Showing papers on "Valency published in 2006"

Charge compensation and mixed valency in LaAlO 3 /SrTiO 3 heterointerfaces studied by the FLAPW method

Abstract: The electronic structures and properties of heterointerfaces in the perovskite oxide superlattices ${\mathrm{LaAlO}}_{3}∕{\mathrm{SrTiO}}_{3}\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}[001]$ are presented using the first-principles all-electron full-potential linearized augmented plane-wave (FLAPW) method. Superlattices with three types of interfaces, (i) electron-doped, (ii) hole-doped, and (iii) both electron- and hole-doped, are studied and compared. For the electron-doped interface, the mixed valency of Ti along with the Jahn-Teller effect are found to explain the metallicity, in agreement with experiment, whereas for the hole-doped interface metallicity is found, in contrast to experiment. Oxygen vacancies introduce an additional $n$-type carrier to compensate the holes present at the interface, which now becomes insulating and agrees well with experiment. For a system with both types of interfaces, the metallicity found for the unrelaxed structure is changed to insulating after relaxation is included. For all cases, the relaxation results in a complicated buckled geometry, which is a good indication of the adjustment due to polarity discontinuity. Our findings support recent experimental results, namely, (i) the mixed-valence character of Ti at the electron-doped interface, and (ii) the existence and importance of oxygen vacancies at the hole-doped interface.

Phosphor and manufacturing method therefore, and light emission device using the phosphor

Abstract: To provide a phosphor for manufacturing an one chip type LED illumination, etc, by combining a near ultraviolet/ultraviolet LED and a blue LED, and having an excellent emission efficiency including luminance. The phosphor is given as a general composition formula expressed by MmAaBbOoNn:Z, (where element M is one or more kinds of elements having bivalent valency, element A is one or more kinds of elements having tervalent valency, element B is one or more kinds of elements having tetravalent valency, O is oxygen, N is nitrogen, and element Z is one or more kinds of elements acting as an activator.), satisfying a=(1+x)×m, b=(4−x)×m, o=x×m, n=(7−x)×m, 0≦x≦1, wherein when excited by light in a wavelength range from 300 nm to 500 nm, the phosphor has an emission spectrum with a peak wavelength in a range from 500 nm to 620 nm.

VerbaLex - New Comprehensive Lexicon of Verb Valencies forCzech

Abstract: The paper presents new lexicon of verb valencies for the Czech language named VerbaLex. VerbaLex is based on three valuable language resources for Czech, three independent electronic dictionaries of verb valency frames. The first resource, Czech WordNet valency frames dictionary, was created during the Balkanet project and contains semantic roles and links to the Czech WordNet semantic network. The other resource, VALLEX 1.0, is a lexicon based on the formalism of the Functional Generative Description (FGD) and was developed during the Prague Dependency Treebank (PDT) project. The third source of information for VerbaLex is the syntactic lexicon of verb valencies denoted as BRIEF, which originated at FI MU Brno in 1996. The resulting lexicon, VerbaLex, comprehends all the information found in these resources plus additional relevant information such as verb aspect, verb synonymity, types of use and semantic verb classes based on the VerbNet project.

Case, valency and transitivity

Abstract: The three concepts of case, valency and transitivity belong to the most discussed topics of modern linguistics. On the one hand, they are crucially connected with morphological aspects of the clause, including case marking, person agreement and voice. On the other hand, they are related to several semantic issues such as the meaning of case, semantico-syntactic verbal classes, and the semantic correlates of transitivity. The volume unifies papers written within different theoretical frameworks and representing variegated approaches (Optimality Theory, Government and Binding, various versions of the Functional approach, Cross-linguistic and Typological analyses), containing both numerous new findings in individual languages and valuable observations and generalizations related to case, valency and transitivity.

