Showing papers on "Valency published in 2003"
TL;DR: A computational model describing interactions between protein molecules in solution is presented based on a molecular description capturing the detailed structure of the protein molecule using x-ray or nuclear magnetic resonance structural data.
90 citations
31 Dec 2003
TL;DR: In this article, a descriptive work on predicate classes and their argument structure in Basque is presented, dealing with the relation between argument structure and syntactic projection, as well as the relationship between argument structures and predicate classes.
Abstract: This work is a descriptive work on predicate classes and their argument structure in Basque. It also deals with the relation between argument structure and syntactic projection.
66 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a computational model describing interactions between protein molecules in solution, based on a molecular description capturing the detailed structure of the protein molecule using x-ray or nuclear magnetic resonance structural data.
Abstract: Protein self-association may be detrimental in biological systems, but can be utilized in a controlled fashion for protein crystallization. It is hence of considerable interest to understand how factors like solution conditions prevent or promote aggregation. Here we present a computational model describing interactions between protein molecules in solution. The calculations are based on a molecular description capturing the detailed structure of the protein molecule using x-ray or nuclear magnetic resonance structural data. Both electrostatic and van der Waals interactions are included and the salt particles are explicitly treated allowing investigations of systems containing mono-, di-, and trivalent ions. For three different proteins-lysozyme, α-chymotrypsinogen, and calbindin D 9 k -we have investigated under which conditions (salt concentration, ion valency, pH, and/or solvent) the proteins are expected to aggregate via evaluation of the second virial coefficient. Good agreement is found with experimental data where available. Calbindin is investigated in more detail, and it is demonstrated how changes in solvent and/or counterion valency lead to attractive ion-ion correlation effects. For high valency counterions we have found abnormal trends in the second virial coefficient. With trivalent counterions, attraction of two negatively charged protein molecules can be favored because the repulsive term is decreased for entropic reasons due to the low number of particles present.
62 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors performed 6-311G∗∗ basis sets for obtaining insights into molecular internal rotations in HXNX (X = O,S), different vibrational modes in water and double proton transfer reaction in (HONO)2.
Abstract: Ab initio SCF and DFT(B3LYP) calculations are performed with 6–311G∗∗ basis sets for obtaining insights into molecular internal rotations in HXNX (X = O,S), different vibrational modes in water and double proton transfer reaction in (HONO)2. While chemical reactivity is analyzed in terms of the profile of the global reactivity parameters, such as energy, chemical potential, hardness, polarizability, molecular valency and electrophilicity indices, the site selectivity is understood through the variations in local descriptors, such as the Fukui function and atomic valency. Principles of maximum hardness and molecular valency and the minimum polarizability principle are found to be valid in almost all cases. Rotational isomerization reactions can be better characterized by making use of the maximum hardness principle along with Hammond's postulate. Extremum points in electrophilicity during internal rotations, vibrations and chemical reaction can be located from those of chemical potential and hardness. The ...
40 citations
01 Jan 2003
39 citations
TL;DR: (C5Me5)2Yb x OEt2 reacts with terpyridine and tetrapyridinylpyrazine to afford new mixed-valent systems.
35 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the results of measurements of X-ray photoelectron and infrared absorption spectra in the manganese oxides La0.5-xBixCa 0.5MnO3 (x=0, 0.05,0.15, 0.,2, 0,25) are presented.
29 citations
Book•
01 Jan 2003
TL;DR: This article presented a reconstruction of several valency-changing devices and a system of verb classes for Proto Oceanic, including transitive suffix *-z, transitivising *akin[i], causative prefix *pa[ka]-\ and two valencydecreasing prefixes *m<2 and *ta-.
