisition of tuberculin sensitivity, but the degree of tuberculin sensitivity is highly variable, depending on the vaccine strain used, vaccine dosage, method of vaccine administration, age at vaccination, nutritional status of the vaccine, and factors known to influence the reaction to tuberculin skin tests. The persistence of tuberculin sensitivity during the months and years after BCG vaccination is also highly variable and, in addition to the previously mentioned factors, depends on the frequency of tuberculin testing after vaccination, frequency of repeat vaccinations, exposure to nontuberculosis mycobacteria, and infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis . 2-11 There is no reliable way
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The incidence of pneumonia was significantly reduced in the vaccinated group but the mortality rate was not modified, and the concluded in favor of the effectiveness of pneumococcal vaccine: etiological fraction 77.1% (51.2%-89.3% confidence limits, 95% risk).
Abstract: Pneumococcal vaccine effectiveness was assessed in a randomized trial among 1,686 old people (mean age: 74, standard deviation: 4 years) living in 24 geriatric hospitals and 26 homes for the aged in our district; 937 were vaccinated with Merck-Sharp and Dohme pneumococcal vaccine (14 serotypes). The 749 others composed the reference group. This study was performed during 2 years, since December 1980. Both groups were randomized after a two-criteria stratification: by clinical risk assessed before the study, and by type of homes for the aged. Forty pneumonias were diagnosed, with 13 proved pneumococcal etiology. The incidence of pneumonia was significantly reduced in the vaccinated group (p less than 10(-4) but the mortality rate was not modified. We concluded in favor of the effectiveness of pneumococcal vaccine: etiological fraction 77.1% (51.2%-89.3% confidence limits, 95% risk) in the population we studied. The incidence of pneumococcal-proved pneumonia was not significantly reduced.
TL;DR: Since 10% of the present population were unprotected against tetanus it seems advisable to increase the immunity against diphtheria and tetanus by routine revaccination with a combined diphTheria-tetanus vaccine.
TL;DR: Live vaccination not only stimulates a more durable serum antibody response, but also induces long‐lasting local respiratory tract IgA antibody that may play an important role in host protection.
Abstract: A comparison of inactivated intramuscular and live intranasal influenza A vaccines in young children undergoing primary immunization might be expected to show differences in serum and local mucosal antibody responses. To demonstrate such differences, serum and local respiratory tract antibody responses of young children vaccinated with intranasal live, attenuated, cold-adapted (H3N2 or H1N1), or intramuscular inactivated (H3N2) influenza A vaccines were examined for one year after vaccination. Antibody responses were measured by hemagglutination-inhibition (HAI) and class-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). One year after vaccination, live intranasal vaccinees had significantly less decay of serum HAI (p = 0.025) and IgG antibody (p = 0.01) directed against the influenza hemagglutinin and neuraminidase than did intramuscular inactivated vaccinees. Nasal secretory IgA developed almost exclusively in live vaccinees and persisted for up to one year. Persistent nasal secretory IgG was detected in both live and inactivated vaccinees. Live vaccination not only stimulates a more durable serum antibody response, but also induces long-lasting local respiratory tract IgA antibody that may play an important role in host protection.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Calves responded well to bovine virus diarrhea and infectiousbovine rhinotracheitis vaccines given only once at 196 days of age after passive immunity disappeared.
Abstract: This report presents the normal rate of decay of maternal antibody and the influence of maternal antibody on responses to a single vaccination with modified-live bovine virus diarrhea and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus vaccines at 196 days of age and on response to vaccinations with the same vaccines given twice at 84 and 196 days of age. Passive immunity decreased to near zero over the first six months of life for both bovine virus diarrhea and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis controls. All calves seroconverted to bovine virus diarrhea vaccine at 84 days of age, even though high levels (greater than 1:32) of maternal antibodies were present. These calves did not seroconvert to infectious bovine rhinotracheitis vaccine at 84 days of age when high levels (less than 1:16) of maternal antibodies were present. Calves responded well to bovine virus diarrhea and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis vaccines given only once at 196 days of age after passive immunity disappeared. Calves which were revaccinated with infectious bovine rhinotracheitis seroconverted showing a more rapid response than the single vaccinates. Those revaccinated with bovine virus diarrhea showed an immediate response of small magnitude.
TL;DR: As a result of intensive efforts to vaccinate children, measles and its attendant complications of encephalitis and death have declined more than 99% from the prevaccine era.
Abstract: As a result of intensive efforts to vaccinate children, measles and its attendant complications of encephalitis and death have declined more than 99% from the prevaccine era. Similarly, subacute sclerosing panencephalitis has declined markedly. Measles vaccine has been demonstrated to be extremely safe, as well as extremely effective. The health and resource benefits due to vaccination against measles during the first 20 years of vaccine licensure have been enormous. In this period it is estimated that vaccination against measles has prevented 52 million cases, 5,200 deaths, and 17,400 cases of mental retardation, achieving a net savings of $5.1 billion. These substantial health and resource benefits of measles vaccination will continue to accrue in the future.
TL;DR: In the vaccine recipients a positive skin test reaction to VZV was observed as early as four to five days after immunization, and antibody appeared later, and Virus was not isolated from blood and throat of the vaccinees from three to 14 days after Immunization.