Electron transport material and organic electroluminescent device using the same

Abstract: A compound represented by the following Formula (1) is useful as an electron transport material of an organic EL device, and an organic EL device comprising the compound in the electron transport layer is long in life, and low in drive voltage: wherein G is an n-valent link, n is an integer of 2 to 4; R1 to R4 are each independently hydrogen, a monovalent group, or a free valency bonded with G, and R5 to R8 are each independently hydrogen or a monovalent group, and one of R1 to R4 is a free valency bonded with G; and n groups of 2,3′-bipyridyl may be the same or different with each other

Nanoparticles of a spin transition compound

Abstract: The invention relates to a material composed of nanoparticles essentially comprising a spin transition compound. The compound is of the formula [(Fe1-yMyL3)wL3][X2/x(1-z/x’)Y2z/x’]w, in which L represents a 1,2,4-triazole ligand which bears a substituent R on the nitrogen in position 4; X is an anion of valency x, 1 ≤ x ≤ 2; Y is an anion which is other than X and is of valency x’, 1 ≤ x' ≤ 2; R is an alkyl group or a group R1R2N in which R1 and R2 each independently of one another represent H or an alkyl radical; M is a metal having a 3d4, 3d5, 3d6 or 3d7 configuration, other than Fe; 0≤y≤1; 0≤z≤2; 3≤w≤1500. Applications: thermochromic pigment, data storage, optical limiters, contrast agent.

Verwey-type transition in EuNiP

Abstract: High temperature 151Eu Mossbauer measurements provide proof for inhomogeneous mixed-valent behaviour in EuNiP. We observed that EuNiP undergoes a Verwey-type charge delocalisation transition when heated above 470 K prior to the structural γ-β phase transition at T ≈ 510 K. This finding confirms the results of photoemission spectroscopy in the isostructural compound EuPdP and of TB-LMTO-ASA band structure calculations. We discuss the role of a van Hove singularity associated with a high density of 4f states close to the Fermi energy in inhomogeneous mixed europium valency, and the microscopic mechanism of γ-β phase transition in compounds analogous to EuNiP.

Understanding mixed valent materials : Effects of dynamical core-hole screening in high-pressure x-ray spectroscopy

Abstract: Changes in the electronic structure of Yb, a material whose valence is modified under pressure, are observed with remarkable detail in x-ray absorption and emission data measured between ambient conditions and 20 GPa. These changes are reproduced by a theory that essentially does not rely on experimental parameters, and includes dynamical core-hole screening. From the combined experimental and theoretical data we can firmly establish on a quantitative level how the valency of an intermediate valence material is modified by pressure. In metallic Yb it increases from 2 to 2.55 +/- 0.05 between 0 and 20 GPa.

Exploitation of the verbalex verb valency lexicon in the syntactic analysis of czech

Abstract: This paper presents an exploitation of the lexicon of verb valencies for the Czech language named VerbaLex. The VerbaLex lexicon format, called complex valency frames, comprehends all the information found in three independent electronic dictionaries of verb valency frames and it is intensively linked to the Czech WordNet semantic network. The NLP laboratory at FI MU Brno develops a deep syntactic analyzer of Czech sentences, the parsing system synt. The system is based on an efficient and fast head-driven chart parsing algorithm. We present the latest results of using the information contained in the VerbaLex lexicon as one of the language specific features used in the tree ranking algorithm for the Best Analysis Selection algorithm, which is a crucial part of the syntactic analyser of free word order languages.

Valency Lexicon of Czech Verbs: Alternation-Based Model

Abstract: The main objective of this paper is to introduce an alternation-based model of valency lexicon of Czech verbs VALLEX. Alternations describe regular changes in valency structure of verbs -- they are seen as transformations taking one lexical unit and return a modified lexical unit as a result. We characterize and exemplify “syntactically-based” and “semantically-based'” alternations and their effects on verb argument structure. The alternation-based model allows to distinguish a minimal form of lexicon, which provides compact characterization of valency structure of Czech verbs, and an expanded form of lexicon useful for some applications.

