Valence (chemistry)

About: Valence (chemistry) is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 24937 publications have been published within this topic receiving 645252 citations. The topic is also known as: valency.

Consistent Gaussian basis sets of triple-zeta valence with polarization quality for solid-state calculations.

Abstract: Consistent basis sets of triple-zeta valence with polarization quality for main group elements and transition metals from row one to three have been derived for periodic quantum-chemical solid-state calculations with the crystalline-orbital program CRYSTAL. They are based on the def2-TZVP basis sets developed for molecules by the Ahlrichs group. Orbital exponents and contraction coefficients have been modified and reoptimized, to provide robust and stable self-consistant field (SCF) convergence for a wide range of different compounds. We compare results on crystal structures, cohesive energies, and solid-state reaction enthalpies with the modified basis sets, denoted as pob-TZVP, with selected standard basis sets available from the CRYSTAL basis set database. The average deviation of calculated lattice parameters obtained with a selected density functional, the hybrid method PW1PW, from experimental reference is smaller with pob-TZVP than with standard basis sets, in particular for metallic systems. The effects of basis set expansion by diffuse and polarization functions were investigated for selected systems.

Oxysulfide Sm2Ti2S2O5 as a Stable Photocatalyst for Water Oxidation and Reduction under Visible Light Irradiation (λ ≤ 650 nm)

Abstract: A Ti-based oxysulfide, Sm(2)Ti(2)S(2)O(5), was studied as a visible light-driven photocatalyst. Under visible light (440 nm < or = lambda < or = 650 nm) irradiation, Sm(2)Ti(2)S(2)O(5) with a band gap of approximately 2 eV evolved H(2) or O(2) from aqueous solutions containing a sacrificial electron donor (Na(2)S-Na(2)SO(3) or methanol) or acceptor (Ag(+)) without any noticeable degradation. This oxysulfide is, therefore, a stable photocatalyst with strong reduction and oxidation abilities under visible-light irradiation. The electronic band structure of Sm(2)Ti(2)S(2)O(5) was calculated using the plane-wave-based density functional theory (DFT) program. It was elucidated that the S3p orbitals constitute the upper part of the valence band and these orbitals make an essential contribution to the small band gap energy. The conduction and valence bands' positions of Sm(2)Ti(2)S(2)O(5) were also determined by electrochemical measurements. It indicated that conduction and valence bands were found to have satisfactory potentials for the reduction of H(+) to H(2) and the oxidation of H(2)O to O(2) at pH = 8. This is consistent with the results of the photocatalytic reactions.

Quantum Dielectric Theory of Electronegativity in Covalent Systems. I. Electronic Dielectric Constant

Abstract: Electronegativity difference is redefined as a scaling parameter, generalizing the concept of valence difference. A procedure for its evaluation is developed in terms of the dielectric constants of diatomic crystals. A simple alternative to the Clausius-Mossotti theory of the electronic dielectric constant is developed in terms of this concept. The effect of $d$-electron states and of hydrostatic pressure are discussed, and procedures for their approximate evaluation are developed. The treatment is extended to 68 crystals of the diamond, zincblende, wurtzite, and rock-salt types; values of the electronegativity parameter are tabulated for these crystals.

Chemical Bonding in Higher Main Group Elements

Abstract: Many concepts used for a qualitative description of chemical bonding that originated in the early days of theoretical chemistry have been vindicated recently by quantum chemical calculations, at least as far as first row elements are concerned. However, many concepts that have been justified for first row elements (Li to Ne) cannot—contrary to widespread belief—be generalized to the higher main group elements. This applies particularly to the concept of hybridization, which should be viewed with considerable caution. The essential difference between the atoms of the first and higher rows is that the cores of the former contain only s-AOs, whereas the cores of the latter include at least s- and p-AOs. As a consequence, the s and p valence AOs of first row atoms are localized in roughly the same region of space, while the p valence AOs of higher row atoms are much more extended in space. This has the consequence that for the light main group elements both lone-pair repulsion and isovalent hybridization play a greater role than for the heavy main group elements. Furthermore, this implies that single bonds between first row elements are weak and multiple bonds are strong, whereas for the second or higher row elements single bonds are strong and multiple bonds weak. The “extended valence” (violation of the octet rule) observed in compounds of higher main group elements has very little to do with the availability of d-AOs but is due rather to the size of these atoms and thus to the reduced steric hindrance between ligands and, to a lesser extent, also to the lower electronegativity of the heavy atoms. A model based on the concept of electron-rich multicenter bonds is certainly closer to reality than one involving hybrids with the participation of d-AOs. The XO bonds in phosphane oxides, sulfoxides, oxo acids and related compounds are better formulated as semipolar rather than as true double bonds, even if they behave in some respects like double bonds.—The growing interest of theorists in compounds of higher main group elements parallels new and, in some instances, spectacular results of experimental research on the chemistry of these elements.