Abstract: Replication of varicella-zoster virus (VZV) and immunologic responses to VZV were examined by a sensitive culture technique for viral isolation and standard immunologic assays in children after close exposure to wild-type VZV or after inoculation with strain Oka varicella vaccine. Naturally infected children who developed clinical varicella had viremia between five days before and one day after clinical onset of disease, with the highest isolation rate one and two days before onset, and seroconversion followed two days later. Virus was not isolated from blood 12 and 13 days after contact in subclinically infected children. In the vaccine recipients a positive skin test reaction to VZV was observed as early as four to five days after immunization, and antibody appeared later. Virus was not isolated from blood and throat of the vaccinees from three to 14 days after immunization.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Nine steers persistently infected with noncytopathic bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) virus were allotted into 3 groups and steers given modified-live virus vaccines had higher neutralizing-antibody response and longer intervals from challenge exposure to development of mucosal disease.
Abstract: Nine steers persistently infected with noncytopathic bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) virus were allotted into 3 groups (3 cattle/group). Cattle in group A were vaccinated with a modified-live BVD virus vaccine of porcine cell origin, cattle in group B with a modified-live BVD virus vaccine of bovine cell origin, and cattle in group C with a killed BVD virus vaccine of bovine cell origin. Detrimental effects due to vaccination were not seen. Six weeks after vaccination, the steers were challenge exposed with a cytopathic BVD virus. All steers developed mucosal disease after challenge exposure, produced antibodies that neutralized various isolates of BVD virus, and remained persistently infected until death. Steers given killed virus vaccine had a minimal neutralizing-antibody response and developed mucosal disease as quickly as reported for challenge-exposed, nonvaccinated, persistently infected cattle. Steers given modified-live virus vaccines had higher neutralizing-antibody response and longer intervals from challenge exposure to development of mucosal disease. The specificity of the neutralizing-antibody response differed between groups of vaccinated cattle.
TL;DR: After the first dose of vaccine, the occurrence of otitis visits among the Pn-vaccinated, as compared with controls, showed inter-area differences, but ranged from not more than a 30 per cent reduction at its best to an increase in some areas and in some clinical categories.
TL;DR: Incidence of clinical mastitis was higher in unvaccinated cows, but too few developed for a valid comparison, and rates of spontaneous cure within each lactation were significantly higher for vaccinated cows.
TL;DR: The efficacy of the vaccine has been judged mainly by post mortem examination of vaccinated and unvaccinated goats in the period 1967-82, which showed that the adjuvanted vaccine with live M paratuberculosis bacteria offers a high degree of protection against par atuberculosis in goats.
Abstract: After several years of unsuccessful efforts to eradicate paratuberculosis in goats in Norway by conventional methods such as general hygienic precautions and the isolation and slaughtering of clinically affected and serologically positive animals, a vaccination programme was initiated in 1967. The vaccine used consists of two live attenuated strains of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis suspended in a mixture of liquid paraffin, olive oil and pumice powder. The vaccine may be stored at 4 degrees C for two weeks, the dose is 1 ml and the goat kids are vaccinated at the age of two to four weeks. The efficacy of the vaccine has been judged mainly by post mortem examination of vaccinated and unvaccinated goats in the period 1967-82. During this period about 131,000 goats were vaccinated and, based on the post mortem examination of 15,219 goats, the infection rate was reduced from 53 to 1 per cent. Moreover, infection occurred almost exclusively in goats which for some reason or other had not been vaccinated or which had been too old when vaccinated. The results of these examinations showed that the adjuvanted vaccine with live M paratuberculosis bacteria offers a high degree of protection against paratuberculosis in goats.
TL;DR: Six women developed chronic long-term arthropathy after postpartum immunization against rubella and have had continuing chronic or recurrent arthralgia or arthritis for two to seven years after vaccination.
Abstract: Six women developed chronic long-term arthropathy after postpartum immunization against rubella. All individuals developed acute polyarticular arthritis within 12 days to three weeks postimmunization and have had continuing chronic or recurrent arthralgia or arthritis for two to seven years after vaccination. Acute neurological manifestations, consisting of carpal tunnel syndrome or multiple paresthesiae, developed postvaccination in three women. Two have developed continuing active or chronic recurrent episodes of blurred vision, paresthesiae, and painful limb syndromes together with recurrent joint symptoms. Chronic rubella viremia has been detected in peripheral blood mononuclear cell (MNC) populations in five of the six women up to six years after vaccination. In addition rubella virus was isolated from breast milk MNCs in one individual at nine months postvaccination and from peripheral blood MNCs in two of four breast-fed infants studied at 12-18 months of age. Immune responses to rubella virus studied at sequential intervals after vaccination correlated with development of rheumatologic and neurological manifestations.
TL;DR: Chemotherapy may be useful in the treatment of a highly pathogenic influenza virus outbreak in humans or other animals when used in combination with vaccine.
Abstract: The influenza A virus [A/Chicken/Pennsylvania/1370/83 (H5N2)] that caused up to 80% mortality among chickens provided a model system for testing the efficacy of chemotherapeutic agents against highly virulent influenza virus. Amantadine and rimantadine administered in drinking water were efficacious both prophylactically and therapeutically. However, under conditions simulating natural transmission of virus, amantadine- and rimantadine-resistant viruses arose and were transmitted to other birds in contact with the infected chickens, causing mortality. Simultaneous administration of inactivated H5N2 vaccine and amantadine provided protection. Thus, chemotherapy may be useful in the treatment of a highly pathogenic influenza virus outbreak in humans or other animals when used in combination with vaccine.