Abstract: This thesis presents a reconstruction of several valency-changing devices and a system of verb classes for Proto Oceanic. Proto Oceanic is the ancestor language of the Oceanic languages of the Pacific, a subgroup of the Austronesian language family. A characteristic of many Oceanic languages, and indeed Proto Oceanic, is the presence of several valency-changing devices. Those examined in the thesis are: the transitive suffix *-z; transitivising *akin[i]; the causative prefix *pa[ka]-\ and the two valency-decreasing prefixes *m<2 and *ta-. Reflexes of all of these forms are found in many Oceanic languages and all had previously been reconstructed for Proto Oceanic. This thesis uses the previous work on these devices as the starting point for describing them in more detail, in particular with respect to their functions and distributions. Chapters 3 to 7 look in detail at each of the five valency-changing devices, presenting descriptions of their reflexes in a number of modern Oceanic languages and a description of the Proto Oceanic form and its behaviour. The investigation of valency-changing devices led to the study of morphosyntactic classes of verbs as it became clear that the valency-changing devices are best described as part of a system of verb classes since: (i) they had different uses with different types of verbs; and (ii) they occurred with only particular types of verbs. The proposed system of Proto Oceanic verb classes is presented in Chapter 2, along with an examination of verb classes in a number of modem Oceanic languages.
27 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a series of ternary aluminide intermetallics with a new structure type were formed from the reaction of gold and rare-earth metals in aluminum flux.
27 citations
01 Jan 2003
TL;DR: Linguists take the notion ‘complex predicate’ to refer generally to multi-morphemic expressions with verbal valency, and make a terminological distinction between complex predicates and complex verbs.
Abstract: The notion ‘preverb’ is a traditional descriptive notion in Indo-European linguistics. It refers to morphemes that appear in front of a verb, and which form a close semantic unit with that verb. In many cases, the morpheme that functions as a preverb can also function without a preverbal context, often as an adverb or an adposition. Most linguists use the notion ‘preverb’ as a cover term for preverbal words and preverbal prefixes. The preverb may be separated from the verb whilst retaining its close cohesion with the verb, which is called ‘tmesis’. It may also develop into a bound morpheme, that is, a prefix inseparable from the verb, with concomitant reduction of phonological form in some cases. If the preverb has become a real prefix, we may use the more specific notion of ‘complex verb’, whereas we take the notion ‘complex predicate’ to refer generally to multi-morphemic expressions with verbal valency. That is, we make a terminological distinction between complex predicates and complex verbs. The latter are multi-morphemic, but behave as single grammatical words.
23 citations
12 Apr 2003
TL;DR: Cl clustering experiments on 168 German verbs are presented, which present evidence for a linguistically defined limit on the usefulness of features which is driven by the idiosyncratic properties of the verbs and the specific attributes of the desired verb classification.
Abstract: The choice of verb features is crucial for the learning of verb classes. This paper presents clustering experiments on 168 German verbs, which explore the relevance of features on three levels of verb description, purely syntactic frame types, prepositional phrase information and selectional preferences. In contrast to previous approaches concentrating on the sparse data problem, we present evidence for a linguistically defined limit on the usefulness of features which is driven by the idiosyncratic properties of the verbs and the specific attributes of the desired verb classification.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: A summary of the basic principles of the applied theoretical framework including proposals for suitable refinement relevant to NLP are presented and the current status of description of valency behavior of verbs, nouns and adjectives is outlined.
Abstract: In this article we focus on valency, which belongs to the core phenomena being captured in the underlying level of the Prague Dependency Treebank (PDT). We present a summary of the basic principles of the applied theoretical framework including proposals for suitable refinement relevant to NLP. The current status of description of valency behavior of verbs, nouns and adjectives is outlined. We present two branches of manual creation of a valency lexicon: (i) the PDT-VALLEX created during the annotation of the PDT and used primarily to obtain consistent annotation, and (ii) the Complex Valency Lexicon VALLEX, where the whole verbal lexemes are processed and other syntactically relevant information is assigned to particular valency frames.
01 Jan 2003
TL;DR: The authors showed that counting plays virtually no role in grammatical processes, suggesting that the primary function of these grammatical process is to regulate the number of arguments in clauses, and that counting is not a basic human cognitive process.