Exploitation of the verbalex verb valency lexicon in the syntactic analysis of czech

Abstract: This paper presents an exploitation of the lexicon of verb valencies for the Czech language named VerbaLex The VerbaLex lexicon format, called complex valency frames, comprehends all the information found in three independent electronic dictionaries of verb valency frames and it is intensively linked to the Czech WordNet semantic network. The NLP laboratory at FI MU Brno develops a deep syntactic analyzer of Czech sentences, the parsing system synt The system is based on an efficient and fast head-driven chart parsing algorithm We present the latest results of using the information contained in the VerbaLex lexicon as one of the language specific features used in the tree ranking algorithm for the Best Analysis Selection algorithm, which is a crucial part of the syntactic analyser of free word order languages.

Intermediate valence behaviour of Yb in a new intermetallic compound YbNi0.8Al4.2

Abstract: We report on the valence band electronic structure as well as structural, magnetic and electronic transport properties of a novel intermetallic YbNi0.8Al4.2. The compound crystallizes in the orthorhombic YNiAl4-type structure (a = 4.049(2),b = 15.305(5) and c = 6.586(3) A) with space group Cmcm. The valence band spectrum and magnetic data indicate an intermediate valency of Yb ions in the studied compound with a valence of about 2.66 at room temperature. The temperature dependences of electrical resistivity, Hall effect and thermoelectric power display characteristic features of Kondo lattice with a large Kondo temperature (~1300 K), being consistent with the intermediate valence scenario. An analysis of magnetic data suggests the presence of strong ferromagnetic correlations in the investigated compound at low temperatures. In order to obtain information about the electron–hole analogy between the Ce and Yb compounds, we have compared the observed behaviour with that of the dense Kondo compound CeNiAl4.

Mode-coupling theory predictions for a limited valency attractive square well model

Abstract: Recently we have studied, using numerical simulations, a limited valency model, i.e. an attractive square well model with a constraint on the maximum number of bonded neighbours. Studying a large region of temperatures T and packing fractions , we have estimated the location of the liquid–gas phase separation spinodal and the loci of dynamic arrest, where the system is trapped in a disordered non-ergodic state. Two distinct arrest lines for the system are present in the system: a (repulsive) glass line at high packing fraction, and a gel line at low and T. The former is essentially vertical ( controlled), while the latter is rather horizontal (T controlled) in the (–T) plane. We here complement the molecular dynamics results with mode coupling theory calculations, using the numerical structure factors as input. We find that the theory predicts a repulsive glass line—in satisfactory agreement with the simulation results—and an attractive glass line, which appears to be unrelated to the gel line.

Method and material for implementing dielectric characteristic by distributing electron density in material to dipole type

Abstract: PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To solve such a problem that conventional ferroelectricity has limited functions of a dielectric such as the occurrence of deterioration in electric signal storing characteristic and the performance of an electricity accumulating element because the conventional ferroelectricity originates from ion displacement SOLUTION: The function as the dielectric is developed by placing distribution of ions each having different valency in dipole arrangement to give the role of the positive charge to ions having larger valency compared to the average charge number in material and to give the role of the negative charge to ions having smaller valency compared to the average charge number in the material and arranging the ions in a position where the ion forms the dipole to form the dipole arrangement by the electron density COPYRIGHT: (C)2007,JPO&INPIT

Satzmuster und die Konstruktionalität der Verbbedeutung. Überlegungen zum Verhältnis von Konstruktionsgrammatik und Valenztheoric

Abstract: Our goal is to discuss and compare how two modern theories of syntax, viz. Valency Theory and Construction Grammar, explain the idiosyncratic semantic and syntactic properties of 'causative'/'resultative' sentences like Er hat die Kirche leergepredigt and Willy watered the plants flat. The discussion focuses on the accounts given in Vuillaume (2003) for Valency Theory and Goldberg (1995) and Goldberg/Jackendoff (2004) for Construction Grammar. It is argued that both theories, although contributing important elements to a coherent account of the sentences under analysis, fail to supply a comprehensive explanation for all their semantic and syntactic properties. Such an explanation, however, is rendered possible if the theory of 'complex predicates' (taken from Valency Theory) and the postulate concerning the existence of autonomous 'constructional meanings' (derived from the Construction Grammar approach) are merged into a single unified account ('Constructional Valency Theory') in which sentence patterns are explained on the basis of paradigmatic oppositions.