Abstract: Within chemistry, VALENCY refers to the capacity of an atom or group of atoms to combine in specific proportions with other atoms or groups of atoms.1 The French linguist Lucien Tesniere is generally credited with introducing this term to linguistics, where it is used metaphorically for the capacity of a verb to combine with distinct arguments or valents (Crystal 1985). A verb like rain, which has no referential noun phrases associated with it, is said to be ZERO-PLACE or AVALENT; a verb like disappear, which takes only a subject argument, is said to be ONE-PLACE or MONOVALENT; verbs like devour and give are said to be TWO-PLACE (BIVALENT) and THREE-PLACE (TRIVALENT), respectively. This chemical metaphor has had a pervasive influence in linguistics: causative and applicative morphemes are now described as ‘adding arguments,’ while passives and middles are described as ‘suppressing’ or ‘deleting’ arguments, respectively. Entire sections of grammars are devoted to ‘valency-changing,’ ‘valency-increasing,’ or ‘valency-reducing’ processes, suggesting that the primary function of these grammatical processes is to regulate the number of arguments in clauses. The chemical metaphor contrasts with an older tradition that distinguishes just two classes of predicates—TRANSITIVE and INTRANSITIVE—and a category of VOICE. Passive voice and middle voice are seen within this tradition as altering the ‘point of view’ or ‘centre of interest’ (Jesperson 1924:167) within a clause rather than applying mathematical operations to it, and causatives and applicatives are sometimes included and sometimes excluded from the traditional range of voice-related phenomena. There are important issues here that need to be researched and clarified. One point distinguishing the theories of voice and valency, for example, is the issue of the degree to which grammars have the ability to COUNT. As an analogy, one commonly reads descriptions of stress systems in which accent is said to be placed on the third or fourth syllable from an edge, but these have generally been replaced by more restrictive theories in which rhythm operates in prosodic units of different sizes. In discovering this, we learn an important fact about language, that while counting may be a basic human cognitive process, it plays virtually no role in grammar. To an extent, then, voice and valency are competing theories of clause structure: (a) The theory of valency claims that there are at least four distinct grammatical classes of predicates (zero-, one-, two-, and three-place). The capacity of a predicate to occur with different numbers of noun phrases can itself be taken as a grammatical
11 Jun 2003-Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment
TL;DR: In this article, a new approach to interpret the radiation hardness of PbWO4 (PWO) scintillators is developed by revealing importance of the inclusions of tungsten oxides WO3−x with variable valency.
Abstract: A new approach to interpret the radiation hardness of PbWO4 (PWO) scintillators is developed by revealing importance of the inclusions of tungsten oxides WO3−x with variable valency. It is demonstrated that the influence of the ionizing radiation on PWO is, in many aspects, similar to the effect of the high-temperature annealing in oxygenless ambient. In both cases, a valency change of the tungsten oxides is initiated and results in induced absorption and, consequently, in crystal coloration. In the PWO crystals doped with L2O3 (L=Y,La,Gd), the radiation hardness and the optical properties are mainly affected by inclusions of W1−yLyO3−x (0
TL;DR: In this article, the absorption and emission spectra of Eu and Dy, Yb and Ti ions in Li2B4O7 glasses grown in oxygen and hydrogen gas atmospheres were measured for valency states and lattice-sites analysis.
01 Jan 2003
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors demonstrate that the verbal prefixation modifies the actionality of Latin verbs: unprefixed atelic verbs take telic valence when they are prefixed (conficio, emolior, etc.).
Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that the verbal prefixation modifies the actionality of Latin verbs: unprefixed atelic verbs (facio, molior, etc.) take telic valence when they are prefixed (conficio, emolior, etc.). We shall consider three types of opposition: 1) type molior «I prepare»: emolior «I accomplish». The unprefixed form represents an activity verb; the prefixed form is an accomplishment verb. Both verbs have two arguments. 2) type dormio «I sleep»: obdormio «I fall asleep». The unprefixed form is an activity verb; the prefixed form is an achievement verb. Both verbs have one argument. 3) type laboro «to strive for»: elaboro «to achieve (with effort)». The unprefixed form is an activity verb; the prefixed form is an accomplishment verb (or an achievement verb, depending on the degree of duration of the event the verb denotes). The former has one argument; the latter has two arguments. In the second type, the sole argument (=subject, in nominative case) of the unprefixed verbs is a direct internal argument; whereas, in the third type, the sole argument (=subject, in nominative case) of the unprefixed verbs is an external argument. The direct internal argument is the argument that measures out the event the verb denotes (=undergoer); the external argument is the argument that controls the event (=actor). It is shown that the acquisition of telic valence operates on the direct internal argument. Then, if a verb has a direct internal argument, that argument - whether it figures as direct object (type 1) or subject (type 2) - shifts, on the continuum of thematic relations, to the prototypical undergoer's pole. When the sole argument of a given verb is an external argument, the change of actionality of the verb needs an increase in valency: the verb in question takes a direct internal argument (=object, in accusative case). The unprefixed verbs corresponds largely, in the second type to inaccusative verbs, in the third type to inergative verbs. The
TL;DR: In this article, the electronic structure of the RFe6Ge6 compounds (R = Sc, Lu, Ti, Zr, Hf and Nb) was studied using the muffin-tin Korringa-Kohn-Rostoker method in a non- relativistic approach.