Synthesis and Characterization of a Layered Manganese Oxide: Materials Chemistry for the Inorganic or Instrumental Methods Lab

Abstract: A three-week laboratory project involving synthesis and characterization of a layered manganese oxide provides an excellent vehicle for teaching important concepts of inorganic chemistry and instrumental methods related to non-molecular systems. Na–birnessite is an easily prepared manganese oxide with a 7 A interlayer spacing and Na+ cations and water in the interstitial region. The material is readily characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, elemental analysis, and Mn oxidation state determination. It also undergoes facile ion exchange with Mg2+ to yield Mg–buserite, an analogous manganese oxide with a 9.6 A interlayer spacing. Diffraction patterns and physical morphology can be related to the layered structure of the material. A thorough compositional analysis can also be done, which includes determination of mixed valency and interstitial hydration.

The Chemistry of Interpersonal Attraction: Developing further Bion's concept of "valency"

Abstract: The present is an attempt to further develop Bion's (1961) concept of "valency", a term the latter borrowed from chemistry. First, the author extended the concept to include not only, as Bion believed, the person's readiness to combine with other members to contribute to the formation of the basic assumption group, but also the person's way to relate and react to his peers in general. Second, he provides a detailed description of the main characteristics of the four types of valency (fight, dependency, flight, and pairing) . Then, developing further Bion's analogy between man and atom, he discussed the relationship between these types of valency, proposing thus a set of hypotheses which shed a new light on the "chemistry" of interpersonal relationship and attraction. Third, filling the gap left by Bion, the author discussed the psychogenesis of valency, tracing it back to early psychotic positions (paranoid-schizoid and depressive) and object relations described by Melanie Klein (1946). Finally, the author postulated a causal relationship between valency and psychopathology, proposing a new concept, namely the "minus valency" (-V). This concept corresponds to a mental state where valency functions in reverse. That is, instead of bounding the subject to his peers, -V does the opposit; it hinders, destroys and prevent the establishment of interpersonal relationships. According to the author each valency type has a minus counterpart. Thus, there are four possible -V types (minus fight, minus dependency, minus flight and minus pairing) and each one is associated with a number of mental and psychosomatic diseases, especially personality diseases. This suggests thus that the concept of -V provides the psychoanalytically oriented psychotherapist working with personality disorders with a "starting point", namely the client's -V, and a goal to achieve, that is, the restoration of the client's valency, or his/her ability to establish "healthy" and lasting relationships with others.

Passive and argument structure

Abstract: This paper argues that argument structure does not exist in the sense of a lexical specification of the number and types of arguments of a given verb, but, rather, that argument structure is essentially syntactic, stemming from an interaction between independently generated (syntactic) frames and the (non-linguistic) conceptual content of the verb and the arguments. This connects to passivization in the sense that it is not dependent on the availability of the appropriate argument structure in the active version of the verb, such specification not existing in the first place. It is claimed that any verb that can be assigned an agentive (conceptual) reading can thus be passivized, even if it is an unaccusative verb. Thus, even though passivization is obviously a structural phenomenon, it is triggered by semantics.