Abstract: The electronic structure of the RFe6Ge6 compounds (R = Sc, Lu, Ti, Zr, Hf and Nb) of HfFe6Ge6-type structure has been studied using the muffin-tin Korringa-Kohn-Rostoker method in a non- relativistic approach. The chemical bonding is analyzed based on the l-decomposed site projected densities of states. Spin-dependent changes in the R nd- Fe 3d covalent bond are shown to be responsible for the experimentally observed rise in the Fe moment and hyperfine field upon increasing the R valency. The limited quantitative agreement between theoretical and experimental values is interpreted as being due to a non-negligible orbital moment and to a significant asphericity in the spin density at the iron site. The theoretical results also forecast a strong increase of the Ge(2e) transferred hyperfine field with the R valency.
TL;DR: In this article, a comparison of the optical properties such as optical absorption band edge, ordinary and extraordinary refractive indices, powder second harmonic generation and the non-linear coefficient, d33, of congruent LiNbO3 crystals doped with di-, tri- and hexa-valent cations is reported.
TL;DR: In this article, the Auger parameters for SnO2 powders were determined using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and a dependence of the AP on the doping element and doping concentration was observed.
Abstract: Doped SnO2 powders were studied using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The Auger parameters (AP) for Sn and different doping elements were determined. A dependence of the Auger parameter on the doping element and doping concentration was observed. The detected shift could be correlated with the electrical properties of the studied samples as well as with the formation of a second phase and a segregation layer at the surface. Bulk doping with elements having a valency greater than 4 (Sb), leads to an increase of the electron density connected with a decrease of resistivity. In this case we can observe the shift of the AP to higher values. This means that the relaxation of the electron holes is energetically more favourable for Sb doped than for pure tin oxide. On the other side, doping with elements the valency of which is less than 4 (In) on tin sites leads to a decrease in electron density and causes an increase of resistivity of the material. We observe in this case a shift of the AP to lower values due to lower relaxation energy. (© 2003 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
01 Jan 2003
TL;DR: The authors illustrate salient features of these valency slots with the words of varied types, such as under-pecification of the syntactic structure with respect to valency marking, use of identical marking for different valency slot of the same word, active and passive filling of same valency, marking of a valencyslot in the communicative structure, obligatory shift of an actant, merging of different valencies slots in one phrase.
Abstract: Words with passive and discontinuous semantic valency slots drastically differ in their properties from the habitual valency words. These types of valency slots are not filled with syntactic actants and therefore cannot be described by means of a government pattern. A word that fills such a slot is not syntactically governed by the valency word, but either governs it itself (as is the case of a passive slot) or is not directly linked to it at all (a discontinuous slot). We illustrate salient features of these valency slots with the words of varied types. These features include: underspecification of the syntactic structure with respect to valency marking, use of identical marking for different valency slots of the same word, active and passive filling of the same valency slot, marking of a valency slot in the communicative structure, obligatory shift of an actant, merging of different valency slots in one phrase.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors prove that when Ziji lies in the position of objective, the verb bound in the domain has restraint funtion to Zi ji long-distance binding.
Abstract: This article attempts to prove that when Ziji lies i n position of objective,the verb bound in the domain has restraint funtion to Zi ji long-distance bindingThe nature of verb itself can determine that Zij i is bound in the domain or is bound outside the domainTransitive verb ca n be divided into reflexive verb and non-reflexive verb,the former means that t he action of the verb can back reference the subject of its verb,but the latter can'tIf the verb in the domain is non-reflexive verb,Ziji must not be r estrained in the domain,and if the verb in the domain is reflexive verb,Ziji can look for its own antecedent
08 Sep 2003
TL;DR: An automatic procedure for pre-annotation of verbal modifications using this valency lexicon of Czech verbs, nouns and adjectives is developed and substantially increases the baseline recall, at the cost of only small decrease of precision.