Valency Configuration of Transition Metal Impurities in ZnO

Abstract: We use the self-interaction corrected local spin-density approximation to investigate the ground state valency configuration of transition metal (TM=Mn, Co) impurities in n- and p-type ZnO. We find that in pure Zn1−xTMxO, the localized TM2+ configuration is energetically favored over the itinerant d-electron configuration of the local spin density (LSD) picture. Our calculations indicate furthermore that the (+/0) donor level is situated in the ZnO gap. Consequently, for n-type conditions, with the Fermi energy eF close to the conduction band minimum, TM remains in the 2+ charge state, while for p-type conditions, with eF close to the valence band maximum, the 3+ charge state is energetically preferred. In the latter scenario, modeled here by co-doping with N, the additional delocalized d-electron charge transfers into the entire states at the top of the valence band, and hole carriers will only exist, if the N concentration exceeds the TM impurity concentration.

Magnetic and Electrical Transport Properties of Sr 1-x La x RuO 3 (0≤x≤0.10)

Abstract: We investigate the lightly doped polycrystalline Sr1−xLaxRuO3 (x = 0, 0.02, 0.08 and 0.10). With La doping, the ferromagnetism in the system has been suppressed. The transition temperature is T 'C at which the long-range ferromagnetism establishes and the magnetization under 3 T at 5 K decreases with increasing x. In contrast to Sr1−xCaxRuO3, the samples remain with the PM-FM transition at 162 K, which might be attributed to the valency change of Ru.

Ist Valenz eine Universelle Eigenschaft von Verben

Abstract: The present article examines the idea that valency or the presence of an argument structure is a universal characteristic of verbs, an idea implicit in modern valency theory. This claim, which is general in modern theories of universal grammar, becomes problematic when one follows COSERID'S "functional syntax", a concept based on HUMBOLDT'S theory of language, and seeks to establish it on the basis of the grammatical systems of individual languages. Through comparison of German with Japanese, we can see that the Japanese verb exhibits neither syntactic nor semantic valency. If one merely describes the Japanese particles which define sentence structure (joshi) in terms of the categories which were developed for the (Indo-)European languages (in particular valency, thematic roles, case and transitivity), one cannot provide an adequate description of the peculiar grammatical structure of the sentence in Japanese. In Japanese, the verb is only the semantic and not the structural core of the sentence. The only universal which can be applied to the verb is the categorical, its role as a part of speech, while the lexical sense of the verb is specific to the individual languages.

Indeterminiertheit, Valenzvariation und Verbbedeutung vom Gesichtspunkt der funktionellen Syntax / Indeterminateness, valency variation and verb meaning from a functional syntax perspective

Abstract: This paper deals with the problem of how inherent verb meanings are to be assessed in a synchronic theory of verb valency, given that verbs usually occur in different syntactic patterns and display considerable semantic variation. Moreover, in a recent paper, Fischer (2003) claims that valency is essentially "indeterminate", because the way verbs build up constructions is subject to various interpretations by different speakers. In the present paper, the variability problem is approached from the point of view of "functional syntax", a non-generative and non-cognitive theory of grammar developed by Eugenio Coseriu. The paper focuses on the question whether indeterminacy not only holds for valency, but for verb meanings as well. The empirical account is based on a case study of a set of sentences in which the German verb graben occurs in various instantiations, including transparent complex verbal phrases with idiomatic prepositions and metaphorical uses. To adopt the functional approach advanced by Coseriu implies a commitment to account for variability at the level of valency by assuming an invariant general meaning to the verb that licenses all productive occurrences.

Temperature dependent X-ray absorption spectroscopy of the valence transition in EuNi2(Si0.20Ge0.80)2

Abstract: We investigate the temperature induced mixed valence transition in EuNi2(Si0.2Ge0.8)2 using Eu 3d–4f X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). The unoccupied 4f states are studied as a function of temperature (27–120 K), across the critical valence temperature, T v = 80 K . The Eu 3d–4f X-ray absorption spectra show systematic changes of the mixed valency with temperature. The Eu 2 + and Eu 3 + spectral features match very well with atomic multiplet calculations. The observed non-integral mean valence changes systematically from ∼ 2.70 ± 0.03 (27 K) to ∼ 2.35 ± 0.03 (120 K), consistent with bulk-sensitive measurements.