Abstract: While assigning sentences their so-called tectogrammatical representation, annotators of the Prague Dependency Treebank are also creating a valency lexicon of Czech verbs, nouns and adjectives. Until now, the information contained in it has only been used for visual checking of consistency of valency frame assigned by the annotators. We have developed an automatic procedure for pre-annotation of verbal modifications using this valency lexicon. When adding nodes into the tectogrammatical representation of sentences, our tool substantially increases the baseline recall, at the cost of only small decrease of precision.
01 Jan 2003
TL;DR: In this article, the relative order of a pronominal object and a nominal subject in the Mittelfeld has been investigated and the effect of these factors has been statistically checked and modelled in a logistic regression model.
Abstract: A perennial problem in German syntax is the order of verb arguments in the Mittelfeld. The Mittelfeld is the section of the clause between the two parts of the discontinuous verbal group. In it, all verb arguments can be realized simultaneously, however, not always in the same order. There is a longstanding debate about a number of factors that possibly govern this variation, yet, what their actual influence is, remains unclear. This study takes a quantitative corpus-based approach to the problem and looks specifically at a type of variation that has scarcely been dealt with up to now, viz. the relative order of a pronominal object and a nominal subject in the Mittelfeld. Clauses that show this kind of variation have been collected from the NEGRA-corpus consisting of German newspaper material and they have been annotated for 5 factors frequently mentioned in the literature: grammatical function of the arguments, given/new status and animacy of the arguments' referents, difference in length between the arguments, and their occurrence in either a main or a subordinate clause. The effect of these factors has been statistically checked and modelled in a logistic regression model. The results of the statistical analysis show an effect of all factors except for grammatical. The effect of main versus subordinate clause is especially strong, contradicting earlier hypotheses that this factor is only an epiphenomenon of length difference
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a procedure for the assessment of verb acquisition by Spanish children in the first stages of language acquisition, and discuss results that support a stage model of early verb acquisition.
Abstract: This article presents a procedure for the assessment of verb acquisition by Spanish children in the first stages of language acquisition, and it discusses results that support a stage model of early verb acquisition (Ingram, Welti and Priem, 2003). The procedure selects a sample of 50 intelligible utterances and examines the rate of use of sentences with verbs (verbal syntactic types), verb types, and verb forms, i.e. variant forms of the same verb. Using data from five Spanish children with a language impairment (ages 3;9 to 4;8) and MLUs in words of approximately 2.0, it is shown that the children vary greatly in their stages of verb usage, and fall into distinct verb stages. The first stage is marked by mostly sentences without verbs, and a low range of verb types. This stage is followed by an increase of verbal syntactic types (over 50%), without an increase of verb types. Subsequently, there is a sharp increase in verb types, but most verb types only appear in a single inflected form. Lastly, the num...
01 Jan 2003
Patent•
26 Dec 2003
TL;DR: In this paper, a modified silica-based sol is formed by bonding the basic metallic compound expressed by formula (1) to the surface of silica based particles, where the formula is [M 2 (OH) n X (2a-n)/b ] m and in the formula, M expresses one or more kinds of 3 and/or 4-valent metallic cation, X expresses an anion, and 1≤n≤7, n
Abstract: PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide modified silica-based sol having high refractive index, excellent dispersion stability and exhibiting ultraviolet shielding ability corresponding to a kind of a metal of a basic metallic compound. SOLUTION: The modified silica-based sol is formed by bonding the basic metallic compound expressed by formula (1) to the surface of silica-based particles. The formula (1) is [M 2 (OH) n X (2a-n)/b ] m and in the formula, M expresses one or more kinds of 3- and/or 4-valent metallic cation, X expresses an anion, (a) is the valency of metallic cation, (b) is the valency of anion and 1≤n≤7, n COPYRIGHT: (C)2005,JPO&NCIPI
TL;DR: This paper proves that the star valency of G is either ⌈dmax-ave(G)/2⌉ + 1, and provides a polynomial time algorithm for determining the starValency of a graph.